Topzle Topzle

Iran and state-sponsored terrorism

Updated: 12/11/2025, 6:15:47 PM Wikipedia source

Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been accused by several countries of training, financing, and providing weapons and safe havens for non-state militant actors, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, and other Palestinian groups such as the Islamic Jihad (IJ) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). These groups are designated terrorist groups by a number of countries and international bodies such as the EU, UN, and NATO, but Iran considers such groups to be "national liberation movements" with a right to self-defense against Israeli military occupation. These proxies are used by Iran across the Middle East and Europe to foment instability, expand the scope of the Islamic Revolution, and carry out terrorist attacks against Western targets in the regions. Its special operations unit, the Quds Force, is known to provide arms, training, and financial support to militias and political movements across the Middle East, including Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Yemen. A number of countries (Argentina, Albania, Australia, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, India, Kenya, Sweden, Thailand, United States) have accused the Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps of plotting assassinations or bombings in their countries and others against perceived enemies of Iran. In response, economic sanctions against the Iranian regime have been imposed by many countries and the United Nations. The first sanctions were imposed by the United States in November 1979, after a group of radical students seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages. The sanctions were expanded in 1995 to include business dealings with the Iranian government. However, these sanctions have not significantly impacted the country's relationships with its proxies. The United States Department of State estimated that Iran spent more than $16 billion in support of the Assad regime and its proxies between 2012 and 2020, a period in which Iran funneled more than $700 million to Hezbollah. The Iranian government has been accused by the United States of harbouring several al-Qaeda leaders within their country despite mutual hostility between the two and their proxy groups and affiliates. In 2021, the U.S. claimed that al-Qaeda's new base of operations was in Iran.

Tables

· List of entities with alleged ties to Iran
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Group
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Bahrain
Recognized as a terrorist group by
Bahrain Canada Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Group
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Iraq
Recognized as a terrorist group by
United Arab Emirates United States
Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
Group
Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Iraq
Recognized as a terrorist group by
United States
Badr Organization
Badr Organization
Group
Badr Organization
Type
Islamist political party
Active regions
Iraq
Recognized as a terrorist group by
United Arab Emirates
Hamas
Hamas
Group
Hamas
Type
Sunni Islamist political party and militant group
Active regions
Gaza Strip
Recognized as a terrorist group by
Entire organization: Australia Canada European Union Israel Japan Paraguay United Kingdom United States New Zealand Argentina Germany  Switzerland France Italy Military wing only: Egypt
Harakat al-Nujaba
Harakat al-Nujaba
Group
Harakat al-Nujaba
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Iraq
Recognized as a terrorist group by
United States
Hezbollah
Hezbollah
Group
Hezbollah
Type
Shia Islamist political party and militant group
Active regions
Lebanon
Recognized as a terrorist group by
Entire organization: Arab League Argentina Australia Bahrain Canada Colombia Germany Gulf Cooperation Council Israel Japan Malaysia Netherlands Honduras Serbia Slovenia Lithuania Guatemala Estonia Paraguay Saudi Arabia  Switzerland United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Military wing only: European Union France Kosovo New Zealand
Houthis
Houthis
Group
Houthis
Type
Zaydi Islamist political party and militant group
Active regions
Yemen
Recognized as a terrorist group by
Yemen (Alimi led government) Malaysia Bahrain Australia Canada New Zealand Israel Saudi Arabia United Kingdom United Arab Emirates United States (2021, again from 2024−2025)
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Group
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Type
Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Gaza Strip
Recognized as a terrorist group by
Australia Canada European Union Israel Japan New Zealand United Kingdom United States
/ Kata'ib Hezbollah
/ Kata'ib Hezbollah
Group
/ Kata'ib Hezbollah
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Iraq
Recognized as a terrorist group by
United Arab Emirates United States
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Group
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Ba'athist Syria Afghanistan
Recognized as a terrorist group by
United States Canada
Saraya al-Mukhtar
Saraya al-Mukhtar
Group
Saraya al-Mukhtar
Type
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Active regions
Bahrain
Recognized as a terrorist group by
Bahrain Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States
Group
Type
Active regions
Recognized as a terrorist group by
References
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Bahrain
Bahrain Canada Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Iraq
United Arab Emirates United States
Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Iraq
United States
Badr Organization
Islamist political party
Iraq
United Arab Emirates
Hamas
Sunni Islamist political party and militant group
Gaza Strip
Entire organization: Australia Canada European Union Israel Japan Paraguay United Kingdom United States New Zealand Argentina Germany Switzerland France Italy Military wing only: Egypt
Harakat al-Nujaba
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Iraq
United States
Hezbollah
Shia Islamist political party and militant group
Lebanon
Entire organization: Arab League Argentina Australia Bahrain Canada Colombia Germany Gulf Cooperation Council Israel Japan Malaysia Netherlands Honduras Serbia Slovenia Lithuania Guatemala Estonia Paraguay Saudi Arabia Switzerland United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Military wing only: European Union France Kosovo New Zealand
Houthis
Zaydi Islamist political party and militant group
Yemen
Yemen (Alimi led government) Malaysia Bahrain Australia Canada New Zealand Israel Saudi Arabia United Kingdom United Arab Emirates United States (2021, again from 2024−2025)
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Islamist paramilitary force
Gaza Strip
Australia Canada European Union Israel Japan New Zealand United Kingdom United States
/ Kata'ib Hezbollah
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Iraq
United Arab Emirates United States
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Ba'athist Syria Afghanistan
United States Canada
Saraya al-Mukhtar
Shia Islamist paramilitary force
Bahrain
Bahrain Egypt Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States

References

  1. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2018.1506560
  2. www.ajc.org
    https://www.ajc.org/news/hezbollah-hamas-and-more-irans-terror-network-around-the-globe
  3. RFE/RL
    https://en.radiofarda.com/a/albania-expels-iranian-diplomats-kosovo-world-cup-bolton-pompeo/29666547.html
  4. ABC News
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-31/denmark-calls-for-new-eu-sanctions-against-iran/10450246
  5. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/article/france-freezes-iranian-assets-after-rally-bomb-plot-pb79zmlb6
  6. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Cops-name-Iran-military-arm-for-attack-on-Israeli-diplomat/articleshow/15263013.cms
  7. "Iranians Planned to Attack US, Israeli Targets in Kenya: Officials"
    https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/iranians-planned-attack-us-israeli-targets-kenya-officials/story?id=16699615#.UC5zuqllTzV
  8. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/masih-alinejad-salman-rushdie-iran-b2152793.html
  9. "U.S. charges Iranian military operative in plot to assassinate former Trump advisor John Bolton"
    https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/10/us-charges-iranian-of-plot-to-assassinate-john-bolton.html
  10. "Iranian operative plotting assassination of John Bolton also targeted Mike Pompeo: Report"
    https://www.foxnews.com/us/iranian-operative-plotting-assassination-john-bolton-targeted-mike-pompeo-report
  11. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-hostage-crisis
  12. www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov
    https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/research/additional-resorces/hostage-crisis-in-iran/hostages-and-casualties
  13. State Sponsors of Terrorism - Overview Archived 2023-11-13 at the Wayback Machine - United States Department of State -
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239410.htm
  14. "Qods (Jerusalem) Force Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC -Pasdaran-e Inqilab)"
    https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/qods.htm
  15. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-idUSKCN1RR1BE
  16. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-idUSKCN1RK1NY
  17. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/08/politics/iran-us-irgc-designation/index.html
  18. euronews
    https://www.euronews.com/2018/10/23/saudi-bahrain-add-irans-irgc-to-terror-lists-spa
  19. "Canada lists Iran's Revolutionary Guards as a terrorist group"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn00nd1n4y2o
  20. DNFBP's Duties
    http://www.justice.gov.il/En/Units/FBPS/DNFBPDuties/Pages/List-of-Terrorist-Organizations-and-Individuals.aspx
  21. ABC News
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-27/israel-claims-credit-albanese-expel-iranian-diplomats/105700756
  22. Voice of America
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210510180313/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/trump-thanks-albania-expelling-iranian-diplomats
  23. U.S. Cyber Command
    https://www.cybercom.mil/Media/News/Article/3337717/committed-partners-in-cyberspace-following-cyberattack-us-conducts-first-defens/https://www.cybercom.mil/Media/News/Article/3337717/committed-partners-in-cyberspace-following-cyberattack-us-conducts-first-defens/
  24. Ars Technica
    https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/08/cyberattack-on-albanian-government-suggests-new-iranian-aggression/
  25. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62821757
  26. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/albania-cuts-iran-ties-orders-diplomats-go-after-cyber-attack-pm-says-2022-09-07/
  27. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/10/albania-blames-iran-for-second-cyberattack-since-july
  28. United States Institute of Peace
    https://web.archive.org/web/20231107174834/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2022/sep/09/albania-cuts-ties-iran-over-cyberattack
  29. ABC News
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-26/iran-irgc-antisemitism-attacks-in-australia-explained/105699722
  30. "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps listed as a state sponsor of terrorism | Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs"
    https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/penny-wong/media-release/islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-listed-state-sponsor-terrorism
  31. "Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corp listed as state sponsor of terror over Jewish attacks | news.com.au — Australia's leading news site for latest headlines"
    https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/irans-revolutionary-guard-corp-listed-as-state-sponsor-of-terror-over-jewish-attacks/news-story/3588d0a43cdc0acd6e1c57adb87ddcba
  32. Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Iran Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
    https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Oct-02/317348-bahrain-withdraws-ambassador-from-iran.ashx
  33. Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Tehran Archived 2018-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. Gulf News. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
    http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-withdraws-ambassador-from-tehran-1.1593728
  34. Bahrain smashes ‘Iran-linked’ terror cell Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine. The National. Retrieved 2016-01-07
    http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/bahrain-smashes-iran-linked-terror-cell
  35. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
    https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/albania-expels-iranian-agents-for-plotting-terrorist-attacks-against-israelis-574892
  36. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-security-iran-idUSKBN1ZX1XL
  37. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/27/five-british-mps-escaped-terror-plot-paris-rally-2018-free-iran
  38. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55931633
  39. The Times of Israel
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120801211424/http://www.timesofisrael.com/indian-police-conclude-revolutionary-guards-behind-delhi-attack/
  40. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Israeli-diplomat-attackers-be-brought-to-book/articleshow/18621345.cms
  41. The Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-sep-20-fg-iran20-story.html
  42. Mathieu Guidère, Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism, Archived 2023-11-28 at the Wayback Machine Scarecrow P
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA173
  43. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2014/03/29/whos-in-charge
  44. The New Yorker
    http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/09/30/130930fa_fact_filkins?currentPage=all
  45. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/IranianThreat/News/Article.aspx?id=131214
  46. "Hamas 2010 budget mainly 'foreign aid' from Iran"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150508071810/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/me_hamas0005_01_05.asp
  47. Wayback Machine
    https://www.foxnews.com/story/israel-at-war-to-the-bitter-end-strikes-key-hamas-sites
  48. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza
  49. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-palestinians.html
  50. ReliefWeb
    https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023
  51. South China Morning Post
    https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks
  52. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-deaths-killings.html
  53. "Over 1,400 Killed In Hamas Attacks On Israel: PM Office"
    https://www.barrons.com/news/over-1-400-killed-in-hamas-attacks-on-israel-pm-office-787d2b0f?refsec=topics_afp-news
  54. "Memorandum opinion"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070614085928/http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/opinions/2006/2000CV2329-12036-12222006a.pdf
  55. "Iran responsible for 1983 Marine barracks bombing, judge rules. CNN May 30, 2003. Archived June 4, 2003, at the Wayback
    http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/05/30/iran.barracks.bombing/
  56. Terrorism – In the Spotlight: Hezbollah (Party of God) Archived 2006-02-22 at the Wayback Machine Michael Donovan, Cente
    http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/hezbollah.cfm
  57. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
  58. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
  59. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UgoxCgAAQBAJ
  60. www.encyclopedia.com
    https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/energy-government-and-defense-magazines/hezbollah-bombings-europe
  61. United States Department of State
    https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=481493
  62. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
  63. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
  64. Article AMIA: el nuevo fiscal acusó a Irán como responsable del atentado Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine in A
    http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/10/26/elpais/p-01010.htm
  65. Argentine trials may shed light on Panama mystery Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, Eric Jackson, Panama News
    http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/47/473.html
  66. Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Palestinian-jihadist-group-splits-from-Hezbollah
  67. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/22/AR2006122200455.html
  68. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/02/20132515350158754.html
  69. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/30/the-shadow-commander?currentPage=all
  70. "State Sponsors: Iran"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080207030738/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9362/
  71. The New Yorker
    http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/10/14/021014fa_fact4?currentPage=4
  72. Wayback Machine
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110919112340/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/148262
  73. 2009-2017.state.gov
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/10300.pdf
  74. Amal and the Shi'a: the struggle for the Soul of Lebanon
  75. Watson, Laurie. "Errors By Crew Reportedly Cited in Gander Crash", Philadelphia Inquirer, United Press International, 6
  76. "Arrow Air Flight 1285 accident record"
    http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19851212-0
  77. www.sandford.org
    http://www.sandford.org/gandercrash/investigations/majority_report/html/_i.shtml
  78. "Hezbollah"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070626031328/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3101
  79. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-21496735
  80. "Iran Playing 'Destabilizing Role' in Iraq"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070911184719/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=47399
  81. McCarthy, Andrew C., Obama Frees Iranian Terror Masters Archived 2013-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, National Review Onli
    http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/227867/obama-frees-iranian-terror-masters/andrew-c-mccarthy
  82. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/28/qassem-suleimani-iran-iraq-influence
  83. "Chapter 6 -- State Sponsors of Terror Overview"
    https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64337.htm
  84. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/28/the-united-states-is-providing-air-cover-for-ethnic-cleansing-in-iraq-shiite-militias-isis/
  85. "2 Iranian terror suspects arrested in Kenya"
    https://news.yahoo.com/2-iranian-terror-suspects-arrested-kenya-194214061.html
  86. "Kenya police: Iranians shipped 100kg of explosives"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120717143005/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/07/10/kenya-police-iranians-shipped-100kg-explosives/
  87. Ynetnews
    http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4269761,00.html
  88. "Iran summons Dutch envoy to protest assassination attempts claim"
    https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-summons-dutch-envoy-protest-assassination-attempts-claim-2025-04-25/
  89. "Netherlands summons Iranian ambassador over alleged assassination attempts"
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/netherlands-summons-iranian-ambassador-over-alleged-assassination-attempts-2025-04-24/
  90. "Det iranska revolutionsgardets agenter i Sverige"
    https://doku.nu/2025/04/22/det-iranska-revolutionsgardets-agenter-i-sverige
  91. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/10/john-bolton-murder-plot-iranian-man-charged
  92. "Member of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Charged with Plot to Murder the Former National Security Advisor"
    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/member-irans-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-irgc-charged-plot-murder-former-national
  93. "Iranian military operative charged in plot to murder former national security adviser John Bolton"
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-bolton-iran-murder-plot-shahram-poursafi-justice-department-indictment/
  94. "Iranian operative charged in plot to assassinate former National Security Adviser John Bolton"
    https://abc7chicago.com/shahram-poursafi-john-bolton-assassination-plot/12115573/
  95. "John Bolton says he's 'embarrassed' that an Iranian Revolutionary Guard member offered the 'low price' of just $300,000 to assassinate him"
    https://www.businessinsider.com/john-bolton-embarrassed-low-price-300000-assassination-iran-irgc-2022-8
  96. "Iranian Dissident: Man With Rifle Arrested Outside Brooklyn Home Is Agent for Iran"
    https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/iranian-dissident-man-with-rifle-arrested-outside-brooklyn-home-is-agent-for-iran/3803804/
  97. "Suspected Plot Against VOA Persian Host in NY Underscores Dangers of Transnational Reprisal"
    https://www.voanews.com/a/suspected-plot-against-voa-persian-host-in-ny-underscores-dangers-of-transnational-reprisal-/6698606.html
  98. U.S. State Department Country Reports on Terrorism 2016 - Chapter 3: State Sponsors of Terrorism Retrieved 10-05-18
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170721054054/https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2016/272235.htm
  99. Business Standard India
    https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pompeo-says-iran-sheltering-al-qaeda-confirms-death-of-group-s-2nd-in-line-121011300112_1.html
  100. www.cisa.gov
    https://www.cisa.gov/topics/cyber-threats-and-advisories/advanced-persistent-threats/iran
  101. Centro de Comunicación Nacional
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200218065205/https://presidenciave.com/es/presidencia/ante-sucesos-en-el-medio-oriente-gobierno-interino-reitera-vinculos-de-maduro-con-terrorismo-internacional/
  102. Business Insider
    https://www.businessinsider.com/aeroterror-venezuela-iran-and-latin-america-2015-3
  103. WLRN
    https://www.wlrn.org/show/latin-america-report/2020-01-13/ghost-flights-terror-frights-why-iran-hezbollah-footprint-in-venezuela-matters
  104. "Ghost flights: Drugs, terrorists and dirty money"
    https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/ghost-flights-drugs-terrorists-and-dirty-money/news-story/7a4ed7437751cdb178cfe80f45a4a2f8
  105. "TIME.com: 9/11 Commission Finds Ties Between al-Qaeda and Iran"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20040720012152/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,664967,00.html
  106. Al-Monitor
    https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/iran-and-al-qaedabr-more-enemies.html
  107. "The 9/11 Commission Report"
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf
  108. brookings.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230908071603/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/iran-al-qaeda-byman.pdf
  109. Arab News
    https://www.arabnews.com/node/1791446
  110. The Coming Balkan Caliphate
  111. Small Wars Journal
    https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/irgc-sepah-and-hezbollah-strategic-note-no-1-ex-irgc-general-details-iranian-influence
  112. "The 9/11 Commission Report"
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf
  113. Al-Monitor
    https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/iran-and-al-qaedabr-more-enemies.html
  114. Jones, Seth G., Al Qaeda in Iran Archived 2014-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign Affairs, January 29, 2012.
    http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137061/seth-g-jones/al-qaeda-in-iran
  115. "Twenty-second report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team"
    https://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=S/2018/705&Lang=E
  116. long war journal
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164404/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/un-iran-based-leaders-have-grown-more-prominent-in-al-qaedas-global-network.php
  117. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/al-masri-abdullah-qaeda-dead.html
  118. CNN
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201114165634/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/14/middleeast/al-qaeda-mohammed-al-masri-murder-intl/index.html
  119. Arab News
    https://www.arabnews.com/node/1762891/middle-east
  120. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55631403
  121. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2022/08/02/1115154930/opinion-zawahiri-death-al-qaida-succession
  122. Center for Strategic and International Studies
    https://www.csis.org/analysis/zawahiris-death-and-whats-next-al-qaeda
  123. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/saif-al-adel-iran-de-facto-new-leader-al-qaida-united-nations
  124. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20230216-us-says-iran-based-egyptian-saif-al-adel-is-new-al-qaeda-chief
  125. Iran International
    https://www.iranintl.com/en/202402273383
  126. Wayback Machine
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/iran-responsible-for-1998-us-embassy-bombings/2011/12/08/gIQAuEAAfO_story.html
  127. Cole
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/judge-orders-sudan-iran-to-pay-75-million-to-family-of-uss-cole-victim/2015/03/31/a2105dd8-d7b8-11e4-ba28-f2a685dc7f89_story.html
  128. Emerson, Steven, and Daniel Pipes, Terrorism on Trial Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journa
    http://www.danielpipes.org/381/terrorism-on-trial
  129. The 9/11 Commission Report. Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 240-41. ISBN
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf
  130. Weisner, Benjamin, and Scott Shane, Court Filings Assert Iran Had Link to 9/11 Attacks Archived 2017-06-11 at the Waybac
    https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/middleeast/20terror.html?_r=0
  131. Bergen, Peter, "Strange bedfellows -- Iran and al Qaeda" Archived 2014-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, CNN, March 10, 2013
    http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/opinion/bergen-iran-al-qaeda/
  132. Abdel Bari Atwan. The Secret History of Al Qaeda, p. 233. University of California Press, 2006. ISBN 0-520-24974-7
  133. Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan
  134. Afghan Peace Process Issues Paper
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230502060323/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Afghanistan-Peace-Process_Irans-Response-Talibans-Comeback-Afghanistan.pdf
  135. "Iran arming Taliban, U.S. claims"
    http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/iran.taliban/index.html
  136. The Observer
    https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jun/22/military.afghanistan?gusrc=rss&feed=uknews
  137. Wayback Machine
    https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-afghanistan-region-idUSWALNME6T120101123
  138. Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703700904575391664183556930
  139. Barron's
    https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-reduces-number-of-diplomats-in-afghanistan-01629056708
  140. Tehran Times
    https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/462728/Iran-closes-consulate-in-Mazar-i-Sharif-Afghanistan
  141. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-says-its-embassy-kabul-remains-open-2021-08-17/
  142. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/18/why-iran-will-welcome-the-taliban-takeover-in-afghanistan/
  143. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
    https://besacenter.org/iran-and-the-taliban/
  144. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/bilateral-bonding-over-the-taliban/
  145. Reuters
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230127053526/http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-idINL6E8J6E9Q20120807/
  146. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/07/world/meast/syria-unrest/
  147. Drums Of War: Israel And The "AXIS OF RESISTANCE"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111425/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Lebanon/97%20Drums%20of%20War%20-%20Israel%20and%20the%20Axis%20of%20Resistance.pdf
  148. State Sponsors of Terror Overview Archived 2019-07-01 at the Wayback Machine April 28, 2006
    https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64337.htm
  149. The 9/11 Commission Report. Archived November 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 240–
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf
  150. About Hezbollah Archived 2023-05-01 at the Wayback Machine Hezbollah
    https://hezbollah.org/about-hezbollah
  151. Explainer: How Hezbollah widens Iran's Middle East reach Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hezbollah-widens-irans-middle-east-reach-2021-10-15/
  152. Brookings
    https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/hezbollah-revolutionary-irans-most-successful-export/
  153. "Hezbollah considers the United States, not Israel, its greatest enemy"
    https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/hezbollah-considers-the-united-states-not-israel-its-greatest-enemy/
  154. US accuses Iran of using Hezbollah to train militia Archived 2024-09-09 at the Wayback Machine The Boston Globe
    http://archive.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/07/03/us_accuses_iran_of_using_hezbollah_to_train_militia/
  155. (15 September 2020) The Party of God and its Greatest Satan "The 36-Year Confrontation Between Hezbollah and America" E
    https://hezbollah.org/resources/party-god-and-its-greatest-satan
  156. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
    https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-iran-fuels-hamas-terrorism
  157. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/25/hamas-restoration-of-ties-with-syria-maintains-interests
  158. www.wilsoncenter.org
    https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/iran-hamas-and-palestinian-islamic-jihad
  159. Al Arabiya English
    http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/02/02/Who-is-Al-Sabreen-movement-the-arms-of-Iran-in-Palestine-.html
  160. Al-Monitor
    https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/iran-pflp-gaza-palestine-syria.html
  161. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
    https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/is-the-popular-front-for-the-liberation-of-palestine-back-from-the-dead-628060
  162. "State Department Terrorist Designations of Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq and Its Leaders, Qays and Laith al-Khazali"
    https://www.state.gov/state-department-terrorist-designations-of-asaib-ahl-al-haq-and-its-leaders-qays-and-laith-al-khazali/
  163. U.S. Launches Airstrikes on Iranian-Backed Forces in Iraq and Syria Archived 2020-01-01 at the Wayback Machine en: The N
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/world/middleeast/us-airstrikes-iran-iraq-syria.html
  164. The Arab Weekly
    https://thearabweekly.com/us-sanctions-key-leader-iraqi-pmf-hezbollah-brigades
  165. "US designates Iran-backed Bahrainis as terrorists - FDD's Long War Journal"
    https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/us-designates-iran-backed-bahrainis-for-terrorism.php
  166. "Bahraini militant group adopts IRGC branding"
    https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/02/bahraini-militant-group-adopts-irgc-branding.php
  167. "State Department Terrorist Designation of al-Ashtar Brigades (AAB)"
    https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/07/283939.htm
  168. "Who are the al-Ashtar Brigades, latest Arab-designated 'terrorist group'?"
    https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/03/18/US-places-Bahrainis-backed-by-Iran-on-terrorist-list-imposes-sanctions.html
  169. The Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/yemens-houthi-rebels-threaten-to-attack-israel/
  170. "Exclusive: Iran Steps up Support for Houthis in Yemen's War – Sources"
    https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-03-21/exclusive-iran-steps-up-support-for-houthis-in-yemens-war-sources
  171. The Jerusalem Post
    https://m.jpost.com/Opinion/Yemens-Houthis-New-members-of-Irans-anti-Israelianti-American-axis-494170
  172. "Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials"
    https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-support-taliban-alarms-afghan-officials
  173. Viewpoints
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151022200408/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/iran_syria_crossroads_fall_tehran_damascus_axis.pdf
  174. Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230410161817/https://russiaeu.ru/en/news/concept-foreign-policy-russian-federation
  175. Journal of Crises and Political Research
    https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2188654
  176. Deutsche Welle
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230402012931/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-adopts-new-anti-west-foreign-policy-strategy/a-65198660
  177. Iran’s Axis of Resistance Rises: How It’s Forging a New Middle East Archived 2023-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign
    https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-axis-resistance-rises
  178. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/19/middleeast/iran-rearm-proxies-us-talks-stall-intl
  179. The Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/07/18/iran-attempts-rearming-houthis-hezbollah-israel-war/
  180. "Iran accused of setting up pro-Assad militias"
    http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/08/20128154537913351.html
  181. "HEZBOLLAH IN SYRIA"
    https://www.understandingwar.org/report/hezbollah-syria
  182. Nada Bakri, "Iran Calls on Syria to Recognize Citizens' Demands" Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, The New Yor
    https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/middleeast/28syria.html?_r=0
  183. Middle East Studies
    http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/201331_makale2.pdf
  184. "Syria crisis: Obama condemns 'outrageous' use of force"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13173697
  185. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/28/syria-army-iran-forces
  186. "U.S. officials confirm captured Iranians in Syria are 'active' military: report"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120815234652/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/15/232401.html
  187. Center of Strategic and International Studies
    https://www.csis.org/analysis/axis-rising-irans-evolving-regional-strategy-and-non-state-partnerships-middle-east
  188. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/syria.html?_r=0
  189. Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News
    https://eurasiantimes.com/israel-impressed-how-turkish-army-crushed-hezbollah-in-idlib-syria/
  190. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/23/iran_is_funding_isis_syria_iraq_proxy_war
  191. Al-Masdar News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160808083825/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi-fighters-pour-southern-aleppo/
  192. Phillip Smyth, The Shiite Jihad In Syria And Its Regional Effects Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, The Washin
    https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf
  193. Syria Comment
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160810000748/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/overview-of-some-pro-assad-militias/
  194. "Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries"
    https://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400
  195. New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/world/middleeast/29iranians.html?ei=5094&en=d4deb1d521cb8706&hp=&ex=1170046800&partner=homepage&pagewanted=print
  196. President's Address to the Nation Archived 2011-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, The White House, January 10, 2007. Retriev
    https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070110-7.html
  197. Business Insider
    https://www.businessinsider.com/operations-by-irans-military-mastermind-2014-7
  198. "Iranian Strategy in Iraq: Politics and 'Other Means'"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151457/http://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Felter_Iranian_Strategy_in_Iraq.pdf
  199. "US intelligence indicates Iran paid bounties to Taliban for targeting American troops in Afghanistan"
    https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/17/politics/iran-taliban-bounties-us-intelligence/index.html
  200. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/policy/defense/512273-iran-paid-bounties-for-targeting-us-troops-intelligence-reportedly-suggests
  201. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/iran-bounties-us-troops-afghanistan-taliban
  202. fas.org
    https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/950500.htm
  203. "Australian Government Attorneys General's Department - Palestinian Islamic Jihad"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060820175840/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/NationalSecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad
  204. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21599826-decline-hamas-may-result-new-wave-chaos-whos-charge
  205. Al Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East
    https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/09/iran-pflp-gaza-palestine-syria.html
  206. Prensa Latina
    https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/10/07/palestinian-militias-back-hamas-against-israel/
  207. Al Akhbar English
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150125062649/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/prc-spokesman-future-operations-against-enemy-will-be-%E2%80%98thorn-israels-throat%E2%80%99
  208. Atlantic Council
    http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/palestinian-syrian-militarization-in-yarmouk
  209. Wayback Machine
    https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/911622.html
  210. Der Spiegel
    http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,476369,00.html
  211. Public Safety Canada
    https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx
  212. "Entirety of Hamas to be listed as a terrorist organisation"
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-17/hamas-palestinian-listed-as-terrorist-group-australia-government/100839262
  213. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/26/eu-court-upholds-hamas-terror-listing
  214. Fighting terrorism Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
    http://www.mod.gov.il/Defence-and-Security/Fighting_terrorism/Documents/teror16.11.xls
  215. "National Police Agency"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220328223242/https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/security/terrorism/031029/031029.pdf
  216. "Japan's Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields"
    https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf
  217. "Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list"
    https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-paraguay-adds-hamas-hezbollah-to-terrorism-list/
  218. "Foreign Terrorist Organizations"
    https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/
  219. GOV.UK
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version
  220. ارنا
    http://www.irna.ir/ar/News/82933205/
  221. "Yemen's National Defense Council labels Houthis as terror group"
    https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/yemens-national-defense-council-labels-houthis-as-terror-group/2718571
  222. "Houthis added to Yemen's terrorist list"
    https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/houthis-added-yemens-terrorist-list/20221025180946158792.html
  223. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-security/saudi-arabia-designates-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist-group-idUSBREA260SM20140307
  224. "مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. | Wam"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141117230142/http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html
  225. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/16/politics/biden-administration-houthis-global-terrorist-entity/index.html
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.