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This notation is similar to that of AD for the Christian era, CE for the Common Era and AM for the Jewish era.
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exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.
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Certain sects and groups, most notably Bohras Muslims namely Alavis, Dawoodis and Sulaymanis and Shia Ismaili Muslims, u
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The precise number varies, depending on the length of the synodic month (the time it takes the Moon to reach the same vi
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This means that there are 34 Hijri years to 33 Gregorian years.
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Some theologians also interpret Surah al-Baqarah 2:185 as requiring direct sighting, but they represent only a minority.
https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=185&translations=203 -
The dynasty of Fatimids in Egypt used a tabular pre-calculated calendar over a period of two centuries, between the 10th
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The start of each lunar month determined not ahead of time by astronomical calculation, but only after the crescent moon
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Saudi Aramco World Magazine
https://www.soundvision.com/article/the-beginning-of-hijri-calendar -
Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912 -
"Hijri Calendar"
https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005514/http://www.sharjah.ae/registration-locations.aspx?Val=111 -
Al-Habib.info
https://www.al-habib.info/islamic-calendar/global/global-islamic-calendar-year-2025-ce.htm#hijrievents -
Al-Habib.info
https://www.al-habib.info/islamic-calendar/global/global-islamic-calendar-year-2026-ce.htm#hijrievents -
F.C. De Blois, "TA’RĪKH": I.1.iv. "Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the Arabian peninsula", The Encyclopaedia
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A. Moberg, "NASI'", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd, VII: 977.
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Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), Kitab al-Uluf Archived 3 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Journal Asiatique, series 5,
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93171b.image.f166.langFR -
For an overview of the various theories and a discussion of the problem of "hindsight chronology" in early and pre-Islam
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/978/1/978.pdf?EThOS%20(BL) -
Mahmud Effendi (1858), as discussed in Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (Londo
https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft -
According to "Tradition", repeatedly cited by F.C. De Blois.
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Muḥāḍarāt tārīkh al-Umam al-Islāmiyya
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The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition, Index, p. 441.
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"Intercalation of the Ancient Arabs", The Chronology of Ancient Nations
https://archive.org/details/chronologyofanci00biru -
A. Moberg, "NASI'", E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam.
https://books.google.com/books?id=9JQ3AAAAIAAJ -
Bab. Talmud, Sanhedrin, p. 11.
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Bonner 2011, page 21.
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From an illustrated manuscript of Al-Biruni's 11th-century Vestiges of the Past (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Arabe 14
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Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (London: 1901) 370.
https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft -
The Nation
https://nation.com.pk/05-Oct-2016/islamic-new-year-to-celebrate-or-not-to-celebrate -
Saudigazette
https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/152932 -
Hindustan Times
https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/muharram-2020-al-hijri-date-and-significance-of-the-islamic-new-year/story-XfqdLHudDcI20RVWKQtOzL.html -
Gulf-Times
https://gulf-times.com/story/671105/The-beginning-of-a-new-Islamic-year -
Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
https://web.archive.org/web/20190430134555/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/c15_usb_online.pdf -
"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140828004318/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/054-sbt.php#004.054.419 -
Minhaj – ul – Quran
http://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/9813/The-significance-of-the-12th-of-Rabi-al-Awwal.html -
Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser [Wikidata]
https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/632_Ferdinand,%20Klaus.pdf -
Encyclopædia Iranica
https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calendars#prettyPhoto%5bcontent%5d/20/ -
Hasht-e Subh Daily
https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ -
Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_Georg_Reimer -
Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund
https://books.google.com/books?id=IpDxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA512 -
Islamic Association of China
http://uyghur.chinaislam.net.cn/zongjiaoyuwenhua/yisilanzhishizhuji/201407/26-6524.html -
An Uyghur-English Dictionary
https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=4&article=1029&context=easpress&type=additional -
Digital Glossary of Eastern Turki
http://niko.qalaymiqan.com/eastern_turki_glossary/ -
Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
https://www.al-islam.org/media/muharram-may-not-be-start-islamic-hijri-new-year -
Al-Serat (A Journal of Islamic Studies)
https://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/vol-6-no-3-4-1401ah/martyrdom-imam-husayn-and-muslim-and-jewish-calendars-sayyid-saeed-0 -
Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p 354. From 1900–2100, the shortest time from on
-
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (1901) 376.
https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft -
Geneses: A comparative study of the historiographies of the rise of Christianity, Rabbinic Judaism, and Islam
https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02308264/file/Tillier-Vanthieghem-Recording%20debts-DEF.pdf -
Chronology of Prophetic Events, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p.52 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
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Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (1901) pp. 373–5, 382–4.
https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft -
Calendrical Calculations
https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 -
al-Biruni, The chronology of ancient nations, tr. C. Edward Sachau (1000/1879) 327.
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"NASA phases of the moon 601–700"
https://web.archive.org/web/20101008214455/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html -
Emile Biémont, Rythmes du temps, Astronomie et calendriers, De Borck, 2000, 393p.
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tabsir.net
http://tabsir.net/?p=633#more-633 -
Karim Meziane et Nidhal Guessoum: La visibilité du croissant lunaire et le ramadan, La Recherche n° 316, janvier 1999, p
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www.moonsighting.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20170508214424/http://www.moonsighting.com/calculation-or-sighting.html -
Oumma
http://oumma.com/Le-mois-islamique-est-il-universel -
Allal el Fassi : "Aljawab assahih wannass-hi al-khaliss 'an nazilati fas wama yata’allaqo bimabda-i acchouhouri al-islam
-
Fiqh al-halal wal haram
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"لماذا الاختلاف حول الحساب الفلكي؟"
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/contemporary/2003/10/article03.shtml -
Allal el Fassi : "Aljawab assahih..." op. cit.
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"The Islamic Calendar"
http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/islamic.html -
"أوائل الشهور العربية .. هل يجوز شرعاً إثباتها"
http://ahmadmuhammadshakir.blogspot.com/ -
For a detailed discussion of Shakir's legal opinion on the subject, see "Issue N° 9" in Khalid Chraibi: Issues in the Is
http://tabsir.net/?p=633#more-633 -
"Fiqh Council of North America Islamic lunar calendar"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080516105409/http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/Default.aspx?tabid=55 -
"Zulfikar Ali Shah The astronomical calculations: a fiqhi discussion"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080809032701/http://www.icbwayland.org/include/CalculationsFiqhPosition.pdf -
"Islamic Center of Boston, Wayland"
http://www.icbwayland.org/include/MoonsightingDecisionWeb.pdf -
For a detailed discussion of the issues and the FCNA and ECFR positions, see : Khalid Chraibi: Can the Umm al Qura calen
http://tabsir.net/?p=621#more-621 -
"Le Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (CFCM): Ramadan moubarak!"
http://oumma.com/13434/ramadan-moubarak -
"Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012? (On which date will Ramadan 2012 begin?)"
http://oummatv.tv/13306/sera-premier-jour-mois-de-ramadan -
Mathematical Institute
https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/diyanetcalendar.htm -
Ico Project
https://web.archive.org/web/20060515093842/http://www.icoproject.org/pdf/khan_2001.pdf -
Mathematical Institute
https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm -
tabsir.net
http://tabsir.net/?p=621#more-621 -
DW News
https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-switches-to-western-calendar/a-35942460 -
The Economist
https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21711938-hauling-saudi-arabia-21st-century-saudi-arabia-adopts-gregorian -
Persian Pilgrimages by Afshin Molavi
https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxd3E-_AqSEC&q=shah+calendar+change&pg=PA13 -
The "Kuwaiti Algorithm" Archived 23 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Robert van Gent).
https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal.htm#kuwait -
askaquestionto.us
http://askaquestionto.us/question-answer/the-day-of-ashura/what-are-the-events-that-happened-on-the-day-of-ashura -
Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis
https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 -
Banglapedia
http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh -
Encyclopédie Berbère
http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2039 -
Tripp, Culture Shock, 2009: pp. 154–5).
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The Libyan Revolution: Its Origins and Legacy
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Encyclopedia of the Developing World (2007), volume 3, p. 1338.
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The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday: Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East
https://books.google.com/books?id=gzQBfS5nkiAC&pg=PAPA38
