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Israel

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. It borders Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel occupies the Palestinian territories of the West Bank in the east and the Gaza Strip in the southwest, as well as the Syrian Golan Heights in the northeast. Israel's western coast lies on the Mediterranean Sea, its southern tip reaching the Red Sea, and the east includes the Earth's lowest point near the Dead Sea. Jerusalem is the government seat and proclaimed capital, while Tel Aviv is Israel's largest urban area and economic centre. The Land of Israel is synonymous with Palestine or the Holy Land. In antiquity, it was home to the Canaanites, and later the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Its location at a continental crossroads brought demographic shifts under various empires. Nineteenth-century European antisemitism fuelled the Zionist movement for a Jewish homeland. Britain endorsed this goal in the 1917 Balfour Declaration and ruled Mandatory Palestine from 1920. Jewish immigration and British policies intensified Arab-Jewish tensions, and the 1947 United Nations (UN) Partition Plan led to a civil war. Israel declared independence at the end of the British Mandate on 14 May 1948, and neighbouring Arab states invaded the next day. A 1949 armistice left Israel with territory beyond the UN plan; no Arab state was created, as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank came under Egyptian and Jordanian control. Most Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled during the Nakba, leaving a minority in Israel, while the country's population grew in later decades as Jews fled or were expelled from the Muslim world. After the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Egyptian Sinai, and the Syrian Golan Heights, later annexing East Jerusalem and the Golan. Peace was signed with Egypt in 1979 (Sinai returned in 1982) and with Jordan in 1994. The 1993 Oslo Accords with the Palestinians established mutual recognition and limited self-rule, and the 2020 Abraham Accords normalised ties with more Arab states. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict remains unresolved, with wars and clashes with Palestinian militant groups. Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories has drawn sustained international criticism. Experts, human-rights organisations and UN officials have described Israel's actions as war crimes and crimes against humanity. Following the October 7 attacks in 2023, in which the Hamas government of Gaza and its allies killed about 800 Israeli civilians in one day, Israel began committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. Israel and several other countries, including the United States, dispute that its actions constitute genocide. The Basic Laws of Israel establish the Knesset, a parliament elected by proportional representation. It shapes the government, led by the prime minister, and elects the largely ceremonial president. Israel has one of the Middle East's largest economies, one of Asia's highest living standards, and globally ranks 26th in nominal GDP and 14th in nominal GDP per capita. One of the world's most technologically advanced countries, Israel allocates a larger share of its economy to research and development than any other state and is believed to possess nuclear weapons. The culture of Israel combines Jewish traditions, including those of the diaspora, with Arab influences.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Jerusalem(limited recognition)[fn 1][fn 2].mw- 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217
Official language
Hebrew
Special status
Arabic[fn 3]
Ethnic groups (2025 est.)
mw- 71.9% Jews21% Arabs7.1% others
Religion (2023 est.)
73.7% Judaism18.3% Islam1.9% Christianity1.6% Druze faith4.5% others
Demonym
Israeli
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Isaac Herzog
• Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
• Knesset Speaker
Amir Ohana
• Chief Justice
Yitzhak Amit
Legislature
Knesset
• Declaration of independence
14 May 1948
• Total
$610.75 billion (26th)
• Water (%)
2.71
• 2025 estimate
10,147,200 (93rd)
• 2022 census
9,601,720[fn 4]
• Density
461/km2 (1,194.0/sq mi) (30th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$60,010 (14th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2021)
37.9 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.919very high (27th)
Currency
New shekel (₪) (ILS)
Time zone
UTC 2:00 (IST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 3:00 (IDT)
Calling code
972
ISO 3166 code
IL
Internet TLD
il

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Jews
Jews
District
Jews
Capital
Arabs
Largest city
Total
Population, 2021
note
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
District
Jerusalem
Capital
Jerusalem
Largest city
66%
Population, 2021
32%
Population, 2021
1,209,700
Population, 2021
a
North
North
District
North
Capital
Nof HaGalil
Largest city
Nazareth
Population, 2021
42%
Population, 2021
54%
Population, 2021
1,513,600
Haifa
Haifa
District
Haifa
Capital
Haifa
Largest city
67%
Population, 2021
25%
Population, 2021
1,092,700
Center
Center
District
Center
Capital
Ramla
Largest city
Rishon LeZion
Population, 2021
87%
Population, 2021
8%
Population, 2021
2,304,300
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv
District
Tel Aviv
Capital
Tel Aviv
Largest city
92%
Population, 2021
2%
Population, 2021
1,481,400
South
South
District
South
Capital
Beersheba
Largest city
Ashdod
Population, 2021
71%
Population, 2021
22%
Population, 2021
1,386,000
Judea and Samaria Area
Judea and Samaria Area
District
Judea and Samaria Area
Capital
Ariel
Largest city
Modi'in Illit
Population, 2021
98%
Population, 2021
0%
Population, 2021
465,400
Population, 2021
b
District
Capital
Largest city
Population, 2021
Jews
Arabs
Total
note
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
66%
32%
1,209,700
a
North
Nof HaGalil
Nazareth
42%
54%
1,513,600
Haifa
Haifa
67%
25%
1,092,700
Center
Ramla
Rishon LeZion
87%
8%
2,304,300
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv
92%
2%
1,481,400
South
Beersheba
Ashdod
71%
22%
1,386,000
Judea and Samaria Area
Ariel
Modi'in Illit
98%
0%
465,400
b
Overview of administration and sovereignty in Israel, the Palestinian territories and the Golan HeightsThis box: viewtalkedit · Government and politics › Israeli-occupied territories
West Bank
West Bank
Area → Gaza Strip
West Bank
Area → Gaza Strip
Palestinian enclaves (Areas A and B)
Administered by → Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
Palestinian National Authority and Israeli military
Area C
Area C
Area → Gaza Strip
Area C
Area → Gaza Strip
Israeli enclave law (Israeli settlements) and Israeli military (Palestinians under Israeli occupation)
East Jerusalem
East Jerusalem
Area → Gaza Strip
East Jerusalem
Area → Gaza Strip
Israeli administration
Administered by → Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States
Recognition of governing authority → Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord
China, Russia
West Jerusalem
West Jerusalem
Area → Gaza Strip
West Jerusalem
Area → Gaza Strip
Russia, Czech Republic, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States
Administered by → Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
United Nations as an international city along with East Jerusalem
Recognition of governing authority → Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord
Various UN member states and the European Union; joint sovereignty also widely supported
Golan Heights
Golan Heights
Area → Gaza Strip
Golan Heights
Area → Gaza Strip
United States
Administered by → Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
Syria
Recognition of governing authority → Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord
All UN member states except the United States
Israel (Green Line border)
Israel (Green Line border)
Area → Gaza Strip
Israel (Green Line border)
Area → Gaza Strip
165 UN member states
Administered by → Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
Israel
Recognition of governing authority → Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord
165 UN member states
Area
Administered by
Recognition of governing authority
Sovereignty claimed by
Recognition of claim
Gaza Strip
Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)
Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord
Palestine
157 UN member states
West Bank
Palestinian enclaves (Areas A and B)
Palestinian National Authority and Israeli military
Area C
Israeli enclave law (Israeli settlements) and Israeli military (Palestinians under Israeli occupation)
East Jerusalem
Israeli administration
Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States
China, Russia
West Jerusalem
Russia, Czech Republic, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States
United Nations as an international city along with East Jerusalem
Various UN member states and the European Union; joint sovereignty also widely supported
Golan Heights
United States
Syria
All UN member states except the United States
Israel (Green Line border)
165 UN member states
Israel
165 UN member states

References

  1. 20,770 km2 is Israel within the Green Line. 22,072 km2 includes the occupied Golan Heights (c. 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi)) an
  2. Recognition by other UN member states: Russia (West Jerusalem), the Czech Republic (West Jerusalem), Argentina, Honduras
  3. Jerusalem is Israel's largest city if including East Jerusalem, which is widely recognised as occupied territory. If Eas
  4. Arabic has a "special status" as set by the Basic Law of 2018, which allows it to be used by official institutions. Prio
  5. Israeli population and economic data covers the economic territory of Israel, including the Golan Heights, East Jerusale
  6. The personal name "Israel" appears much earlier, in material from Ebla.
  7. /ˈɪzriəl, -reɪ-/ ⓘ; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanised: Yīsrāʾēl [jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل, romanised: ʾIsrāʾīl
  8. Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanised: Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, romanised: D
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  650. The Forward
    https://forward.com/forverts-in-english/560390/how-yiddish-became-foreign-language-israel/
  651. Israeli Schools: Religious and Secular Problems
    http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED250227&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED250227
  652. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21732032-one-area-where-binyamin-netanyahus-government-not-so-hostile-arabs
  653. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics: The Ethiopian Community in Israel
    http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201211307
  654. "Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews"
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-ethiopia-jews-sb-idUSTRE56F4ZY20090716
  655. The Plain Dealer
    http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/08/israels_welcome_for_ethiopian.html
  656. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/news/study-soviet-immigrants-outperform-israeli-students-1.238970
  657. Ynetnews
    http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4156781,00.html
  658. Round Table on Language and Linguistics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ljumbfV_7y0C&pg=PAPA169
  659. Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xMzx6xFB0IgC&pg=PAPA90
  660. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5mG09P64jzYC&pg=PAPA72
  661. "English programs at Israeli universities and colleges"
    http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/AboutIsrael/Education/Pages/English_programs_Israeli_universities_colleges.aspx
  662. The World Factbook
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/
  663. "In Israel, Jews are united by homeland but divided into very different groups"
    https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/08/in-israel-jews-are-united-by-homeland-but-divided-into-very-different-groups/
  664. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/at-the-edge-of-the-abyss-1.3538
  665. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-s-christian-population-numbers-148-000-as-of-christmas-eve-1.208151
  666. "National Population Estimates"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110807012547/http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton53/st_eng02.pdf
  667. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2010/03/11/can-the-coalition-hold-together
  668. Jerusalem: its sanctity and centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
  669. Hebrew Phrasebook
  670. "The Baháʼí World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070629171538/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-6-0-5.html
  671. "Teaching the Faith in Israel"
    http://bahai-library.com/uhj_teaching_in_israel
  672. "Kababir and Central Carmel – Multiculturalism on the Carmel"
    http://www.haifatrail.com/haifa-trail-segment14-eng.htm#./images/sect-14/Haifa-Trail-Sect14-P1610817.jpg
  673. "Visit Haifa"
    http://www.visit-haifa.org/eng/Kababir
  674. Education at a Glance: Israel
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171110050434/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en
  675. Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060913013444/http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html
  676. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/knesset-raises-school-dropout-age-to-18-1.225752
  677. Publications Department
    http://www.moia.gov.il/Publications/education_en.pdf
  678. "Religion and Education Around the World"
    https://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/religion-and-education-around-the-world/
  679. "6. Jewish educational attainment"
    https://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/jewish-educational-attainment/
  680. "How Religious Groups Differ in Educational Attainment"
    https://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/how-religious-groups-differ-in-educational-attainment/
  681. "Jews at top of class in first-ever global study of religion and education"
    https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/jews-top-class-first-ever-global-study-religion-and-education
  682. "The Israeli Matriculation Certificate"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170915073741/http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html
  683. "Students in Grade 12 – Matriculation Examinees and Those Entitled to a Certificate"
    https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/LochutTlushim/2023/st04_19.pdf
  684. Kehlia News Israel
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190207190253/https://kehilanews.com/2017/05/11/israels-educational-tradition-drives-economic-growth/
  685. "Higher Education in Israel"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120725031634/http://embassies.gov.il/delhi/Departments/Pages/Academic%20Affairs.aspx
  686. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Ariel-gets-university-status-despite-opposition
  687. "History of the Library"
    http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/library/aboutus/past/Building/Pages/history.aspx
  688. "Asian Studies: Israel as a 'Melting Pot'"
    http://www.hse.ru/en/news/28331917.html
  689. From the Arab Other to the Israeli Self: Palestinian Culture in the Making of Israeli National Identity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dD_7CwAAQBAJ
  690. "Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture"
    http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA+Publications/Photo+exhibits/Encounters-+The+Vernacular+Paradox+of+Israeli+Arch-+Intro.htm
  691. ISRAEL21c
    http://www.israel21c.org/culture/israeli-palestinian-and-jordanian-djs-create-bridge-for-peace
  692. "The International Israeli Table"
    http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20International%20Israeli%20Table
  693. "Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070814055003/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/facts%20about%20israel/people/jewish%20festivals%20in%20israel
  694. "Depositing Books to The Jewish National & University Library"
    https://archive.today/20120529153016/http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/lgd.html
  695. "The Annual Israeli Book Week Report 2016"
    http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/library/depositing/statistics/Pages/lgd-statistics-2016.aspx
  696. "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966"
    http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1966/index.html
  697. Poetry Foundation
    https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/yehuda-amichai
  698. dw.com
    https://www.dw.com/en/5-israeli-authors-you-should-know/a-59072065
  699. Five Books
    https://fivebooks.com/best-books/israeli-novels-ayelet-gundar-goshen/
  700. Broughton, Ellingham & Trillo 1999, pp. 365–369.
  701. World Music
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120210070052/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/israel_36
  702. Ben-Sasson 1985, p. 1095.
  703. Whose Master's Voice?: The Development of Popular Music in Thirteen Cultures
  704. ISRAEL21c
    https://www.israel21c.org/us-music-lovers-join-the-birthday-fun-for-israels-greatest-classical-ensemble-the-ipo/
  705. Eurovision.tv
    https://eurovision.tv/country/israel
  706. "About the Red Sea Jazz Festival"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120312202659/http://www.redseajazzeilat.com/en/about/
  707. World Music
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120103145812/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/israeli_folk_735/en_US
  708. התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה
    http://www.habima.co.il/
  709. jewishvirtuallibrary.org
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/theatre-in-israel
  710. My Jewish Learning
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150318093329/http://myjewishlearning.com/culture/2/Theatre_and_Dance/Theatre/Israel.shtml
  711. tidhar.tourolib.org
    https://www.tidhar.tourolib.org/tidhar/view/4/1883
  712. Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris
    https://ecoledeparis.org/en/alexandre-frenel/
  713. issuu.com
    https://issuu.com/benurigallery/docs/chaim_soutine___from_russia_to_paris
  714. jewishvirtuallibrary.org
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israel-studies-an-anthology-art-in-israel
  715. Associated Press
    https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21
  716. britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel/Cultural-life
  717. Reference Reviews
    https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120810843177
  718. CIE
    https://israeled.org/1938-1941-alexander-zaid-david-polus/
  719. tamuseum.org.il
    https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/exhibition/eclecticmodern/
  720. ""Erich Mendelsohn: Berlin – Jerusalem" Photography by Carsten Krohn | Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv"
    https://bauhaus-center.com/gallery-art-exhibition/erich-mendelsohn-berlin-jerusalem-photography-by-carsten-krohn/
  721. Weizmann Wonder Wander
    https://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/about/erich-mendelsohn
  722. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/
  723. ISRAEL21c
    https://www.israel21c.org/in-tel-aviv-amazing-brutalist-architecture-hides-in-plain-sight/
  724. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/brutally-beautiful-576859
  725. ESRAmagazine
    https://magazine.esra.org.il/posts/entry/sir-patrick-geddes.html
  726. Housing, Theory and Society
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248979674
  727. "About the Museum"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130302154234/http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/page_1465?c0=14896&bsp=14393
  728. "Shrine of the Book"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070709044752/https://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html
  729. "About Yad Vashem"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132026/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/index.asp
  730. "Museum Information"
    http://www.bh.org.il/about-us.aspx
  731. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/best-israel-museums/index.html
  732. Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z0YrPfeHa8C
  733. "Israel — Hebrew- and English-Language Media Guide"
    https://fas.org/irp/dni/osc/israelmedia.pdf
  734. The Forward
    https://forward.com/news/2979/israeli-newspaper-brawl-moving-to-the-internet/
  735. Historical Dictionary of Israel
  736. Russian TV channel Israel Plus sees loss, Haaretz, 2 December 2013
  737. Haaretz
  738. Freedom House
    https://freedomhouse.org/country/israel/freedom-world/2024
  739. "2024 World Press Freedom Index"
    https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2024
  740. "Middle East – North Africa Journalism throttled by political pressure"
    https://rsf.org/en/classement/2024/middle-east-north-africa
  741. Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/shin-bet-report-that-led-to-closure-of-al-jazeera-is-classified-wont-be-released/
  742. Committee to Protect Journalists
    https://cpj.org/2025/01/journalist-jailings-near-record-high-in-2024-as-crackdown-on-press-freedom-grows/
  743. Committee to Protect Journalists
    https://cpj.org/special-reports/2024-is-deadliest-year-for-journalists-in-cpj-history-almost-70-percent-killed-by-israel/
  744. Yael Raviv, Falafel Nation, University of Nebraska Press, 2015
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KjuYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT119
  745. The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey
    https://books.google.com/books?id=zkbGpxM6QYgC&pg=PA127
  746. Uzi Rebhun, Lilakh Lev Ari, American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity, Brill, 2010 pp. 112–
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CG-WQZDJdo8C&pg=PA113
  747. Bernstein 2010, pp. 227, 233–234
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FYXlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227
  748. Bernstein 2010, pp. 231–233
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FYXlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA232
  749. Slate
    http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2012/08/israel_s_pork_problem_and_what_it_means_for_the_country_s_christian_arabs_.single.html
  750. Slate
    https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/06/pork-in-israel-how-russian-immigrants-and-hipster-foodies-are-challenging-the-holy-lands-cultural-taboos.html
  751. Torstrick 2004, p. 141.
  752. "Basketball Super League Profile"
    http://www.basket.co.il/Data.asp?id=1&lang=en
  753. "Israel Barred from Asian Games"
    https://www.jta.org/1976/07/26/archive/israel-barred-from-asian-games
  754. "Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv – Welcome to EUROLEAGUE BASKETBALL"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140625083458/http://www.euroleague.net/final-four/milan-2014/maccabi-electra-tel-aviv
  755. "Israel"
    http://www.olympic.org/israel
  756. Le Monde.fr
    https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sport/jo-2024/medals/israel/
  757. "Tel Aviv 1968"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024849/http://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-games/tel-aviv-1968
  758. Time
    http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988284,00.html
  759. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/pawn-stars-shine-in-new-national-sport-1.317002
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