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Interracial marriage in the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

Interracial marriage in the United States

Interracial marriage has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State." Interracial marriages have been formally protected by federal statute through the Respect for Marriage Act since 2022. Historical opposition to interracial marriage was frequently based on religious principles. Many Southern evangelical Christians saw racial segregation, including in marriage, as something divinely instituted from God. They held that legal recognition of interracial couples would violate biblical teaching and hence their religious liberty. Roman Catholic theology, on the other hand, articulated strong opposition to any state-sanctioned segregation on the grounds that segregation violated human dignity. Since Loving, states have repealed their defunct bans, the last of which was Alabama in a 2000 referendum. Public approval of interracial marriage rose from 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has increased from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.

Tables

Married couples in the United States in 2010[33] · Census Bureau statistics
White Husband
White Husband
Col 1
White Husband
White Wife
50,410,000
White Wife
97.9%
White Wife
97.7%
Black Wife
168,000
Black Wife
3.9%
Black Wife
0.3%
Asian Wife
529,000
Asian Wife
15.3%
Asian Wife
1.0%
Other Wife
487,000
Other Wife
42.4%
Other Wife
0.9%
Total
51,594,000
Total
100%
Black Husband
Black Husband
Col 1
Black Husband
White Wife
390,000
White Wife
0.8%
White Wife
8.6%
Black Wife
4,072,000
Black Wife
95.4%
Black Wife
89.2%
Asian Wife
39,000
Asian Wife
1.1%
Asian Wife
0.9%
Other Wife
66,000
Other Wife
5.7%
Other Wife
1.3%
Total
4,567,000
Total
100%
Asian Husband
Asian Husband
Col 1
Asian Husband
White Wife
219,000
White Wife
0.4%
White Wife
7.0%
Black Wife
9,000
Black Wife
0.2%
Black Wife
0.3%
Asian Wife
2,855,000
Asian Wife
82.5%
Asian Wife
91.8%
Other Wife
28,000
Other Wife
2.4%
Other Wife
0.9%
Total
3,112,000
Total
100%
Other Husband
Other Husband
Col 1
Other Husband
White Wife
488,000
White Wife
0.9%
White Wife
44.0%
Black Wife
18,000
Black Wife
0.4%
Black Wife
1.6%
Asian Wife
37,000
Asian Wife
1.1%
Asian Wife
3.4%
Other Wife
568,000
Other Wife
49.4%
Other Wife
51.0%
Total
1,111,000
Total
100%
Total
Total
Col 1
Total
White Wife
51,507,000
White Wife
100%
Black Wife
4,267,000
Black Wife
100%
Asian Wife
3,460,000
Asian Wife
100%
Other Wife
1,149,000
Other Wife
100%
Total
60,384,000
White Wife
Black Wife
Asian Wife
Other Wife
Total
White Husband
50,410,000
97.9%
97.7%
168,000
3.9%
0.3%
529,000
15.3%
1.0%
487,000
42.4%
0.9%
51,594,000
100%
Black Husband
390,000
0.8%
8.6%
4,072,000
95.4%
89.2%
39,000
1.1%
0.9%
66,000
5.7%
1.3%
4,567,000
100%
Asian Husband
219,000
0.4%
7.0%
9,000
0.2%
0.3%
2,855,000
82.5%
91.8%
28,000
2.4%
0.9%
3,112,000
100%
Other Husband
488,000
0.9%
44.0%
18,000
0.4%
1.6%
37,000
1.1%
3.4%
568,000
49.4%
51.0%
1,111,000
100%
Total
51,507,000
100%
4,267,000
100%
3,460,000
100%
1,149,000
100%
60,384,000
· Census Bureau statistics › 2008 Pew Research Center Report
White Husband
White Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
White Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
46.1%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
6.9%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
26.9%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
20.1%
White Wife
White Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
White Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
51.4%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
20.1%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
9.4%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
19.1%
Black Husband
Black Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Black Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
57.2%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
21.9%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
7.0%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
13.9%
Black Wife
Black Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Black Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
58.6%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
24.2%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
5.5%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
11.6%
Hispanic Husband
Hispanic Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Hispanic Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
83.3%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
4.5%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
5.3%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
7.0%
Hispanic Wife
Hispanic Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Hispanic Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
77.5%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
13.2%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
4.0%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
5.2%
Asian Husband
Asian Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Asian Husband
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
70.9%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
4.8%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
17.7%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
6.7%
Asian Wife
Asian Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Asian Wife
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
76.8%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
7.2%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
9.5%
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
6.6%
1 (%) Percentage of all New Marriages that are Interracial or Interethnic - 2008 ACS2 "Newly married" refers to people who got married in the 12 months before the survey. 3 (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a racial group. E.g.: White, Black, Mestizo)
1 (%) Percentage of all New Marriages that are Interracial or Interethnic - 2008 ACS2 "Newly married" refers to people who got married in the 12 months before the survey. 3 (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a racial group. E.g.: White, Black, Mestizo)
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
1 (%) Percentage of all New Marriages that are Interracial or Interethnic - 2008 ACS2 "Newly married" refers to people who got married in the 12 months before the survey. 3 (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a racial group. E.g.: White, Black, Mestizo)
Percentage of all new marriages in 2008 Who "Out-Married" by Race/Ethnicity of Spouse
Hispanic
Black
Asian
Other
White Husband
46.1%
6.9%
26.9%
20.1%
White Wife
51.4%
20.1%
9.4%
19.1%
White
Hispanic
Asian
Other
Black Husband
57.2%
21.9%
7.0%
13.9%
Black Wife
58.6%
24.2%
5.5%
11.6%
White
Black
Asian
Other
Hispanic Husband
83.3%
4.5%
5.3%
7.0%
Hispanic Wife
77.5%
13.2%
4.0%
5.2%
White
Black
Hispanic
Other
Asian Husband
70.9%
4.8%
17.7%
6.7%
Asian Wife
76.8%
7.2%
9.5%
6.6%
1 (%) Percentage of all New Marriages that are Interracial or Interethnic - 2008 ACS2 "Newly married" refers to people who got married in the 12 months before the survey. 3 (Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a racial group. E.g.: White, Black, Mestizo)
White/Black marriages according to the U.S. Census Bureau[32] · Interracial marriage by pairing › Black and White
Total
Total
Col 1
Total
1980
167,000
1990
211,000
2000
363,000
2008
481,000
2009
550,000
Black husband/ White wife
Black husband/ White wife
Col 1
Black husband/ White wife
1980
122,000
1990
150,000
2000
268,000
2008
317,000
2009
354,000
White husband/ Black wife
White husband/ Black wife
Col 1
White husband/ Black wife
1980
45,000
1990
61,000
2000
95,000
2008
164,000
2009
196,000
1980
1990
2000
2008
2009
Total
167,000
211,000
363,000
481,000
550,000
Black husband/ White wife
122,000
150,000
268,000
317,000
354,000
White husband/ Black wife
45,000
61,000
95,000
164,000
196,000

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