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J. R. R. Tolkien

Updated: Wikipedia source

J. R. R. Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (, 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit (1937) and The Lord of the Rings (1954–55). From 1925 to 1945 Tolkien was the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and a Fellow of Pembroke College, both at the University of Oxford. He then moved within the same university to become the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, and held these positions from 1945 until his retirement in 1959. Tolkien was a close friend of C. S. Lewis, a co-member of the Inklings, an informal literary discussion group. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972. After Tolkien's death his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and, within it, Middle-earth. Between 1951 and 1955 Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings. While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the tremendous success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings ignited a profound interest in the fantasy genre and ultimately precipitated an avalanche of new fantasy books and authors. This has led to his popular identification as the "father" of modern fantasy literature. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time.

Infobox

Born
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien(1892-01-03)3 January 1892Bloemfontein, Orange Free State
Died
2 September 1973(1973-09-02) (aged 81)Bournemouth, Hampshire, England
Occupation
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Authoracademicphilologistpoet
Citizenship
British
Education
Exeter College, Oxford
Genre
mw- li , li Fantasyhigh fantasymythopoeiatranslationliterary criticism
Spouse
mw- Edith Bratt (m. 1916; died 1971)
Children
JohnMichaelChristopherPriscilla
Relatives
Tolkien family
Allegiance
United Kingdom
Branch
British Army
Years
1915–1920
Rank
Lieutenant
Unit
Lancashire Fusiliers
Battles
mw- li First World War Battle of the Somme Capture of Leipzig Salient Capture of Schwaben Redoubt Capture of Regina Trench

Tables

· Writing › Publications › Works compiled by Christopher Tolkien
2007
2007
Date
2007
Title
The Children of Húrin
Description
Tells the story of Túrin Turambar and his sister Nienor, children of Húrin Thalion.
2009
2009
Date
2009
Title
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
Description
Retells the legend of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs from Germanic mythology as a narrative poem in alliterative verse, modelled after the Old Norse poetry of the Elder Edda.
2013
2013
Date
2013
Title
The Fall of Arthur
Description
A narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman Migration Period, showing Arthur as a British warlord fighting the Saxon invasion.
2014
2014
Date
2014
Title
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
Description
A prose translation of Beowulf that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.
2015
2015
Date
2015
Title
The Story of Kullervo
Description
A retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.
2017
2017
Date
2017
Title
Beren and Lúthien
Description
One of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in The Silmarillion.
2018
2018
Date
2018
Title
The Fall of Gondolin
Description
Tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it "the first real story" of Middle-earth.
Date
Title
Description
2007
The Children of Húrin
Tells the story of Túrin Turambar and his sister Nienor, children of Húrin Thalion.
2009
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
Retells the legend of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs from Germanic mythology as a narrative poem in alliterative verse, modelled after the Old Norse poetry of the Elder Edda.
2013
The Fall of Arthur
A narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman Migration Period, showing Arthur as a British warlord fighting the Saxon invasion.
2014
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
A prose translation of Beowulf that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.
2015
The Story of Kullervo
A retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.
2017
Beren and Lúthien
One of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in The Silmarillion.
2018
The Fall of Gondolin
Tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it "the first real story" of Middle-earth.
· Memorials
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
Address
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
Commemoration
"Inspired" 1896–1900 (i.e. lived nearby)
Date unveiled
15 August 2002
Issued by
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
Address
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
Commemoration
Lived near here 1902–1910
Date unveiled
Unknown
Issued by
Birmingham Civic Society
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
Address
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
Commemoration
Lived here 1910–1911
Date unveiled
Unknown
Issued by
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Address
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Commemoration
Stayed here June 1916
Date unveiled
June 1997
Issued by
The Tolkien Society
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
Address
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
Commemoration
First academic appointment, Leeds
Date unveiled
1 October 2012
Issued by
The Tolkien Society and Leeds Civic Trust
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
Address
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
Commemoration
Lived here 1930–1947
Date unveiled
3 December 2002
Issued by
Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Address
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Commemoration
Stayed here regularly from the 1950s until 1972
Date unveiled
10 June 1992 by Priscilla Tolkien
Issued by
Borough of Bournemouth
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
Address
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
Commemoration
Married here 22 March 1916
Date unveiled
6 July 2018
Issued by
Warwick Town Council
Address
Commemoration
Date unveiled
Issued by
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
"Inspired" 1896–1900 (i.e. lived nearby)
15 August 2002
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
Lived near here 1902–1910
Unknown
Birmingham Civic Society
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
Lived here 1910–1911
Unknown
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Stayed here June 1916
June 1997
The Tolkien Society
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
First academic appointment, Leeds
1 October 2012
The Tolkien Society and Leeds Civic Trust
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
Lived here 1930–1947
3 December 2002
Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Stayed here regularly from the 1950s until 1972
10 June 1992 by Priscilla Tolkien
Borough of Bournemouth
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
Married here 22 March 1916
6 July 2018
Warwick Town Council

References

  1. Tolkien pronounced his surname /ˈtɒlkiːn/.[page needed] In General American, the surname is commonly pronounced /ˈtoʊlki
  2. Carpenter 2023, Letters #190 to Rayner Unwin, 3 July 1956: "After all the book is English, and by an Englishman"
  3. Carpenter 2023, Letters #267 to Michael Tolkien, 9–10 January 1965.
  4. Carpenter 2023, Letters #306 to Michael Tolkien, 1967 or 1968
  5. Carpenter 2023, Letters #43 to Michael Tolkien, 6–8 March 1941
  6. Carpenter 2023, Letters #340 to Christopher Tolkien, 11 July 1972.
  7. Carpenter 2023, Letters #35 to C. A. Furth, Allen & Unwin, 2 February 1939 (see also editorial note).
  8. Carpenter 2023, Letters #336 to Sir Patrick Browne, 23 May 1972
  9. Carpenter 2023, Letters #332 to Michael Tolkien, 24 January 1972
  10. Carpenter 2023, Letters #294 to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, 8 February 1967
  11. Carpenter 2023, Letters #334 to Rayner Unwin, 30 March 1972 (editorial note).
  12. Carpenter 2023, Letters #250 to Michael Tolkien, 1 November 1963
  13. Carpenter 2023, Letters #52 to Christopher Tolkien, 29 November 1943
  14. Carpenter 2023, Letters #83 to Christopher Tolkien, 06 October 1944
  15. Carpenter 2023, Letters #7, to the Electors of the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon, University of Ox
  16. Carpenter 2023, Letters #163 to W. H. Auden, 7 June 1955.
  17. Carpenter 2023, Letters #144 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954.
  18. Carpenter 2023, Letters #180 to 'Mr Thompson' (draft), 14 January 1956.
  19. Carpenter 2023, Letters #131 to Milton Walden, late 1951
  20. The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One
  21. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
  22. Newsweek
    https://www.newsweek.com/hobbit-how-tolkien-sunk-german-anti-semitic-inquiry-his-race-1132744
  23. "On J. R. R. Tolkien's Roots"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183343/http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf
  24. "Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena (XIV–XIX wiek)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133737/https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/15041/Z%20Prus%20do%20Anglii.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  25. verwandt.de
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  26. Der Spiegel
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  27. J. R. R. Tolkien
  28. A Brief Guide to J. R. R. Tolkien: A Comprehensive Introduction to the Author of
  29. Carpenter 1977, p. 14
  30. Carpenter 1977, p. 13. Both the spider incident and the visit to the homestead are covered here.
  31. Carpenter 1977, p. 24
  32. Carpenter 1977, Ch I, "Bloemfontein". At 9 Ashfield Road, King's Heath.
  33. Carpenter 1977, p. 27
  34. Carpenter 1977, p. 113
  35. Carpenter 1977, p. 29
  36. Life of Tolkien
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  37. International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature
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  38. Carpenter 1977, p. 22
  39. Carpenter 1977, p. 30
  40. Carpenter 1977, p. 31
  41. Carpenter 1977, p. 39
  42. Carpenter 1977, pp. 25–38
  43. Carpenter 1977, pp. 24–51
  44. "Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice"
    http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/vice.htm
  45. "Tolkien's Languages"
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  46. I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien
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  47. The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
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  48. Carpenter 1977, pp. 53–54
  49. Tolkien and the Great War, p. 6.
  50. Carpenter 1977, p. 82
  51. Valais Wallis Digital
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  52. The Lord of the Rings JRR Tolkien Author and Illustrator
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  54. Carpenter 1977, p. 40
  55. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch
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  56. Carpenter 1977, p. 43
  57. Carpenter 1977, pp. 67–69
  58. Tolkien & Tolkien 1992, p. 34
  59. Carpenter 1977, p. 73
  60. Carpenter 1977, p. 86
  61. Carpenter 1977, pp. 77–85
  62. The London Gazette
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  63. Tolkien and the Great War, p. 94.
  64. "Memorials"
    https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/memorials/
  65. Garth 2003, p. 138
  66. Garth 2003, pp. 144–145
  67. Garth 2003, pp. 147–148
  68. Garth 2003, pp. 148–149
  69. Garth 2003, p. 149
  70. Quoted in Garth 2003, p. 200
  71. Carpenter 1977, p. 93
  72. Tolkien & Tolkien 1992, p. 40
  73. Carpenter 1977, pp. 93, 103, 105
  74. Garth 2003, pp. 94–95
  75. Garth 2003, pp. 207 et seq.
  76. Battle of the Somme
    https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-lieutenant-j-r-r-tolkien
  77. First World War
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  78. Carpenter 1977, p. 98
  79. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30588/supplement/3561
  80. Following rural English usage, Tolkien used the name "hemlock" for various plants with white flowers in umbels, resembli
  81. Grotta 2002, p. 58
  82. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32110/supplement/10711
  83. The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
  84. J. R. R. Tolkien's Double Worlds and Creative Process: Language and Life
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134
  85. J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth
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  86. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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  87. Pembroke College Oxford
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  88. See The Name Nodens (1932) in the bibliographical listing. For the etymology, see Nodens#Etymology.
  89. The New Yorker
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  90. Carpenter 1977, p. 143
  91. Wisdom's Children
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  92. Tolkien: Finn and Hengest. Chiefly, p.4 in the Introduction by Alan Bliss.
  93. Tolkien: Finn and Hengest, the discussion of Eotena, passim.
  94. Amon Hen
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  95. Carpenter 1977, p. 133
  96. The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park
  97. The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
  98. J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth
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  99. The Irish Times
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  100. "Honorary Degrees Awarded"
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  102. Lee 2020, pp. 12–15
  103. Lady Margaret Hall
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  104. Carpenter 1977, p. 167
  105. "Nomination Database"
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  106. Carpenter 1977, Part 7, Chapter 2 "Bournemouth"
  107. "My Grandfather JRR Tolkien"
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  108. The London Gazette
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  109. Literary Heritage, West Midlands
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  110. J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth
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  111. The New York Times
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  112. MeasuringWorth
    http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/
  113. probatesearchservice.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200522093721/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Tolkien&yearOfDeath=1973&page=1#calendar
  114. The Inklings
  115. Finding God in The Hobbit
    https://books.google.com/books?id=N_0VhzQKIIAC&pg=PAPR22
  116. Ordway 2023, p. 328
  117. Ordway 2023, p. 328
  118. Ordway 2023, p. 329
  119. Ordway 2023, pp. 332–333
  120. "Quotation of the day on the most improper job..."
    https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/quotation-of-the-day-on-the-most-improper-job/
  121. Mythlore
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/26815943
  122. fee.org
    https://fee.org/articles/what-lord-of-the-rings-and-harry-potter-teach-us-about-power/
  123. "The Lord of the Rings and the corrupting influence of power"
    https://pacificlegal.org/lord-of-the-rings-corrupting-influence-power/
  124. Mallorn: The Journal of the Tolkien Society
    https://www.jstor.org/journal/malljtolksoci
  125. The Guardian
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  126. King Solomon's Mines
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  127. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
  128. Modern Fiction Studies
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  129. The Daily Telegraph
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  130. Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: a Reader
  131. The World of the Rings
  132. "The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism"
    http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm
  133. J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth
  134. J. R. R. Tolkien: New Casebook
    http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/791/1/Tolkien%20and%20Trees%20PDF.pdf
  135. Ents, Elves, and Eriador: The Environmental Vision of J. R. R. Tolkien
  136. Shippey 2005, pp. 48–49 and throughout
  137. Crisis Magazine
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  138. Touchstone Magazine
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  139. After the King: Stories in Honor of J. R. R. Tolkien
  140. Shippey 2005, pp. 40–41
  141. Shippey 2005, pp. 104, 190–197, 217 and throughout
  142. Shippey 2005, pp. 66–74 and throughout
  143. Folklore
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  144. National Geographic News
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  145. J. R. R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion
  146. A Question of Time: J. R. R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie
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  147. Carpenter 1977, p. 77
  148. Tolkien's Bag End
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  149. Niekas
  150. The World of the Rings: Language, Religion, and Adventure in Tolkien
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  151. King Solomon's Mines
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  152. Carpenter 1977, p. 180
  153. "Hobbits and hippies: Tolkien and the counterculture"
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  154. Beowulf
  155. Shippey 2005, pp. 66–74
  156. Shippey 2005, pp. 56–57
  157. The New York Times
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  158. The Independent on Sunday
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  159. A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
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  160. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography
  161. Carpenter 1977, pp. 187–208
  162. The New York Times
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  163. A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
  164. USA Today
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  165. BBC
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  166. ABC News
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  167. Salon
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  168. The Sydney Morning Herald
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  169. J.R.R. Tolkien: a descriptive bibliography
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  170. A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
  171. Worlds Without End
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  172. Michael Martinez Tolkien Essays
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  173. "In the name of the father"
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  174. "New Tolkien for HarperCollins"
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  175. guardian.co.uk
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  176. BBC News
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  177. Publishers Weekly
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  178. The Guardian
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  179. The Guardian
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  180. "The Fall of Gondolin published"
    https://www.tolkiensociety.org/2018/08/the-fall-of-gondolin-published/
  181. The Guardian
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  182. Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University
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  183. The New York Times
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  184. The Tablet
  185. txstate.edu, University News Service
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  186. The meaning of everything: the story of the Oxford English dictionary
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52830480
  187. The ring of words: Tolkien and the Oxford English dictionary
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65197968
  188. J.R.R. Tolkien: architect of Middle Earth
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1991974
  189. The J.R.R. Tolkien companion & guide
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  190. British Library
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  191. BBC
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  192. J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator
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  193. Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
  194. "J. R. R. Tolkien: Father of Modern Fantasy Literature"
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  195. Oxford companion to English Literature
  196. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
  197. Ursula K. Le Guin: a critical companion
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  198. The Times
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  199. Forbes
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  200. "The Lord of the Rings: Complete Songs and Poems (4-CD-Box)"
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  201. "After Nearly 40 Years, Video Games Still Don't Do Lord Of The Rings Justice"
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  202. Oxford Mail
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  203. Mallorn
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  204. J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
    https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienauthor0000ship_d6u9
  205. J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
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  206. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
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  207. The Influence of J.R.R. Tolkien on Popular Culture
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  208. Scandinavian Review
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  209. The New York Times
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  210. BBC News
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  211. Variety
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  212. Ars Technica
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  213. The New York Times
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  214. ""Saint Tolkien": Why This English Don Is on the Path to Sainthood"
    https://epicpew.com/tolkien-canonization-cause/
  215. "Will Tolkien and Chesterton be declared saints?"
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  216. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
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  217. "'Ladies of the night' street name deeds to be sold"
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  218. BC Geographical Names
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  219. BC Geographical Names
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  220. "A (Pretty) Complete History of Palantir"
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  221. Tolkien Studies
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  222. Elachista
  223. The Science of Middle-earth
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  224. Evolutionary Theory
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  225. The Atlantic
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  226. The Tolkien Society
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  227. Pembroke College, Oxford
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  228. The Guardian
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  229. "Sir Peter Blake's new Beatles' Sgt Pepper's album cover"
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  230. "J. R. R. Tolkien Biopic With Nicholas Hoult Gets Summer 2019 Release Date"
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  231. The Guardian
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  232. The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
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  233. "Inscriptions: J. R. R. Tolkien"
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  234. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
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  235. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070524114159/http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien2.html
  236. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
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  237. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
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  238. "J. R. R. Tolkien"
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  239. Plaques Awarded
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  240. "Bournemouth's Blue Plaques"
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  242. "Celebrating the Life and Work of JRR Tolkien"
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