Topzle Topzle

Islamabad

Updated: Wikipedia source

Islamabad

Islamabad ( ; Urdu: اسلام‌آباد, romanised: Islāmābād, lit. 'City of Islam', [ɪsˈlɑːmɑːbɑːd] ) is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's tenth-most populous city with a population of over 1.1 million, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s and established in 1967, it replaced Karachi as Pakistan's national capital. Islamabad is located north of the city of Rawalpindi, with which it forms a metropolitan area of over 5.7 million inhabitants. The Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis developed Islamabad's master plan, in which he divided it into eight zones; the city comprises administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation with support from the Capital Development Authority. Islamabad is known for its parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and the Shakarparian. It is home to several landmarks, including the country's flagship Faisal Mosque. Other prominent landmarks include the Pakistan Monument and Democracy Square. Rated as Gamma + by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Islamabad has one of the highest costs of living in Pakistan. The city's populace is dominated by both middle- and upper-middle-class citizens. Islamabad is home to more than twenty universities, including Bahria University, Quaid-e-Azam University, PIEAS, COMSATS University, and NUST. It is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan and has an expansive RFID-enabled surveillance system with almost 2,000 active CCTV cameras.

Infobox

Country
Pakistan
Administrative unit
Islamabad Capital Territory
Constructed
1960; 65 years ago (1960)
Established
14 August 1967; 58 years ago (1967-08-14)
Administrative Areas
01 Islamabad Tehsil
• Type
Metropolitan Corporation
• Body
Capital Development Authority
• Mayor
None (vacant)[b]
• Constituency
NA-46 Islamabad-INA-47 Islamabad-IINA-48 Islamabad-III
• Deputy Commissioner
Irfan Nawaz Memon (BPS-19 PAS)
• City
1,108,872[a]
• Metro
2,363,863
Elevation
666 m (2,185 ft)
Highest elevation
1,584 m (5,197 ft)
Lowest elevation
417 m (1,368 ft)
• Rank
10th in Pakistan
• Density
5,037/km2 (13,050/sq mi)
• Metro density
2,608/km2 (6,750/sq mi)
Time zone
UTC 05:00 (PKT)
Postcode
44000
Area code
051
Website
ictadministration.gov.pk

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Month
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Jan
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Feb
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Mar
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Apr
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
May
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Jun
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Jul
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Aug
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Sep
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Oct
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Nov
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Dec
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Year
Record high °C (°F)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
30.1(86.2)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
30.0(86.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
37.0(98.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
44.0(111.2)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
45.6(114.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
46.6(115.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
45.0(113.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
42.0(107.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
38.1(100.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
38.0(100.4)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
32.2(90.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
28.3(82.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
46.6(115.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
17.7(63.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
20.0(68.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
24.8(76.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
30.6(87.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
36.1(97.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
38.3(100.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
35.4(95.7)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
33.9(93.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
33.4(92.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
30.9(87.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
25.4(77.7)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
20.4(68.7)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
28.9(84.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
10.7(51.3)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
13.4(56.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
18.1(64.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
23.6(74.5)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
28.7(83.7)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
31.4(88.5)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
30.1(86.2)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
29.1(84.4)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
27.6(81.7)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
23.3(73.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
17.3(63.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
12.5(54.5)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
22.2(72.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
3.6(38.5)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.8(44.2)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
11.4(52.5)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
16.6(61.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
21.5(70.7)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
24.5(76.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
24.9(76.8)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
24.2(75.6)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
21.7(71.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
15.6(60.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
9.1(48.4)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
4.7(40.5)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
15.4(59.7)
Record low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
−6(21)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
−5.0(23.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
−3.8(25.2)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
2.1(35.8)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
5.5(41.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
13.0(55.4)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
15.2(59.4)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
14.5(58.1)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
13.3(55.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
5.7(42.3)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
−0.6(30.9)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
−2.8(27.0)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
−6.0(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
55.2(2.17)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
93.4(3.68)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
95.2(3.75)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
58.1(2.29)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
39.9(1.57)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
78.4(3.09)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
310.6(12.23)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
317.0(12.48)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
135.4(5.33)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
34.4(1.35)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
17.7(0.70)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
25.9(1.02)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
1,261.2(49.65)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
4.7
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
7.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.1
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
5.2
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.0
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
12.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
11.9
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.4
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
2.9
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
2.0
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
2.0
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
73.1
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
67
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
63
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
62
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
52
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
42
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
44
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
68
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
76
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
67
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
62
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
63
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
66
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
61
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
195.7
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
187.1
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
202.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
252.4
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
319.0
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
300.1
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
264.4
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
250.7
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
262.2
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
275.5
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
247.9
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
195.6
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
2,952.9
Mean daily sunshine hours
Mean daily sunshine hours
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Mean daily sunshine hours
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.6
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.5
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.4
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
10.1
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
10.0
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.5
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.1
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.7
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.9
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
6.3
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
8.1
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1973-1990, daily sun 1961-1990)
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1973-1990, daily sun 1961-1990)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1973-1990, daily sun 1961-1990)
Source 2: PMD (extremes)
Source 2: PMD (extremes)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Source 2: PMD (extremes)
Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
30.1(86.2)
30.0(86.0)
37.0(98.6)
44.0(111.2)
45.6(114.1)
46.6(115.9)
45.0(113.0)
42.0(107.6)
38.1(100.6)
38.0(100.4)
32.2(90.0)
28.3(82.9)
46.6(115.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
17.7(63.9)
20.0(68.0)
24.8(76.6)
30.6(87.1)
36.1(97.0)
38.3(100.9)
35.4(95.7)
33.9(93.0)
33.4(92.1)
30.9(87.6)
25.4(77.7)
20.4(68.7)
28.9(84.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
10.7(51.3)
13.4(56.1)
18.1(64.6)
23.6(74.5)
28.7(83.7)
31.4(88.5)
30.1(86.2)
29.1(84.4)
27.6(81.7)
23.3(73.9)
17.3(63.1)
12.5(54.5)
22.2(72.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3.6(38.5)
6.8(44.2)
11.4(52.5)
16.6(61.9)
21.5(70.7)
24.5(76.1)
24.9(76.8)
24.2(75.6)
21.7(71.1)
15.6(60.1)
9.1(48.4)
4.7(40.5)
15.4(59.7)
Record low °C (°F)
−6(21)
−5.0(23.0)
−3.8(25.2)
2.1(35.8)
5.5(41.9)
13.0(55.4)
15.2(59.4)
14.5(58.1)
13.3(55.9)
5.7(42.3)
−0.6(30.9)
−2.8(27.0)
−6.0(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
55.2(2.17)
93.4(3.68)
95.2(3.75)
58.1(2.29)
39.9(1.57)
78.4(3.09)
310.6(12.23)
317.0(12.48)
135.4(5.33)
34.4(1.35)
17.7(0.70)
25.9(1.02)
1,261.2(49.65)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
4.7
6.3
7.3
6.1
5.2
6.0
12.3
11.9
6.4
2.9
2.0
2.0
73.1
Average relative humidity (%)
67
63
62
52
42
44
68
76
67
62
63
66
61
Mean monthly sunshine hours
195.7
187.1
202.3
252.4
319.0
300.1
264.4
250.7
262.2
275.5
247.9
195.6
2,952.9
Mean daily sunshine hours
6.3
6.6
6.5
8.4
10.1
10.0
8.5
8.1
8.7
8.9
8.3
6.3
8.1
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990), Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1973-1990, daily sun 1961-1990)
Source 2: PMD (extremes)

References

  1. This figure indicates the urban population of the Islamabad Tehsil.
  2. Administrator system was implemented for 6 months before next local bodies election and Deputy Commissioner of Islamabad
  3. "Islāmābād, the name given by the emperor Awrangzīb [q.v.] to several towns in India, for reasons not precisely known...
  4. The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian subcontinent, 1945-1965
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NdGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9
  5. The Nation (newspaper)
    https://nation.com.pk/28-Oct-2021/hamaza-shafqat-appointed-administrator-mci-for-6-months
  6. Dawn
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1685664
  7. "CDA Facts & Figures"
    http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp
  8. "Area, Population By Sex, Sex Ratio, Population Density, Urban Population, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate, Census–2023, Islamabad"
    https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_1_islamabad.pdf
  9. Lexico UK English Dictionary
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210518051721/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Islamabad
  10. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295631/Islamabad
  11. ICT Administration
    https://ictadministration.gov.pk/history-and-heritage/
  12. Back to Pakistan: A Fifty-Year Journey
    https://archive.org/details/backtopakistanfi0000mass
  13. Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=86b0MINe_gsC&pg=PA83
  14. The Express Tribune
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/596791/national-monument-structure-reflects-history-of-pakistan/
  15. GaWC - Research Network
    https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html
  16. Dawn
    http://www.dawn.com/news/1095012
  17. The Nation
    http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/29-Sep-2014/g-12-a-sector-housing-rich-poor-alike
  18. The Express Tribune
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/1117621/safe-city-project-gets-operational-islooites-promised-safety/
  19. The Nation
    http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/28-Mar-2015/crime-rate-in-islamabad-drops-claim-police
  20. Placenames of the World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA177
  21. Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ
  22. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
    https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3638
  23. "Islamabad Ka Naam Kisney Rakha Tha, Qaum Be-Khabr Kyun?"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5BsT0rX5Zs&t=0m27s
  24. BBC Urdu
    https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-60496544
  25. "Potohar"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101106014747/http://www.defence.pk/forums/military-history/3753-potohar.html
  26. Dawn
    https://archive.today/20090807034256/http://beta.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/metropolitan/16-sacred-rocks-of-islamabad-hs-10
  27. "Islamabad history"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080630100106/http://www.pakistan.net/cities/islamabad/islamabad.htm
  28. "Background on the Potohar Plateau"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110720192217/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=71
  29. The Express Tribune
    https://tribune.com.pk/story/1073941/saidpur-village-a-witness-to-history
  30. Dawn
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1242553#:~:text=TAXILA%3A%20During%20an%20excavation%20at,discovered%20in%20Gandhara%20and%20Taxila.
  31. Czechoslovak Society for Eastern Studies
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0548-6408
  32. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA309
  33. "City of Islamabad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210555/http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/islamabad/default.asp
  34. Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187
  35. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/11/world/new-capital-city-with-an-industrial-twin.html
  36. Islamabad and the Politics of International Development in Pakistan
  37. Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&pg=PA23
  38. "Islamabad making history"
    http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/04/top5.htm
  39. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4323008.stm
  40. "Timeline of Suicide Blasts in Islamabad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120119160136/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=383721&rel_no=1
  41. Dawn
    http://dawn.com/2012/01/05/islamabad-saw-four-terror-attacks-last-year/
  42. Dawn
    http://www.dawn.com/news/1083242/shahbaz-to-inaugurate-work-on-metro-bus-service-on-feb-28
  43. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development
    https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan
  44. "Islamabad Airport"
    http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41571.php#data
  45. Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA299
  46. Butt, M. J., Waqas, A., Iqbal, M, F., Muhammad., G., and Lodhi, M. A. K., 2011, "Assessment of Urban Sprawl of Islamabad
  47. "Urban growth monitoring along Islamabad Highway"
    http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/agglomeration/ma03112a.htm
  48. "Climate Records: Islamabad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120112060839/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/islamabad.htm
  49. "Best Housing Societies in Islamabad to Invest in 2022"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053217/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Islamabad_Climate_Data.txt
  50. "Average Conditions, Islamabad, Pakistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060213002216/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002680
  51. "Margalla hills receive snowfall after decade"
    https://www.geo.tv/latest/101036-Margalla-hills-receive-snowfall-after-decade
  52. "Severe Storms on dated 23rd July 2001 Islamabad, Pakistan"
    http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2007/abs/02-Case-study/sheikh-1-sec02.oral.pdf
  53. "Weather Log – July 21–31, 2001"
    http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/july/extremes0701.html
  54. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  55. World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
    https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Pakistan/CSV/Islamabad_41571.csv
  56. "Klimatafel von Islamabad (Flughafen) / Pakistan"
    http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_415710_kt.pdf
  57. "Extremes of Islamabad"
    http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/islamabad.htm
  58. The Nation
    https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/102224-70-CDA-employees-to-be-transferred-to-Islamabad-Metropolitan-Corporation
  59. "CDA"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090905214400/http://www.cda.gov.pk/cda-latest/files/file.asp?var=aboutus
  60. "The Idea of Islamabad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090910064024/http://www.theislamabad.com/
  61. "Map of Islamabad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100214070456/http://www.lahorerealestate.com/Maps/Islamabad%20Master%20Map.jpg
  62. Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZqVvQN9PTwC&pg=PA50
  63. "Official website"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100301122834/http://www.bci.edu.pk/index.aspx
  64. "Official website"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100208205245/http://www.au.edu.pk/
  65. "Official website"
    http://www.ndu.edu.pk/
  66. Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mEyjMx7EV8IC&pg=PA1041
  67. "Planning of Islamabad and Rawalpindi"
    http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/720.pdf
  68. Regional Studies of the Potwar Plateau Area, Northern Pakistan
    https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2078/B2078_chapter_G.pdf
  69. OnePakistan
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113900/http://pakistan.onepakistan.com.pk/news/city/islamabad/102558-margalla-avenue-to-benefit-commuters-of-kpk-traffic-on-kashmir-highway-chairman-cda.html
  70. National Monument — a symbol of unity Archived 15 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Daily Times. 30 March. Retrieved
    http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C30%5Cstory_30-3-2007_pg11_2
  71. The A to Z of Architecture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=diPlsp8g5NsC&pg=PA149
  72. "Faisal Mosque"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110503231203/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=864
  73. "Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050204100603/http://www.ise.com.pk/
  74. Pakistan Statistical Pocket Book 2006
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211332/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-pocket-book-2006
  75. "SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194924/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf
  76. DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf
  77. "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"
    https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_national.pdf
  78. "POPULATION BY SELECTIVE AGE GROUPS"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100827004028/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_age_group.pdf
  79. "Literacy Rate"
    http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/pslm_prov2010-11/tables/2.14a.pdf
  80. "Population by Level of Education"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090720044627/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html
  81. "LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100827002727/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/labour_force.pdf
  82. "UN-EMPLOYMENT RATES"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100827005129/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/unemployment_rates.pdf
  83. pbs.gov.pk
    https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_9_national.pdf
  84. "POPULATION BY RELIGION"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060617205811/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_religion.pdf
  85. Dawn
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100108132730/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-economics-and-extremism-hh-04
  86. "About ISE"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005524/http://www.ise.com.pk/About_ISE/AboutISE.asp
  87. The Express Tribune
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/24632/faisalabad-best-place-to-do-business-in-pakistan
  88. Doing Business
    http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/pakistan/sub/islamabad
  89. Business Recorder
    http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/108-pakistan-top-news/65751-rs371bn-revenue-target-fbr-hails-ltu-islamabads-performance-.html4
  90. "Islamabad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100505124938/http://www.pseb.org.pk/item/stp_islamabad
  91. The Express Tribune
    https://tribune.com.pk/story/1453594/islamabad-get-park-2020/
  92. "Forts of Pakistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090927150906/http://www.pakistantourism.gov.pk/FortsofPakistan.aspx
  93. The Daily Times
    http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C10%5C28%5Cstory_28-10-2008_pg11_11
  94. Dawn News
    http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/050529/dmag9.htm
  95. Pakistan
    http://archive.org/details/pakistanprimarys00reng
  96. Archnet
    https://www.archnet.org/sites/649
  97. "Archived copy"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171228205435/http://www.islamabadthecapital.com/culture-of-islamabad
  98. "Hiking Trail 3"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180711120951/http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/trails/default.asp
  99. The Express Tribune
    https://tribune.com.pk/story/2360839/shah-allah-ditta-caves-relic-of-ancient-buddhism
  100. Islamabad Airport
    https://islamabadairport.com.pk/About/About-Introduction.aspx
  101. INCPAK
    https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/
  102. GEO News
    https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad
  103. The News International
    https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/972204-pm-shahbaz-inaugurates-green-blue-lines-of-metro-bus-service-in-islamabad
  104. Pakistan Railways
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210201190757/https://www.pakrail.gov.pk/
  105. "Motorway's of Pakistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221006233451/https://www.nha.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=45
  106. "Faizabad Interchange"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110810092226/http://www.nespak.com.pk/services/viewPic.asp?sector=3&id=13
  107. Planning Urban Education: New Techniques to Transform Learning in the City
    https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Yt8a6qhQEC&pg=PA111
  108. "Pakistan Education Statistics 2008–09"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012557/http://aepam.edu.pk/Files/EducationStatistics/PakistanEducationStatistics2008-09.pdf
  109. "HEC University Rankings by Category"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120227130407/http://beta.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/QALI/OTHERS/RANKINGOFUNIVERSITIES/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx
  110. "Punjab tops in infant mortality, poverty, income inequality"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131106042939/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=145337&Cat=5&dt=11%2F9%2F2008
  111. "About PIMS"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20051227130640/http://www.pims.gov.pk/aboutPIMS.htm
  112. "Departments at PIMS"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140228005138/http://www.pims.gov.pk/departments.htm
  113. "Islamabad Hospital"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20051227131252/http://www.pims.gov.pk/isbHospital.htm
  114. "Children Hospital"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090915204759/http://www.pims.gov.pk/childrenHospital.htm
  115. "Maternal & Child Health Care Center"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20051101231029/http://www.pims.gov.pk/MCH.htm
  116. "Quaid-i-Azam Postgraduate Medical College"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050715083956/http://www.pims.gov.pk/QPGMC.htm
  117. "About PAEC Hospital"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090106062241/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec_hospital/about.htm
  118. "Functions of Major Departments"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090106050652/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec_hospital/functions.htm
  119. "SHIFA History"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090423191047/http://www.shifa.com.pk/shifa/
  120. "Hospitals/Dispensaries and Beds by Province"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101113153523/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/social_statistics/health1.pdf
  121. Islamabad and environs
    https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006ENJ0I
  122. "Islamabad United"
    https://www.islamabadunited.com/about-us/
  123. ARY News
    http://arynews.tv/en/ary-digital-neer-winning-psl/
  124. "Ronchi, Shadab seal Islamabad's second PSL title"
    http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8679/report/1128851
  125. Rock Climbing Islamabad
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131022121139/http://www.pakistanalpine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Monkey-Business-A-Guide-to-Climb-Margalla-2012-Edition.pdf
  126. "Sports facilities at Pakistan Sports Complex"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160508062306/http://www.sports.gov.pk/SportsFacilities/sportsfacilities.htm#cycling
  127. "Twin towns of Minsk"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090830121424/http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng
  128. "Twin city agreements"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201214220519/https://www.ammancity.gov.jo/english/accessing/a1.asp
  129. The Express Tribune
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/1258738/making-slum-city
  130. Dawn
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842
  131. "Sister Cities of Ankara"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100705145123/http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalariEn/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_sehirler.aspx
  132. "Sister cities"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100526165739/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/Asia_1/sis_Islamabad/
  133. Daily Times
    http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C23%5Cstory_23-1-2010_pg11_2
  134. BeritaSatu
    https://www.beritasatu.com/news/192958/koni-dki-jalin-kerja-sama-sister-city-dengan-21-kota-dunia
  135. Dawn
  136. The Nation
    https://nation.com.pk/05-Jan-2016/islamabad-declared-sister-city-of-minsk
  137. Daily Times
    http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C11%5C08%5Cstory_8-11-2008_pg11_2
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.