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Iran–Iraq War

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Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. Active hostilities began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for nearly eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini—who had spearheaded the Iranian revolution in 1979—from exporting the new Iranian ideology to Iraq. There were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of Saddam Hussein that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of Shia Muslims, would exploit sectarian tensions in Iraq by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the Baʽathist government, which was officially secular but dominated by Sunni Muslims. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the Persian Gulf, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution because of Pahlavi Iran's economic and military superiority as well as its close relationships with the United States and Israel. The Iran–Iraq War followed a long-running history of territorial border disputes between the two states, as a result of which Iraq planned to retake the eastern bank of the Shatt al-Arab that it had ceded to Iran in the 1975 Algiers Agreement. Iraqi support for Arab separatists in Iran increased following the outbreak of hostilities; Saddam disputedly may have wished to annex Iran's Arab-majority Khuzestan province. While the Iraqi leadership had hoped to take advantage of Iran's post-revolutionary chaos and expected a decisive victory in the face of a severely weakened Iran, the Iraqi military only made progress for three months, and by December 1980, the Iraqi invasion had stalled. The Iranian military began to gain momentum against the Iraqis and regained all lost territory by June 1982. After pushing Iraqi forces back to the pre-war border lines, Iran rejected United Nations Security Council Resolution 514 and launched an invasion of Iraq. The subsequent Iranian offensive within Iraqi territory lasted for five years, with Iraq taking back the initiative in mid-1988 and subsequently launching a series of major counter-offensives that ultimately led to the conclusion of the war in a stalemate. The eight years of war-exhaustion, economic devastation, decreased morale, military stalemate, inaction by the international community towards the use of weapons of mass destruction by Iraqi forces on Iranian soldiers and civilians, as well as increasing Iran–United States military tensions all culminated in Iran's acceptance of a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations Security Council. In total, around 500,000 people were killed during the Iran–Iraq War, with Iran bearing the larger share of the casualties, excluding the tens of thousands of civilians killed in the concurrent Anfal campaign that targeted Iraqi Kurdistan. The end of the conflict resulted in neither reparations nor border changes, and the combined financial losses suffered by both combatants is believed to have exceeded US$1 trillion. There were a number of proxy forces operating for both countries: Iraq and the pro-Iraqi Arab separatist militias in Iran were most notably supported by the National Council of Resistance of Iran; whereas Iran re-established an alliance with the Iraqi Kurds, being primarily supported by the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. During the conflict, Iraq received an abundance of financial, political, and logistical aid from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the overwhelming majority of Arab countries. While Iran was comparatively isolated, it received a significant amount of aid from Syria, Libya, North Korea, China, South Yemen, Cuba, and Israel. The conflict has been compared to World War I in terms of the tactics used by both sides, including large-scale trench warfare with barbed wire stretched across fortified defensive lines, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, Iranian human wave attacks, Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons, and deliberate attacks on civilian targets. The discourses on martyrdom formulated in the Iranian Shia Islamic context led to the widespread usage of human wave attacks and thus had a lasting impact on the dynamics of the conflict.

Infobox

Date
22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988(7 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Iran Iraq[c]
Result
Inconclusive[d]
Territorialchanges
Status quo ante bellum[e]

Tables

· Comparison of Iraqi and Iranian military strength
Tanks in 1980
Tanks in 1980
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Tanks in 1980
Iraq
2,700
Iran
1,740 (~500 operable)
Tanks in 1987
Tanks in 1987
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Tanks in 1987
Iraq
4,500+
Iran
1,000
Fighter aircraft in 1980
Fighter aircraft in 1980
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Fighter aircraft in 1980
Iraq
332
Iran
445 (205 operable)
Fighter aircraft in 1987
Fighter aircraft in 1987
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Fighter aircraft in 1987
Iraq
500+
Iran
65 (serviceable)
Helicopters in 1980
Helicopters in 1980
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Helicopters in 1980
Iraq
40
Iran
500
Helicopters in 1987
Helicopters in 1987
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Helicopters in 1987
Iraq
150
Iran
60
Artillery in 1980
Artillery in 1980
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Artillery in 1980
Iraq
1,000
Iran
1,000+ (~300 operable)
Artillery in 1987
Artillery in 1987
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Artillery in 1987
Iraq
4,000+
Iran
1,000+
Imbalance of Power (1980–1987)
Iraq
Iran
Tanks in 1980
2,700
1,740 (~500 operable)
Tanks in 1987
4,500+
1,000
Fighter aircraft in 1980
332
445 (205 operable)
Fighter aircraft in 1987
500+
65 (serviceable)
Helicopters in 1980
40
500
Helicopters in 1987
150
60
Artillery in 1980
1,000
1,000+ (~300 operable)
Artillery in 1987
4,000+
1,000+
Usage of chemical weapons by Iraq against Iran[262] · Iraq's use of chemical weapons
Mustard
Mustard
Year
Mustard
Number of usage
Nerve
Chemical agent used
Blood
Chemical agent used
Choking
Chemical agent used
Killed
Chemical agent used
Injured
1980
1980
Year
1980
Number of usage
4
Chemical agent used
Yes
Chemical agent used
—
Chemical agent used
20
Chemical agent used
1
1981
1981
Year
1981
Number of usage
6
Chemical agent used
101
Chemical agent used
Unknown
1982
1982
Year
1982
Number of usage
12
Chemical agent used
Unknown
1983
1983
Year
1983
Number of usage
64
1984
1984
Year
1984
Number of usage
Unknown
Chemical agent used
Yes
Chemical agent used
Yes
Chemical agent used
Yes
Chemical agent used
40
Casualties*
2,225
1985
1985
Year
1985
Number of usage
76
Chemical agent used
77
Chemical agent used
11,644
1986
1986
Year
1986
Number of usage
102
Chemical agent used
102
Chemical agent used
4,720
1987
1987
Year
1987
Number of usage
43
Chemical agent used
442
Chemical agent used
9,440
1988
1988
Year
1988
Number of usage
34
Chemical agent used
Unknown
The actual casualties may be much higher, as the latency period is as long as 40 years.
The actual casualties may be much higher, as the latency period is as long as 40 years.
Year
The actual casualties may be much higher, as the latency period is as long as 40 years.
Year
Number of usage
Chemical agent used
Casualties*
Mustard
Nerve
Blood
Choking
Killed
Injured
1980
4
Yes
—
20
1
1981
6
101
Unknown
1982
12
Unknown
1983
64
1984
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Yes
40
2,225
1985
76
77
11,644
1986
102
102
4,720
1987
43
442
9,440
1988
34
Unknown
The actual casualties may be much higher, as the latency period is as long as 40 years.

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  1. Pollack gives the figure as 1,000 for fully operational tanks in April of 1988. Cordesman gives the figure as 1,500+ ope
  2. Estimates of Iranian casualties during the Iran–Iraq War vary.
  3. Estimates of Iraqi casualties during the Iran–Iraq War vary.
  4. The total 100,000+ civilians killed during the war does not include 50,000–200,000 Kurdish civilians killed in the Anfal
  5. Called Arvand Rood (اروندرود) in Iran and Shatt al-Arab (شط العرب) in Iraq
  6. Massoud Rajavi
  7. Muslim ibn Aqil referring to the Muslim figure.
  8. Muharram referring to the first month of the Islamic calendar, during which the operation took place.
  9. This was a "decision" rather than a resolution.
  10. from: Afghanistan Abuzar Brigade Iraq Badr Organization Lebanon Hezbollah Pakistan Tehreek-e-Jafaria (Pakistan)
  11. from: Egypt Jordan Morocco North Yemen Sudan Tunisia
  12. Also: 1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks, 1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut, Lebanon hostage crisis, 1983 Beirut barrack
  13. Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which com
  14. After the war concluded, Iraq continued to maintain control over the entire Shatt al-Arab and other Iranian territories
  15. Also known in Iran as the Sepah-e-Pasdaran
  16. A resort that became increasingly necessary as the war continued. Though Iran could and did acquire weapons from multipl
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