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J. R. R. Tolkien

Updated: Wikipedia source

J. R. R. Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (, 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit (1937) and The Lord of the Rings (1954–55). From 1925 to 1945 Tolkien was the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and a Fellow of Pembroke College, both at the University of Oxford. He then moved within the same university to become the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, and held these positions from 1945 until his retirement in 1959. Tolkien was a close friend of C. S. Lewis, a co-member of the Inklings, an informal literary discussion group. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972. After Tolkien's death his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and, within it, Middle-earth. Between 1951 and 1955 Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings. While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the tremendous success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings ignited a profound interest in the fantasy genre and ultimately precipitated an avalanche of new fantasy books and authors. This has led to his popular identification as the "father" of modern fantasy literature. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time.

Infobox

Born
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien(1892-01-03)3 January 1892Bloemfontein, Orange Free State
Died
2 September 1973(1973-09-02) (aged 81)Bournemouth, Hampshire, England
Occupation
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Authoracademicphilologistpoet
Citizenship
British
Education
Exeter College, Oxford
Genre
mw- li , li Fantasyhigh fantasymythopoeiatranslationliterary criticism
Spouse
mw- Edith Bratt (m. 1916; died 1971)
Children
JohnMichaelChristopherPriscilla
Relatives
Tolkien family
Allegiance
United Kingdom
Branch
British Army
Years
1915–1920
Rank
Lieutenant
Unit
Lancashire Fusiliers
Battles
mw- li First World War Battle of the Somme Capture of Leipzig Salient Capture of Schwaben Redoubt Capture of Regina Trench

Tables

· Writing › Publications › Works compiled by Christopher Tolkien
2007
2007
Date
2007
Title
The Children of Húrin
Description
Tells the story of Túrin Turambar and his sister Nienor, children of Húrin Thalion.
2009
2009
Date
2009
Title
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
Description
Retells the legend of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs from Germanic mythology as a narrative poem in alliterative verse, modelled after the Old Norse poetry of the Elder Edda.
2013
2013
Date
2013
Title
The Fall of Arthur
Description
A narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman Migration Period, showing Arthur as a British warlord fighting the Saxon invasion.
2014
2014
Date
2014
Title
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
Description
A prose translation of Beowulf that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.
2015
2015
Date
2015
Title
The Story of Kullervo
Description
A retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.
2017
2017
Date
2017
Title
Beren and Lúthien
Description
One of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in The Silmarillion.
2018
2018
Date
2018
Title
The Fall of Gondolin
Description
Tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it "the first real story" of Middle-earth.
Date
Title
Description
2007
The Children of Húrin
Tells the story of Túrin Turambar and his sister Nienor, children of Húrin Thalion.
2009
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
Retells the legend of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs from Germanic mythology as a narrative poem in alliterative verse, modelled after the Old Norse poetry of the Elder Edda.
2013
The Fall of Arthur
A narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman Migration Period, showing Arthur as a British warlord fighting the Saxon invasion.
2014
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
A prose translation of Beowulf that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.
2015
The Story of Kullervo
A retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.
2017
Beren and Lúthien
One of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in The Silmarillion.
2018
The Fall of Gondolin
Tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it "the first real story" of Middle-earth.
· Memorials
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
Address
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
Commemoration
"Inspired" 1896–1900 (i.e. lived nearby)
Date unveiled
15 August 2002
Issued by
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
Address
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
Commemoration
Lived near here 1902–1910
Date unveiled
Unknown
Issued by
Birmingham Civic Society
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
Address
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
Commemoration
Lived here 1910–1911
Date unveiled
Unknown
Issued by
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Address
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Commemoration
Stayed here June 1916
Date unveiled
June 1997
Issued by
The Tolkien Society
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
Address
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
Commemoration
First academic appointment, Leeds
Date unveiled
1 October 2012
Issued by
The Tolkien Society and Leeds Civic Trust
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
Address
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
Commemoration
Lived here 1930–1947
Date unveiled
3 December 2002
Issued by
Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Address
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Commemoration
Stayed here regularly from the 1950s until 1972
Date unveiled
10 June 1992 by Priscilla Tolkien
Issued by
Borough of Bournemouth
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
Address
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
Commemoration
Married here 22 March 1916
Date unveiled
6 July 2018
Issued by
Warwick Town Council
Address
Commemoration
Date unveiled
Issued by
Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham
"Inspired" 1896–1900 (i.e. lived nearby)
15 August 2002
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham
Lived near here 1902–1910
Unknown
Birmingham Civic Society
4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
Lived here 1910–1911
Unknown
Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society
Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham
Stayed here June 1916
June 1997
The Tolkien Society
2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds
First academic appointment, Leeds
1 October 2012
The Tolkien Society and Leeds Civic Trust
20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford
Lived here 1930–1947
3 December 2002
Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board
Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth
Stayed here regularly from the 1950s until 1972
10 June 1992 by Priscilla Tolkien
Borough of Bournemouth
St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick
Married here 22 March 1916
6 July 2018
Warwick Town Council

References

  1. Tolkien pronounced his surname /ˈtɒlkiːn/.[page needed] In General American, the surname is commonly pronounced /ˈtoʊlki
  2. Carpenter 2023, Letters #190 to Rayner Unwin, 3 July 1956: "After all the book is English, and by an Englishman"
  3. Carpenter 2023, Letters #267 to Michael Tolkien, 9–10 January 1965.
  4. Carpenter 2023, Letters #306 to Michael Tolkien, 1967 or 1968
  5. Carpenter 2023, Letters #43 to Michael Tolkien, 6–8 March 1941
  6. Carpenter 2023, Letters #340 to Christopher Tolkien, 11 July 1972.
  7. Carpenter 2023, Letters #35 to C. A. Furth, Allen & Unwin, 2 February 1939 (see also editorial note).
  8. Carpenter 2023, Letters #336 to Sir Patrick Browne, 23 May 1972
  9. Carpenter 2023, Letters #332 to Michael Tolkien, 24 January 1972
  10. Carpenter 2023, Letters #294 to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, 8 February 1967
  11. Carpenter 2023, Letters #334 to Rayner Unwin, 30 March 1972 (editorial note).
  12. Carpenter 2023, Letters #250 to Michael Tolkien, 1 November 1963
  13. Carpenter 2023, Letters #52 to Christopher Tolkien, 29 November 1943
  14. Carpenter 2023, Letters #7, to the Electors of the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon, University of Ox
  15. Carpenter 2023, Letters #163 to W. H. Auden, 7 June 1955.
  16. Carpenter 2023, Letters #144 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954.
  17. Carpenter 2023, Letters #180 to 'Mr Thompson' (draft), 14 January 1956.
  18. Carpenter 2023, Letters #131 to Milton Walden, late 1951
  19. The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One
  20. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
  21. Newsweek
    https://www.newsweek.com/hobbit-how-tolkien-sunk-german-anti-semitic-inquiry-his-race-1132744
  22. "On J. R. R. Tolkien's Roots"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183343/http://www.elendilion.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TolkienAncestry.pdf
  23. "Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena (XIV–XIX wiek)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133737/https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/15041/Z%20Prus%20do%20Anglii.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  24. verwandt.de
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  25. Der Spiegel
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  26. J. R. R. Tolkien
  27. A Brief Guide to J. R. R. Tolkien: A Comprehensive Introduction to the Author of
  28. Carpenter 1977, p. 14
  29. Carpenter 1977, p. 13. Both the spider incident and the visit to the homestead are covered here.
  30. Carpenter 1977, p. 24
  31. Carpenter 1977, Ch I, "Bloemfontein". At 9 Ashfield Road, King's Heath.
  32. Carpenter 1977, p. 27
  33. Carpenter 1977, p. 113
  34. Carpenter 1977, p. 29
  35. Life of Tolkien
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  36. International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature
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  37. Carpenter 1977, p. 22
  38. Carpenter 1977, p. 30
  39. Carpenter 1977, p. 31
  40. Carpenter 1977, p. 39
  41. Carpenter 1977, pp. 25–38
  42. Carpenter 1977, pp. 24–51
  43. "Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice"
    http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/vice.htm
  44. "Tolkien's Languages"
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  45. I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien
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  46. The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
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  47. Carpenter 1977, pp. 53–54
  48. Tolkien and the Great War, p. 6.
  49. Carpenter 1977, p. 82
  50. Valais Wallis Digital
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  51. The Lord of the Rings JRR Tolkien Author and Illustrator
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  53. Carpenter 1977, p. 40
  54. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch
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  55. Carpenter 1977, p. 43
  56. Carpenter 1977, pp. 67–69
  57. Tolkien & Tolkien 1992, p. 34
  58. Carpenter 1977, p. 73
  59. Carpenter 1977, p. 86
  60. Carpenter 1977, pp. 77–85
  61. The London Gazette
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  62. Tolkien and the Great War, p. 94.
  63. "Memorials"
    https://www.tolkiensociety.org/society/memorials/
  64. Garth 2003, p. 138
  65. Garth 2003, pp. 144–145
  66. Garth 2003, pp. 147–148
  67. Garth 2003, pp. 148–149
  68. Garth 2003, p. 149
  69. Quoted in Garth 2003, p. 200
  70. Carpenter 1977, p. 93
  71. Tolkien & Tolkien 1992, p. 40
  72. Carpenter 1977, pp. 93, 103, 105
  73. Garth 2003, pp. 94–95
  74. Garth 2003, pp. 207 et seq.
  75. Battle of the Somme
    https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-lieutenant-j-r-r-tolkien
  76. First World War
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  77. Carpenter 1977, p. 98
  78. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30588/supplement/3561
  79. Following rural English usage, Tolkien used the name "hemlock" for various plants with white flowers in umbels, resembli
  80. Grotta 2002, p. 58
  81. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32110/supplement/10711
  82. The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
  83. J. R. R. Tolkien's Double Worlds and Creative Process: Language and Life
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134
  84. J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9LHQvq6P5qIC&pg=PAPA64
  85. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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  86. Pembroke College Oxford
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  87. See The Name Nodens (1932) in the bibliographical listing. For the etymology, see Nodens#Etymology.
  88. The New Yorker
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  89. Carpenter 1977, p. 143
  90. Wisdom's Children
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  91. Tolkien: Finn and Hengest. Chiefly, p.4 in the Introduction by Alan Bliss.
  92. Tolkien: Finn and Hengest, the discussion of Eotena, passim.
  93. Amon Hen
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  94. Carpenter 1977, p. 133
  95. The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park
  96. The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
  97. J. R. R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth
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  98. The Irish Times
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  99. "Honorary Degrees Awarded"
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  100. Carpenter 1977, pp. 206–208
  101. Lee 2020, pp. 12–15
  102. Lady Margaret Hall
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  103. Carpenter 1977, p. 167
  104. "Nomination Database"
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  105. Carpenter 1977, Part 7, Chapter 2 "Bournemouth"
  106. "My Grandfather JRR Tolkien"
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  107. The London Gazette
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  108. Literary Heritage, West Midlands
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  109. J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth
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  110. The New York Times
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  111. MeasuringWorth
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  112. probatesearchservice.gov
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  113. The Inklings
  114. Finding God in The Hobbit
    https://books.google.com/books?id=N_0VhzQKIIAC&pg=PAPR22
  115. Ordway 2023, p. 328
  116. Ordway 2023, p. 328
  117. Ordway 2023, p. 329
  118. Ordway 2023, pp. 332–333
  119. "Quotation of the day on the most improper job..."
    https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/quotation-of-the-day-on-the-most-improper-job/
  120. Mythlore
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  121. fee.org
    https://fee.org/articles/what-lord-of-the-rings-and-harry-potter-teach-us-about-power/
  122. "The Lord of the Rings and the corrupting influence of power"
    https://pacificlegal.org/lord-of-the-rings-corrupting-influence-power/
  123. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/02/jrrtolkien.lordoftherings
  124. King Solomon's Mines
    https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienhislit0000unse/page/120/mode/2up?q=Gagool
  125. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
  126. Modern Fiction Studies
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  127. The Daily Telegraph
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  128. Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: a Reader
  129. The World of the Rings
  130. "The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism"
    http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm
  131. J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth
  132. J. R. R. Tolkien: New Casebook
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  133. Ents, Elves, and Eriador: The Environmental Vision of J. R. R. Tolkien
  134. Shippey 2005, pp. 48–49 and throughout
  135. Crisis Magazine
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  136. Touchstone Magazine
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  137. After the King: Stories in Honor of J. R. R. Tolkien
  138. Shippey 2005, pp. 40–41
  139. Shippey 2005, pp. 104, 190–197, 217 and throughout
  140. Shippey 2005, pp. 66–74 and throughout
  141. Folklore
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  142. National Geographic News
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  143. J. R. R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion
  144. A Question of Time: J. R. R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie
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  145. Carpenter 1977, p. 77
  146. Tolkien's Bag End
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  147. Niekas
  148. The World of the Rings: Language, Religion, and Adventure in Tolkien
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  149. King Solomon's Mines
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  150. Carpenter 1977, p. 180
  151. "Hobbits and hippies: Tolkien and the counterculture"
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  152. Beowulf
  153. Shippey 2005, pp. 66–74
  154. Shippey 2005, pp. 56–57
  155. The New York Times
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  156. The Independent on Sunday
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  157. A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
    https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118517468
  158. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography
  159. Carpenter 1977, pp. 187–208
  160. The New York Times
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  161. A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
  162. USA Today
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  163. BBC
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  164. ABC News
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  165. Salon
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  166. The Sydney Morning Herald
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  167. J.R.R. Tolkien: a descriptive bibliography
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  168. A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
  169. Worlds Without End
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  170. Michael Martinez Tolkien Essays
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  171. "In the name of the father"
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  172. "New Tolkien for HarperCollins"
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  173. guardian.co.uk
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  174. BBC News
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  175. Publishers Weekly
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  176. The Guardian
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  177. The Guardian
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  178. "The Fall of Gondolin published"
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  179. The Guardian
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  180. Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University
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  181. The New York Times
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  182. The Tablet
  183. txstate.edu, University News Service
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100602064824/http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2009/07/CSLewis070809.html
  184. The meaning of everything: the story of the Oxford English dictionary
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52830480
  185. The ring of words: Tolkien and the Oxford English dictionary
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65197968
  186. J.R.R. Tolkien: architect of Middle Earth
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1991974
  187. The J.R.R. Tolkien companion & guide
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  188. British Library
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  189. BBC
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  190. J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator
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  191. Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
  192. "J. R. R. Tolkien: Father of Modern Fantasy Literature"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090620040316/http://www.veritas.org/media/talks/585
  193. Oxford companion to English Literature
  194. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
  195. Ursula K. Le Guin: a critical companion
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  196. The Times
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  197. "The Lord of the Rings: Complete Songs and Poems (4-CD-Box)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161027034047/http://www.tolkien-ensemble.net/rezensionen/rezensionen.html
  198. "After Nearly 40 Years, Video Games Still Don't Do Lord Of The Rings Justice"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190524080708/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2019/05/after-nearly-40-years-video-games-still-dont-do-lord-of-the-rings-justice/
  199. Oxford Mail
    https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10909799.affectionate-memories-life-christ-church/
  200. Mallorn
    https://journals.tolkiensociety.org/mallorn/article/view/185/173
  201. J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
    https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienauthor0000ship_d6u9
  202. J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
    https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienauthor0000ship_d6u9
  203. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
    https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/tolkien_j_r_r
  204. The Influence of J.R.R. Tolkien on Popular Culture
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  205. Scandinavian Review
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  206. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-lordfilm.html
  207. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3495748.stm
  208. Variety
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  209. Ars Technica
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  210. The New York Times
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  211. ""Saint Tolkien": Why This English Don Is on the Path to Sainthood"
    https://epicpew.com/tolkien-canonization-cause/
  212. "Will Tolkien and Chesterton be declared saints?"
    https://aleteia.org/2018/07/14/will-tolkien-and-chesterton-be-declared-saints/
  213. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
    https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
  214. "'Ladies of the night' street name deeds to be sold"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-50502073?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews/2633984-wick/0&link_location=live-reporting-story
  215. BC Geographical Names
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  216. BC Geographical Names
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  217. "A (Pretty) Complete History of Palantir"
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  218. Tolkien Studies
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  219. Elachista
  220. The Science of Middle-earth
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  221. Evolutionary Theory
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  222. The Atlantic
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  223. The Tolkien Society
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  224. Pembroke College, Oxford
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  225. The Guardian
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  226. "Sir Peter Blake's new Beatles' Sgt Pepper's album cover"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-17583026
  227. "J. R. R. Tolkien Biopic With Nicholas Hoult Gets Summer 2019 Release Date"
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  228. The Guardian
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  229. The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment
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  230. "Inscriptions: J. R. R. Tolkien"
    http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/streets/inscriptions/headington/tolkien.html
  231. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
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  232. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070524114159/http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien2.html
  233. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070524113934/http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien3.html
  234. Blue Plaques Photograph Gallery
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070524113840/http://www.birminghamnet.co.uk/galleries/features/blueplaque/tolkien.html
  235. "J. R. R. Tolkien"
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  236. Plaques Awarded
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  237. "Bournemouth's Blue Plaques"
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  238. Warwickshire World
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  239. "Celebrating the Life and Work of JRR Tolkien"
    https://www.royalmint.com/annual-sets/2023/celebrating-the-life-and-work-of-jrr-tolkien
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