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Iran and weapons of mass destruction

Updated: Wikipedia source

Iran and weapons of mass destruction

Iran is not known to currently possess weapons of mass destruction and has signed treaties repudiating the possession of WMD including the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The nuclear program of Iran has been one of the most scrutinized in the world; Iran asserts it is purely civilian, while Israel, the United States, and European Union accuse Iran of violating its International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) obligations. Iran has called for nuclear-weapon states to disarm and for the Middle East to be a nuclear weapon free zone. Over 100,000 Iranian troops and civilians were victims of chemical weapons during the 1980s Iran–Iraq War. Development of nuclear technology began in the Pahlavi era and continued after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The United States Intelligence Community assessed in 2007 that Iran pursued nuclear weapons between the late 1980s until 2003, then ceasing its effort. In 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors found Iran in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement and in 2006 the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) demanded Iran cease uranium enrichment and imposed sanctions. Throughout the early 2010s, US, EU, and Russian officials said Iran was pursuing nuclear latency, but not weapons possession. The US and Israel sought to covertly undermine the Iranian nuclear program, with the 1990s US Operation Merlin, the 2009 joint use of the Stuxnet computer worm, and Israeli assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists since 2010, part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict. In 2015, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was signed by Iran with the P5+1, China, France, Russia, the UK, the US, plus Germany: Iran agreed to extensive monitoring and restriction of activities at nuclear facilities in Iran including Arak, Fordow, Isfahan, Natanz, in exchange for sanctions relief. In 2018, US president Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew from the plan, imposing a maximum pressure campaign of sanctions, and Iran began stockpiling enriched uranium and largely suspended IAEA monitoring. On 12 June 2025, the IAEA found Iran non-compliant with its NPT safeguards agreement for the first time since 2005. On 13 June, Israel launched airstrikes targeting Iranian military leaders, nuclear scientists, and nuclear facilities, beginning the twelve-day Iran–Israel war. On 22 June, the United States bombed Iranian nuclear sites with larger bunker-buster bombs. Iran subsequently suspended operation with the IAEA. In August, France, Germany, and the UK triggered the snapback mechanism, which reinstated UN sanctions in September. On 18 October, Iran, Russia, and China declared the JCPOA terminated and the UN sanctions legally void. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force's acquisition of missile technologies, especially ballistic missiles, has also led to sanctions. In 2010, UNSC Resolution 1929 prohibited Iran from ballistic missile technology, although it is disputed if the 2015 UNSC Resolution 2231 overturned this. Iran supplies missiles to its allies, particularly the Houthis and Hezbollah.

Infobox

Nuclear program start date
1957
First nuclear weapon test
None
First thermonuclear weapon test
None
Last nuclear test
None
Largest yield test
None
Total tests
None
Peak stockpile
Unknown
Current stockpile
Unknown
Current strategic arsenal
Unknown
Cumulative strategic arsenal in megatonnage
Unknown
Maximum missile range
Unknown
NPT party
Yes

Tables

Iran's nuclear capable missiles · Delivery systems › Missiles
Fajr-3
Fajr-3
Name/Designation
Fajr-3
Class
MRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
2,000 km
Payload
800 kg
Status
Operational
Shahab-2
Shahab-2
Name/Designation
Shahab-2
Class
SRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
300–2,000 km
Payload
1200 kg
Status
Operational
Shahab-3//Emad/Ghadr-110
Shahab-3//Emad/Ghadr-110
Name/Designation
Shahab-3//Emad/Ghadr-110
Class
MRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
2,100 km
Payload
990 kg
Status
Operational
Shahab-4
Shahab-4
Name/Designation
Shahab-4
Class
MRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
2,000 km
Payload
2,000 kg
Status
Under Development
Sejil-1
Sejil-1
Name/Designation
Sejil-1
Class
MRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
1,930 km
Payload
Unknown
Status
Operational
Sejil-2
Sejil-2
Name/Designation
Sejil-2
Class
MRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
2,000 km
Payload
Unknown
Status
Operational
Khorramshahr
Khorramshahr
Name/Designation
Khorramshahr
Class
MRBM
Range(varies with payload weight)
2,000 km
Payload
1800 kg
Status
Testing phase
Name/Designation
Class
Range(varies with payload weight)
Payload
Status
Fajr-3
MRBM
2,000 km
800 kg
Operational
Shahab-2
SRBM
300–2,000 km
1200 kg
Operational
Shahab-3//Emad/Ghadr-110
MRBM
2,100 km
990 kg
Operational
Shahab-4
MRBM
2,000 km
2,000 kg
Under Development
Sejil-1
MRBM
1,930 km
Unknown
Operational
Sejil-2
MRBM
2,000 km
Unknown
Operational
Khorramshahr
MRBM
2,000 km
1800 kg
Testing phase

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