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International Monetary Fund

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution and a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Washington, D.C. It consists of 191 member countries, and its stated mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." The IMF acts as a lender of last resort to its members experiencing actual or potential balance of payments crises. Established in July 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference based on the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, the IMF came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international monetary system. For its first three decades, the IMF oversaw the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rate arrangements. Following the collapse of this system in 1971, the Fund's role shifted to managing balance-of-payments difficulties and international financial crises, becoming a key institution in the era of globalization. Through a quota system, countries contribute funds to a pool from which they can borrow if they experience balance-of-payments problems; a country's quota also determines its voting power. As a condition for loans, the IMF often requires borrowing countries to undertake policy reforms, known as structural adjustment. The organization also provides technical assistance and economic surveillance of its members' economies. The IMF's loan conditions have been criticized for imposing austerity measures that can hinder economic recovery and harm the most vulnerable populations. Critics argue that the Fund's policies limit the economic sovereignty of borrowing nations and that its governance structure is dominated by Western countries, which hold a disproportionate share of voting power. The current managing director and chairperson is Bulgarian economist Kristalina Georgieva, who has held the position since 1 October 2019.

Infobox

Abbreviation
IMF
Formation
22 July 1944; 81 years ago (1944-07-22)
Type
International financial institution
Purpose
Promote international monetary co-operation, facilitate international trade, foster sustainable economic growth, make resources available to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties, prevent and assist with recovery from international financial crises
Headquarters
700 19th Street NW, Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates
mw- 38°53′56″N 77°2′39″W / 38.89889°N 77.04417°W / 38.89889; -77.04417
Region
Worldwide
Membership
191 countries (190 UN countries and Kosovo)
Official language
English
Managing Director
Kristalina Georgieva
First Deputy Managing Director
Dan Katz
Chief Economist
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
Main organ
Board of Governors
Parent organization
United Nations
Budget
$1,295 million: 60 (2023)
Staff
3,100
Website
imf.org

Tables

Quota and voting shares for the largest IMF members[8] · Governance and membership › Voting power
millions ofXDR
millions ofXDR
Rank
millions ofXDR
IMF Member country
% of thetotal
1
1
Rank
1
IMF Member country
United States
Quota
82,994.2
Quota
17.42
Governor
Michael Kaplan
Alternate
Vacant
No. of votes
831,394
% of totalvotes
16.49
2
2
Rank
2
IMF Member country
Japan
Quota
30,820.5
Quota
6.47
Governor
Satsuki Katayama
Alternate
Kazuo Ueda
No. of votes
309,657
% of totalvotes
6.14
3
3
Rank
3
IMF Member country
China
Quota
30,482.9
Quota
6.40
Governor
Gongsheng Pan
Alternate
Changneng Xuan [zh]
No. of votes
306,281
% of totalvotes
6.08
4
4
Rank
4
IMF Member country
Germany
Quota
26,634.4
Quota
5.59
Governor
Joachim Nagel
Alternate
Lars Klingbeil
No. of votes
267,796
% of totalvotes
5.31
5
5
Rank
5
IMF Member country
France
Quota
20,155.1
Quota
4.23
Governor
Roland Lescure
Alternate
François Villeroy de Galhau
No. of votes
203,003
% of totalvotes
4.03
6
6
Rank
6
IMF Member country
United Kingdom
Quota
20,155.1
Quota
4.23
Governor
Rachel Reeves
Alternate
Andrew Bailey
No. of votes
203,003
% of totalvotes
4.03
7
7
Rank
7
IMF Member country
Italy
Quota
15,070.0
Quota
3.16
Governor
Giancarlo Giorgetti
Alternate
Fabio Panetta
No. of votes
152,152
% of totalvotes
3.02
8
8
Rank
8
IMF Member country
India
Quota
13,114.4
Quota
2.75
Governor
Nirmala Sitharaman
Alternate
Sanjay Malhotra
No. of votes
132,596
% of totalvotes
2.63
9
9
Rank
9
IMF Member country
Russia
Quota
12,903.7
Quota
2.71
Governor
Anton Siluanov
Alternate
Elvira S. Nabiullina
No. of votes
130,489
% of totalvotes
2.59
10
10
Rank
10
IMF Member country
Brazil
Quota
11,042.0
Quota
2.32
Governor
Fernando Haddad
Alternate
Gabriel Muricca Galípolo
No. of votes
111,872
% of totalvotes
2.22
11
11
Rank
11
IMF Member country
Canada
Quota
11,023.9
Quota
2.31
Governor
Francois-Philippe Champagne
Alternate
Tiff Macklem
No. of votes
111,691
% of totalvotes
2.22
12
12
Rank
12
IMF Member country
Saudi Arabia
Quota
9,992.6
Quota
2.10
Governor
Mohammed Aljadaan
Alternate
Ayman Alsayari [ar]
No. of votes
101,378
% of totalvotes
2.01
13
13
Rank
13
IMF Member country
Spain
Quota
9,535.5
Quota
2.00
Governor
Carlos Cuerpo
Alternate
José Luis Escrivá
No. of votes
96,807
% of totalvotes
1.92
14
14
Rank
14
IMF Member country
Mexico
Quota
8,912.7
Quota
1.87
Governor
Edgar Amador Zamora
Alternate
Victoria Rodríguez Ceja
No. of votes
90,579
% of totalvotes
1.80
15
15
Rank
15
IMF Member country
Netherlands
Quota
8,736.5
Quota
1.83
Governor
Olaf Sleijpen
Alternate
Jasper Wesseling
No. of votes
88,817
% of totalvotes
1.76
16
16
Rank
16
IMF Member country
South Korea
Quota
8,582.7
Quota
1.80
Governor
Yun-cheol Koo
Alternate
Chang Yong Rhee
No. of votes
87,279
% of totalvotes
1.73
17
17
Rank
17
IMF Member country
Australia
Quota
6,572.4
Quota
1.38
Governor
Jim Chalmers
Alternate
Jenny Wilkinson
No. of votes
67,176
% of totalvotes
1.33
18
18
Rank
18
IMF Member country
Belgium
Quota
6,410.7
Quota
1.35
Governor
Pierre Wunsch [fr]
Alternate
Jan Jambon
No. of votes
65,559
% of totalvotes
1.30
19
19
Rank
19
IMF Member country
Switzerland
Quota
5,771.1
Quota
1.21
Governor
Martin Reto Schlegel
Alternate
Karin Keller-Sutter
No. of votes
59,163
% of totalvotes
1.17
20
20
Rank
20
IMF Member country
Turkey
Quota
4,658.6
Quota
0.98
Governor
Mehmet Şimşek
Alternate
Fatih Karahan
No. of votes
48,038
% of totalvotes
0.95
21
21
Rank
21
IMF Member country
Indonesia
Quota
4,648.4
Quota
0.98
Governor
Perry Warjiyo
Alternate
Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa
No. of votes
47,936
% of totalvotes
0.95
22
22
Rank
22
IMF Member country
Sweden
Quota
4,430.0
Quota
0.93
Governor
Erik Thedéen
Alternate
Johanna Lybeck Lilja
No. of votes
45,752
% of totalvotes
0.91
23
23
Rank
23
IMF Member country
Poland
Quota
4,095.4
Quota
0.86
Governor
Andrzej Domański
Alternate
Marta Kightley [pl]
No. of votes
42,406
% of totalvotes
0.84
24
24
Rank
24
IMF Member country
Austria
Quota
3,932.0
Quota
0.83
Governor
Martin Kocher
Alternate
Edeltraud Stiftinger
No. of votes
40,772
% of totalvotes
0.81
25
25
Rank
25
IMF Member country
Singapore
Quota
3,891.9
Quota
0.82
Governor
Kim Yong Gan
Alternate
Der Jiun Chia
No. of votes
40,371
% of totalvotes
0.80
Rank
IMF Member country
Quota
Governor
Alternate
No. of votes
% of totalvotes
millions ofXDR
% of thetotal
1
United States
82,994.2
17.42
Michael Kaplan
Vacant
831,394
16.49
2
Japan
30,820.5
6.47
Satsuki Katayama
Kazuo Ueda
309,657
6.14
3
China
30,482.9
6.40
Gongsheng Pan
Changneng Xuan [zh]
306,281
6.08
4
Germany
26,634.4
5.59
Joachim Nagel
Lars Klingbeil
267,796
5.31
5
France
20,155.1
4.23
Roland Lescure
François Villeroy de Galhau
203,003
4.03
6
United Kingdom
20,155.1
4.23
Rachel Reeves
Andrew Bailey
203,003
4.03
7
Italy
15,070.0
3.16
Giancarlo Giorgetti
Fabio Panetta
152,152
3.02
8
India
13,114.4
2.75
Nirmala Sitharaman
Sanjay Malhotra
132,596
2.63
9
Russia
12,903.7
2.71
Anton Siluanov
Elvira S. Nabiullina
130,489
2.59
10
Brazil
11,042.0
2.32
Fernando Haddad
Gabriel Muricca Galípolo
111,872
2.22
11
Canada
11,023.9
2.31
Francois-Philippe Champagne
Tiff Macklem
111,691
2.22
12
Saudi Arabia
9,992.6
2.10
Mohammed Aljadaan
Ayman Alsayari [ar]
101,378
2.01
13
Spain
9,535.5
2.00
Carlos Cuerpo
José Luis Escrivá
96,807
1.92
14
Mexico
8,912.7
1.87
Edgar Amador Zamora
Victoria Rodríguez Ceja
90,579
1.80
15
Netherlands
8,736.5
1.83
Olaf Sleijpen
Jasper Wesseling
88,817
1.76
16
South Korea
8,582.7
1.80
Yun-cheol Koo
Chang Yong Rhee
87,279
1.73
17
Australia
6,572.4
1.38
Jim Chalmers
Jenny Wilkinson
67,176
1.33
18
Belgium
6,410.7
1.35
Pierre Wunsch [fr]
Jan Jambon
65,559
1.30
19
Switzerland
5,771.1
1.21
Martin Reto Schlegel
Karin Keller-Sutter
59,163
1.17
20
Turkey
4,658.6
0.98
Mehmet Şimşek
Fatih Karahan
48,038
0.95
21
Indonesia
4,648.4
0.98
Perry Warjiyo
Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa
47,936
0.95
22
Sweden
4,430.0
0.93
Erik Thedéen
Johanna Lybeck Lilja
45,752
0.91
23
Poland
4,095.4
0.86
Andrzej Domański
Marta Kightley [pl]
42,406
0.84
24
Austria
3,932.0
0.83
Martin Kocher
Edeltraud Stiftinger
40,772
0.81
25
Singapore
3,891.9
0.82
Kim Yong Gan
Der Jiun Chia
40,371
0.80
United States
United States
Country
United States
Region
United States
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Shannon Shuang Ding
Country with Most Votes
United States
Japan
Japan
Country
Japan
Region
Japan
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Jun Mizuguchi [ja]
Country with Most Votes
Japan
China
China
Country
China
Region
China
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Zhengxin Zhang
Country with Most Votes
China
Belgium
Belgium
Country
Belgium
Region
Benelux, BSEC+CEFTA (except Albania, Azerbaijan, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, Serbia and Turkey), Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus and Israel
Number of Member(s) Represented
16
Director
Jeroen Eddy Ellen Clicq
Country with Most Votes
Netherlands
Germany
Germany
Country
Germany
Region
Germany
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Bernd Kaltenhauser
Country with Most Votes
Germany
Spain
Spain
Country
Spain
Region
SICA (except Belize, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Panama), Colombia, Mexico and Spain
Number of Member(s) Represented
7
Director
Xiana Margarida Méndez Bértolo [es]
Country with Most Votes
Spain
Malaysia
Malaysia
Country
Malaysia
Region
ASEAN (except Myanmar (voting power suspended) and Timor-Leste), Fiji, Nepal and Tonga
Number of Member(s) Represented
12
Director
Idwan Suhardi Bin Hakim
Country with Most Votes
Indonesia
Italy
Italy
Country
Italy
Region
Albania, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and San Marino
Number of Member(s) Represented
6
Director
Riccardo Ercoli
Country with Most Votes
Italy
France
France
Country
France
Region
France
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Arnaud Fernand Buisse
Country with Most Votes
France
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Country
United Kingdom
Region
United Kingdom
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Veda Poon
Country with Most Votes
United Kingdom
South Korea
South Korea
Country
South Korea
Region
PIF (except Fiji, Tonga, and non-IMF members Cook Islands and Niue), Mongolia, Seychelles and South Korea
Number of Member(s) Represented
15
Director
Mark Blackmore and Nghi Luu (alternates)
Country with Most Votes
South Korea
Canada
Canada
Country
Canada
Region
CARICOM (except Guyana, Haiti, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago), Canada and Ireland
Number of Member(s) Represented
12
Director
Georgina Fitzgerald (alternate)
Country with Most Votes
Canada
Lithuania
Lithuania
Country
Lithuania
Region
Baltic and Nordic
Number of Member(s) Represented
8
Director
Vitas Vasiliauskas [lt]
Country with Most Votes
Sweden
Turkey
Turkey
Country
Turkey
Region
Visegrád (except Poland), Austria, Belarus, Kosovo, Slovenia and Turkey
Number of Member(s) Represented
8
Director
Yigit Korkmaz Yasar
Country with Most Votes
Turkey
Brazil
Brazil
Country
Brazil
Region
Other CARICOM members, other SICA members (except Belize), Brazil, Cape Verde, Ecuador and Timor-Leste
Number of Member(s) Represented
11
Director
Andre Roncaglia de Carvalho
Country with Most Votes
Brazil
India
India
Country
India
Region
non-ASEAN BIMSTEC (except Nepal)
Number of Member(s) Represented
4
Director
Urjit R. Patel
Country with Most Votes
India
Poland
Poland
Country
Poland
Region
ECO (except Afghanistan (voting power suspended), Iran, Pakistan and Turkey), non-Nordic EFTA, Poland and Serbia
Number of Member(s) Represented
10
Director
Patryk Loszewski
Country with Most Votes
Switzerland
Russia
Russia
Country
Russia
Region
Russia and Syria
Number of Member(s) Represented
2
Director
Ksenia Yudaeva [es]
Country with Most Votes
Russia
Egypt
Egypt
Country
Egypt
Region
non-Maghreb Arab League (except Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Syria, and non-IMF member Palestine) and Maldives
Number of Member(s) Represented
12
Director
Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Maait
Country with Most Votes
United Arab Emirates
Pakistan
Pakistan
Country
Pakistan
Region
Maghreb Union (except Mauritania), Ghana, Iran and Pakistan
Number of Member(s) Represented
7
Director
Bahador Bijani
Country with Most Votes
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Country
Saudi Arabia
Region
Saudi Arabia
Number of Member(s) Represented
1
Director
Mohamed Ahmed A Alrashed
Country with Most Votes
Saudi Arabia
Madagascar
Madagascar
Country
Madagascar
Region
SADC (except DR Congo and Seychelles) and Comoros
Number of Member(s) Represented
14
Director
Adriano Ubisse
Country with Most Votes
South Africa
Argentina
Argentina
Country
Argentina
Region
Andean Community (except Colombia and Ecuador), Mercosur (except Brazil) and Chile
Number of Member(s) Represented
6
Director
Leonardo Madcur
Country with Most Votes
Argentina
Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast
Country
Ivory Coast
Region
ECOWAS (except Cape Verde and Ghana) and Mauritania
Number of Member(s) Represented
14
Director
Ouattara Wautabouna
Country with Most Votes
Nigeria
Congo, Republic of
Congo, Republic of
Country
Congo, Republic of
Region
EAC+ECCAS+IGAD (except Angola, Somalia and Tanzania)
Number of Member(s) Represented
17
Director
Regis Olivier N'Sonde
Country with Most Votes
Congo, DR
Country
Region
Number of Member(s) Represented
Director
Country with Most Votes
United States
United States
1
Shannon Shuang Ding
United States
Japan
Japan
1
Jun Mizuguchi [ja]
Japan
China
China
1
Zhengxin Zhang
China
Belgium
Benelux, BSEC+CEFTA (except Albania, Azerbaijan, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, Serbia and Turkey), Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus and Israel
16
Jeroen Eddy Ellen Clicq
Netherlands
Germany
Germany
1
Bernd Kaltenhauser
Germany
Spain
SICA (except Belize, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Panama), Colombia, Mexico and Spain
7
Xiana Margarida Méndez Bértolo [es]
Spain
Malaysia
ASEAN (except Myanmar (voting power suspended) and Timor-Leste), Fiji, Nepal and Tonga
12
Idwan Suhardi Bin Hakim
Indonesia
Italy
Albania, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and San Marino
6
Riccardo Ercoli
Italy
France
France
1
Arnaud Fernand Buisse
France
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
1
Veda Poon
United Kingdom
South Korea
PIF (except Fiji, Tonga, and non-IMF members Cook Islands and Niue), Mongolia, Seychelles and South Korea
15
Mark Blackmore and Nghi Luu (alternates)
South Korea
Canada
CARICOM (except Guyana, Haiti, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago), Canada and Ireland
12
Georgina Fitzgerald (alternate)
Canada
Lithuania
Baltic and Nordic
8
Vitas Vasiliauskas [lt]
Sweden
Turkey
Visegrád (except Poland), Austria, Belarus, Kosovo, Slovenia and Turkey
8
Yigit Korkmaz Yasar
Turkey
Brazil
Other CARICOM members, other SICA members (except Belize), Brazil, Cape Verde, Ecuador and Timor-Leste
11
Andre Roncaglia de Carvalho
Brazil
India
non-ASEAN BIMSTEC (except Nepal)
4
Urjit R. Patel
India
Poland
ECO (except Afghanistan (voting power suspended), Iran, Pakistan and Turkey), non-Nordic EFTA, Poland and Serbia
10
Patryk Loszewski
Switzerland
Russia
Russia and Syria
2
Ksenia Yudaeva [es]
Russia
Egypt
non-Maghreb Arab League (except Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Syria, and non-IMF member Palestine) and Maldives
12
Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Maait
United Arab Emirates
Pakistan
Maghreb Union (except Mauritania), Ghana, Iran and Pakistan
7
Bahador Bijani
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
1
Mohamed Ahmed A Alrashed
Saudi Arabia
Madagascar
SADC (except DR Congo and Seychelles) and Comoros
14
Adriano Ubisse
South Africa
Argentina
Andean Community (except Colombia and Ecuador), Mercosur (except Brazil) and Chile
6
Leonardo Madcur
Argentina
Ivory Coast
ECOWAS (except Cape Verde and Ghana) and Mauritania
14
Ouattara Wautabouna
Nigeria
Congo, Republic of
EAC+ECCAS+IGAD (except Angola, Somalia and Tanzania)
17
Regis Olivier N'Sonde
Congo, DR
· Personnel › Managing Director › List of Managing Directors
Camille Gutt
Camille Gutt
Term
1
Dates
6 May 1946 – 5 May 1951
Name
Camille Gutt
Citizenship
Belgium
Background
Politician, Economist, Lawyer, Economics Minister, Finance Minister
Ivar Rooth
Ivar Rooth
Term
2
Dates
3 August 1951 – 3 October 1956
Name
Ivar Rooth
Citizenship
Sweden
Background
Economist, Lawyer, Central Banker
Per Jacobsson
Per Jacobsson
Term
3
Dates
21 November 1956 – 5 May 1963
Name
Per Jacobsson
Citizenship
Sweden
Background
Economist, Lawyer, Academic, League of Nations, BIS
Pierre-Paul Schweitzer
Pierre-Paul Schweitzer
Term
4
Dates
1 September 1963 – 31 August 1973
Name
Pierre-Paul Schweitzer
Citizenship
France
Background
Lawyer, Businessman, Civil Servant, Central Banker
Johan Witteveen
Johan Witteveen
Term
5
Dates
1 September 1973 – 18 June 1978
Name
Johan Witteveen
Citizenship
Netherlands
Background
Politician, Economist, Academic, Finance Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, CPB
Jacques de Larosière
Jacques de Larosière
Term
6
Dates
18 June 1978 – 15 January 1987
Name
Jacques de Larosière
Citizenship
France
Background
Businessman, Civil Servant, Central Banker
Michel Camdessus
Michel Camdessus
Term
7
Dates
16 January 1987 – 14 February 2000
Name
Michel Camdessus
Citizenship
France
Background
Economist, Civil Servant, Central Banker
Horst Köhler
Horst Köhler
Term
8
Dates
1 May 2000 – 4 March 2004
Name
Horst Köhler
Citizenship
Germany
Background
Politician, Economist, Civil Servant, EBRD, President
Rodrigo Rato
Rodrigo Rato
Term
9
Dates
7 June 2004 – 31 October 2007
Name
Rodrigo Rato
Citizenship
Spain
Background
Politician, Businessman, Economics Minister, Finance Minister, Deputy Prime Minister
Dominique Strauss-Kahn
Dominique Strauss-Kahn
Term
10
Dates
1 November 2007 – 18 May 2011
Name
Dominique Strauss-Kahn
Citizenship
France
Background
Politician, Economist, Lawyer, Businessman, Economics Minister, Finance Minister
Christine Lagarde
Christine Lagarde
Term
11
Dates
5 July 2011 – 12 September 2019
Name
Christine Lagarde
Citizenship
France
Background
Politician, Lawyer, Economics Minister, Finance Minister
Kristalina Georgieva
Kristalina Georgieva
Term
12
Dates
1 October 2019 – present
Name
Kristalina Georgieva
Citizenship
Bulgaria
Background
Politician, Economist, European Commissioner
Term
Dates
Name
Citizenship
Background
1
6 May 1946 – 5 May 1951
Camille Gutt
Belgium
Politician, Economist, Lawyer, Economics Minister, Finance Minister
2
3 August 1951 – 3 October 1956
Ivar Rooth
Sweden
Economist, Lawyer, Central Banker
3
21 November 1956 – 5 May 1963
Per Jacobsson
Sweden
Economist, Lawyer, Academic, League of Nations, BIS
4
1 September 1963 – 31 August 1973
Pierre-Paul Schweitzer
France
Lawyer, Businessman, Civil Servant, Central Banker
5
1 September 1973 – 18 June 1978
Johan Witteveen
Netherlands
Politician, Economist, Academic, Finance Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, CPB
6
18 June 1978 – 15 January 1987
Jacques de Larosière
France
Businessman, Civil Servant, Central Banker
7
16 January 1987 – 14 February 2000
Michel Camdessus
France
Economist, Civil Servant, Central Banker
8
1 May 2000 – 4 March 2004
Horst Köhler
Germany
Politician, Economist, Civil Servant, EBRD, President
9
7 June 2004 – 31 October 2007
Rodrigo Rato
Spain
Politician, Businessman, Economics Minister, Finance Minister, Deputy Prime Minister
10
1 November 2007 – 18 May 2011
Dominique Strauss-Kahn
France
Politician, Economist, Lawyer, Businessman, Economics Minister, Finance Minister
11
5 July 2011 – 12 September 2019
Christine Lagarde
France
Politician, Lawyer, Economics Minister, Finance Minister
12
1 October 2019 – present
Kristalina Georgieva
Bulgaria
Politician, Economist, European Commissioner
· Personnel › First Deputy Managing Director › List of First Deputy Managing Directors
Andrew Overby
Andrew Overby
No.
1
Dates
9 February 1949 – 24 January 1952
Name
Andrew Overby
Citizenship
United States
Background
Banker, Senior U.S. Treasury Official
Merle Cochran
Merle Cochran
No.
2
Dates
16 March 1953 – 31 October 1962
Name
Merle Cochran
Citizenship
United States
Background
U.S. Foreign Service Officer
Frank Southard
Frank Southard
No.
3
Dates
1 November 1962 – 28 February 1974
Name
Frank Southard
Citizenship
United States
Background
Economist, Civil Servant
William Dale
William Dale
No.
4
Dates
1 March 1974 – 31 May 1984
Name
William Dale
Citizenship
United States
Background
Civil Servant
Richard Erb
Richard Erb
No.
5
Dates
1 June 1984 – 31 August 1994
Name
Richard Erb
Citizenship
United States
Background
Economist, White House Official
Stanley Fischer
Stanley Fischer
No.
6
Dates
1 September 1994 – 31 August 2001
Name
Stanley Fischer
Citizenship
Israel United States
Background
Economist, Central Banker, Banker
Anne Kreuger
Anne Kreuger
No.
7
Dates
1 September 2001 – 31 August 2006
Name
Anne Kreuger
Citizenship
United States
Background
Economist
John Lipsky
John Lipsky
No.
8
Dates
17 July 2006 – 11 November 2011
Name
John Lipsky
Citizenship
United States
Background
Economist
David Lipton
David Lipton
No.
9
Dates
1 September 2011 – 28 February 2020
Name
David Lipton
Citizenship
United States
Background
Economist, Senior U.S. Treasury Official
Geoffrey Okamoto
Geoffrey Okamoto
No.
10
Dates
20 March 2020 – 20 January 2022
Name
Geoffrey Okamoto
Citizenship
United States
Background
Senior U.S. Treasury Official, Bank Consultant
Gita Gopinath
Gita Gopinath
No.
11
Dates
21 January 2022 – 31 August 2025
Name
Gita Gopinath
Citizenship
United States
Background
Professor at Harvard University's Economics departmentChief Economist of IMF
Dan Katz
Dan Katz
No.
12
Dates
6 October 2025 - present
Name
Dan Katz
Citizenship
United States
Background
Senior U.S. Treasury Official, Banker
No.
Dates
Name
Citizenship
Background
1
9 February 1949 – 24 January 1952
Andrew Overby
United States
Banker, Senior U.S. Treasury Official
2
16 March 1953 – 31 October 1962
Merle Cochran
United States
Foreign Service Officer
3
1 November 1962 – 28 February 1974
Frank Southard
United States
Economist, Civil Servant
4
1 March 1974 – 31 May 1984
William Dale
United States
Civil Servant
5
1 June 1984 – 31 August 1994
Richard Erb
United States
Economist, White House Official
6
1 September 1994 – 31 August 2001
Stanley Fischer
Israel United States
Economist, Central Banker, Banker
7
1 September 2001 – 31 August 2006
Anne Kreuger
United States
Economist
8
17 July 2006 – 11 November 2011
John Lipsky
United States
Economist
9
1 September 2011 – 28 February 2020
David Lipton
United States
Economist, Senior U.S. Treasury Official
10
20 March 2020 – 20 January 2022
Geoffrey Okamoto
United States
Senior U.S. Treasury Official, Bank Consultant
11
21 January 2022 – 31 August 2025
Gita Gopinath
United States
Professor at Harvard University's Economics departmentChief Economist of IMF
12
6 October 2025 - present
Dan Katz
United States
Senior U.S. Treasury Official, Banker
· Personnel › Chief Economist › List of Chief Economists
Edward Bernstein
Edward Bernstein
Term
1
Dates
1946–1958
Name
Edward Bernstein
Citizenship
United States
Jacques Polak
Jacques Polak
Term
2
Dates
1958–1980
Name
Jacques Polak
Citizenship
Netherlands
William Hood
William Hood
Term
3
Dates
1980–1987
Name
William Hood
Citizenship
Canada
Jacob Frenkel
Jacob Frenkel
Term
4
Dates
1987–1991
Name
Jacob Frenkel
Citizenship
Israel
Michael Mussa
Michael Mussa
Term
5
Dates
August 1991 – 29 June 2001
Name
Michael Mussa
Citizenship
United States
Kenneth Rogoff
Kenneth Rogoff
Term
6
Dates
August 2001 – September 2003
Name
Kenneth Rogoff
Citizenship
United States
Raghuram Rajan
Raghuram Rajan
Term
7
Dates
September 2003 – January 2007
Name
Raghuram Rajan
Citizenship
India
Simon Johnson
Simon Johnson
Term
8
Dates
March 2007 – 31 August 2008
Name
Simon Johnson
Citizenship
United Kingdom United States
Olivier Blanchard
Olivier Blanchard
Term
9
Dates
1 September 2008 – 8 September 2015
Name
Olivier Blanchard
Citizenship
France
Maurice Obstfeld
Maurice Obstfeld
Term
10
Dates
8 September 2015 – 31 December 2018
Name
Maurice Obstfeld
Citizenship
United States
Gita Gopinath
Gita Gopinath
Term
11
Dates
1 January 2019 – 21 January 2022
Name
Gita Gopinath
Citizenship
United States
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
Term
12
Dates
24 January 2022 – present
Name
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
Citizenship
France
Term
Dates
Name
Citizenship
1
1946–1958
Edward Bernstein
United States
2
1958–1980
Jacques Polak
Netherlands
3
1980–1987
William Hood
Canada
4
1987–1991
Jacob Frenkel
Israel
5
August 1991 – 29 June 2001
Michael Mussa
United States
6
August 2001 – September 2003
Kenneth Rogoff
United States
7
September 2003 – January 2007
Raghuram Rajan
India
8
March 2007 – 31 August 2008
Simon Johnson
United Kingdom United States
9
1 September 2008 – 8 September 2015
Olivier Blanchard
France
10
8 September 2015 – 31 December 2018
Maurice Obstfeld
United States
11
1 January 2019 – 21 January 2022
Gita Gopinath
United States
12
24 January 2022 – present
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
France

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