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International Emergency Economic Powers Act

Updated: Wikipedia source

International Emergency Economic Powers Act

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), Title II of Pub. L. 95–223, 91 Stat. 1626, enacted December 28, 1977, is a United States federal law authorizing the president to regulate international commerce after declaring a national emergency in response to any unusual and extraordinary threat to the United States which has its source in whole or substantial part outside the United States. The act was signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 28, 1977.

Infobox

Long title
An Act with respect to the powers of the President in time of war or national emergency.
Acronyms (colloquial)
IEEPA
Enacted by
the 95th United States Congress
Effective
December 28, 1977
Public law
95-223
Statutes at Large
91 Stat. 1625
Titles amended
50 U.S.C.: War and National Defense
U.S.C. sections created
50 U.S.C. ch. 35 § 1701 et seq.

Tables

· List of emergencies › Current
1979
1979
Starting year
1979
Country/region
Iran
Executive order
12170
Basis of emergency
Iran hostage crisis
Effect
Blocks property of the government of Iran and its instrumentalities
1994
1994
Starting year
1994
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
12938
Basis of emergency
Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
Effect
Blocks property of persons that engage in or support proliferation
1995
1995
Starting year
1995
Country/region
Iran
Executive order
12957
Basis of emergency
Actions and policies of the government
Effect
Prohibits various forms of commerce involving Iran
1995
1995
Starting year
1995
Country/region
Middle East
Executive order
12947
Basis of emergency
Terrorist violence to disrupt the peace process
Effect
Blocks property of Specially Designated Terrorists committing or supporting such violence
1995
1995
Starting year
1995
Country/region
Colombia
Executive order
12978
Basis of emergency
Foreign narcotics traffic
Effect
Blocks property of traffickers and their material supporters
1997
1997
Starting year
1997
Country/region
Sudan
Executive order
13067
Basis of emergency
Actions and policies of the government
Effect
Blocks property of the Sudan government and prohibits US–Sudan trade generally
2001
2001
Starting year
2001
Country/region
Western Balkans
Executive order
13219
Basis of emergency
Extremist violence and actions that obstruct the Dayton Agreement or UNSC Resolution 1244
Effect
Blocks property of persons engaged in or providing support for such activities
2001
2001
Starting year
2001
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13222
Basis of emergency
Expiration of the Export Administration Act
Effect
Continues authority for all regulations previously authorized under the Act
2001
2001
Starting year
2001
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13224
Basis of emergency
Threat of terrorist attacks on the US and its nationals
Effect
Blocks property of Specially Designated Global Terrorists that commit, threaten to commit or support terrorism, including al-Qaeda
2003
2003
Starting year
2003
Country/region
Iraq
Executive order
13303
Basis of emergency
Obstacles to reconstruction
Effect
Blocks property of officials and associates of the Saddam Hussein government, and of persons undermining stabilization efforts with violence.
2006
2006
Starting year
2006
Country/region
Belarus
Executive order
13405
Basis of emergency
Actions and policies of members of the government
Effect
Blocks property of government officials and other persons involved in human rights abuses
2006
2006
Starting year
2006
Country/region
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Executive order
13413
Basis of emergency
Violence and atrocities that threaten regional stability
Effect
Blocks property of persons contributing to said violence
2007
2007
Starting year
2007
Country/region
Lebanon
Executive order
13441
Basis of emergency
Actions to undermine the government
Effect
Prohibits various forms of commerce involving persons engaged in such actions
2008
2008
Starting year
2008
Country/region
North Korea
Executive order
13466
Basis of emergency
Nuclear proliferation
Effect
Prohibits various forms of commerce involving North Korea and its nationals
2010
2010
Starting year
2010
Country/region
Somalia
Executive order
13536
Basis of emergency
Deterioration of the security situation
Effect
Blocks property of persons that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Somalia
2011
2011
Starting year
2011
Country/region
Libya
Executive order
13566
Basis of emergency
Extreme measures taken during the Libyan Civil War
Effect
Blocks property of officials and associates of the Muammar Gaddafi government
2011
2011
Starting year
2011
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13581
Basis of emergency
Activities of transnational criminal organizations
Effect
Blocks property of persons involved in such organizations
2012
2012
Starting year
2012
Country/region
Yemen
Executive order
13611
Basis of emergency
Actions and policies that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Yemen
Effect
Blocks property of persons engaged in such actions.
2014
2014
Starting year
2014
Country/region
Ukraine and Russia
Executive order
13660
Basis of emergency
Actions and policies of persons engaged in the Ukraine crisis
Effect
Blocks property of such persons.
2014
2014
Starting year
2014
Country/region
Central African Republic
Executive order
13667
Basis of emergency
Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
Effect
Blocks property of persons contributing to the conflict.
2014
2014
Starting year
2014
Country/region
South Sudan
Executive order
13664
Basis of emergency
Activities that threaten regional peace, security, or stability
Effect
Blocks property of persons engaged in such activities.
2015
2015
Starting year
2015
Country/region
Venezuela
Executive order
13692
Basis of emergency
Human rights violations
Effect
Blocks property of persons responsible for such violations.
2015
2015
Starting year
2015
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13694
Basis of emergency
Significant malicious cyber-enabled activities
Effect
Blocks property of persons responsible for or complicit in such activities.
2015
2015
Starting year
2015
Country/region
Burundi
Executive order
13712
Basis of emergency
2015 Burundian unrest
Effect
Blocks property of persons engaged in destabilizing activities.
2017
2017
Starting year
2017
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13818
Basis of emergency
Serious human rights abuse and corruption
Effect
Blocks property of designated persons engaged in such activities
2018
2018
Starting year
2018
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13848
Basis of emergency
Risk of foreign interference in US elections
Effect
Blocks property of foreign persons determined to have participated in such interference
2018
2018
Starting year
2018
Country/region
Nicaragua
Executive order
13851
Basis of emergency
Human rights abuses, destabilization and corruption under the Daniel Ortega government
Effect
Blocks property of persons engaged in such activities
2019
2019
Starting year
2019
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
13873
Basis of emergency
Vulnerabilities in information and communications technology and services
Effect
Prohibits transactions involving technology produced by a foreign adversary that pose a security risk
2019
2019
Starting year
2019
Country/region
Syria
Executive order
13894
Basis of emergency
Syrian Civil War
Effect
Blocks property of persons connected with the war-time actions of the Bashar al-Assad government or who obstruct the stabilization of Syria
2020
2020
Starting year
2020
Country/region
China
Executive order
13936
Basis of emergency
Actions that undermine the autonomy and institutions of Hong Kong
Effect
Blocks property of foreign persons connected with such actions
2020
2020
Starting year
2020
Country/region
China
Executive order
13959
Basis of emergency
Use of United States financial capital for military development and modernization
Effect
Prohibits transactions in securities of Chinese military companies
2021
2021
Starting year
2021
Country/region
Myanmar
Executive order
14014
Basis of emergency
2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Effect
Blocks property of foreign persons connected with the armed forces of Myanmar or repressive actions and policies
2021
2021
Starting year
2021
Country/region
Russia
Executive order
14024
Basis of emergency
Harmful foreign activities of the government, including activities that undermine the security and stability of the US and its allies
Effect
Blocks property of persons connected with such activities
2021
2021
Starting year
2021
Country/region
Ethiopia
Executive order
14046
Basis of emergency
Humanitarian crisis connected with the Tigray War
Effect
Blocks property and prohibits transactions with foreign persons contributing to the crisis
2021
2021
Starting year
2021
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
14059
Basis of emergency
Global illicit trade in opioids and other drugs
Effect
Blocks property of foreign persons engaged in the trade
2022
2022
Starting year
2022
Country/region
Afghanistan
Executive order
14064
Basis of emergency
Humanitarian crisis and claims involving victims of terrorist attacks
Effect
Seizes property of Da Afghanistan Bank
2022
2022
Starting year
2022
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
14078
Basis of emergency
Hostage-taking and wrongful detention of US nationals
Effect
Blocks property of foreign persons involved in such activities and prohibits their entry into the US
2023
2023
Starting year
2023
Country/region
China
Executive order
14105
Basis of emergency
Development of technologies and products to counter US national security capabilities
Effect
Prohibits investment transactions that contribute to such development
2025
2025
Starting year
2025
Country/region
Canada
Executive order
14193
Basis of emergency
Sustained influx of illicit opioids and other drugs at the Canada border
Effect
Imposes 25% tariffs on all imported goods, except 10% on energy products
2025
2025
Starting year
2025
Country/region
Mexico
Executive order
14194
Basis of emergency
Sustained influx of migrants and illicit opioids and other drugs at the Mexico border
Effect
Imposes 25% tariffs on all imported goods
2025
2025
Starting year
2025
Country/region
China
Executive order
14195
Basis of emergency
Sustained influx of illicit opioids and other drugs from China
Effect
Imposes 20% tariffs on all imported goods
2025
2025
Starting year
2025
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
14203
Basis of emergency
Investigations of US and Israeli personnel by the International Criminal Court
Effect
Blocks property of ICC representatives and prohibits their entry into the US
2025
2025
Starting year
2025
Country/region
Worldwide
Executive order
14256
Basis of emergency
Economic policies of US trading partners
Effect
Imposes additional 10% tariff on imported goods, with higher rates for particular countries and a number of exceptions
Starting year
Country/region
Executive order
Basis of emergency
Effect
1979
Iran
12170
Iran hostage crisis
Blocks property of the government of Iran and its instrumentalities
1994
Worldwide
12938
Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
Blocks property of persons that engage in or support proliferation
1995
Iran
12957
Actions and policies of the government
Prohibits various forms of commerce involving Iran
1995
Middle East
12947
Terrorist violence to disrupt the peace process
Blocks property of Specially Designated Terrorists committing or supporting such violence
1995
Colombia
12978
Foreign narcotics traffic
Blocks property of traffickers and their material supporters
1997
Sudan
13067
Actions and policies of the government
Blocks property of the Sudan government and prohibits US–Sudan trade generally
2001
Western Balkans
13219
Extremist violence and actions that obstruct the Dayton Agreement or UNSC Resolution 1244
Blocks property of persons engaged in or providing support for such activities
2001
Worldwide
13222
Expiration of the Export Administration Act
Continues authority for all regulations previously authorized under the Act
2001
Worldwide
13224
Threat of terrorist attacks on the US and its nationals
Blocks property of Specially Designated Global Terrorists that commit, threaten to commit or support terrorism, including al-Qaeda
2003
Iraq
13303
Obstacles to reconstruction
Blocks property of officials and associates of the Saddam Hussein government, and of persons undermining stabilization efforts with violence.
2006
Belarus
13405
Actions and policies of members of the government
Blocks property of government officials and other persons involved in human rights abuses
2006
Democratic Republic of the Congo
13413
Violence and atrocities that threaten regional stability
Blocks property of persons contributing to said violence
2007
Lebanon
13441
Actions to undermine the government
Prohibits various forms of commerce involving persons engaged in such actions
2008
North Korea
13466
Nuclear proliferation
Prohibits various forms of commerce involving North Korea and its nationals
2010
Somalia
13536
Deterioration of the security situation
Blocks property of persons that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Somalia
2011
Libya
13566
Extreme measures taken during the Libyan Civil War
Blocks property of officials and associates of the Muammar Gaddafi government
2011
Worldwide
13581
Activities of transnational criminal organizations
Blocks property of persons involved in such organizations
2012
Yemen
13611
Actions and policies that threaten the peace, security, or stability of Yemen
Blocks property of persons engaged in such actions.
2014
Ukraine and Russia
13660
Actions and policies of persons engaged in the Ukraine crisis
Blocks property of such persons.
2014
Central African Republic
13667
Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
Blocks property of persons contributing to the conflict.
2014
South Sudan
13664
Activities that threaten regional peace, security, or stability
Blocks property of persons engaged in such activities.
2015
Venezuela
13692
Human rights violations
Blocks property of persons responsible for such violations.
2015
Worldwide
13694
Significant malicious cyber-enabled activities
Blocks property of persons responsible for or complicit in such activities.
2015
Burundi
13712
2015 Burundian unrest
Blocks property of persons engaged in destabilizing activities.
2017
Worldwide
13818
Serious human rights abuse and corruption
Blocks property of designated persons engaged in such activities
2018
Worldwide
13848
Risk of foreign interference in US elections
Blocks property of foreign persons determined to have participated in such interference
2018
Nicaragua
13851
Human rights abuses, destabilization and corruption under the Daniel Ortega government
Blocks property of persons engaged in such activities
2019
Worldwide
13873
Vulnerabilities in information and communications technology and services
Prohibits transactions involving technology produced by a foreign adversary that pose a security risk
2019
Syria
13894
Syrian Civil War
Blocks property of persons connected with the war-time actions of the Bashar al-Assad government or who obstruct the stabilization of Syria
2020
China
13936
Actions that undermine the autonomy and institutions of Hong Kong
Blocks property of foreign persons connected with such actions
2020
China
13959
Use of United States financial capital for military development and modernization
Prohibits transactions in securities of Chinese military companies
2021
Myanmar
14014
2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Blocks property of foreign persons connected with the armed forces of Myanmar or repressive actions and policies
2021
Russia
14024
Harmful foreign activities of the government, including activities that undermine the security and stability of the US and its allies
Blocks property of persons connected with such activities
2021
Ethiopia
14046
Humanitarian crisis connected with the Tigray War
Blocks property and prohibits transactions with foreign persons contributing to the crisis
2021
Worldwide
14059
Global illicit trade in opioids and other drugs
Blocks property of foreign persons engaged in the trade
2022
Afghanistan
14064
Humanitarian crisis and claims involving victims of terrorist attacks
Seizes property of Da Afghanistan Bank
2022
Worldwide
14078
Hostage-taking and wrongful detention of US nationals
Blocks property of foreign persons involved in such activities and prohibits their entry into the US
2023
China
14105
Development of technologies and products to counter US national security capabilities
Prohibits investment transactions that contribute to such development
2025
Canada
14193
Sustained influx of illicit opioids and other drugs at the Canada border
Imposes 25% tariffs on all imported goods, except 10% on energy products
2025
Mexico
14194
Sustained influx of migrants and illicit opioids and other drugs at the Mexico border
Imposes 25% tariffs on all imported goods
2025
China
14195
Sustained influx of illicit opioids and other drugs from China
Imposes 20% tariffs on all imported goods
2025
Worldwide
14203
Investigations of US and Israeli personnel by the International Criminal Court
Blocks property of ICC representatives and prohibits their entry into the US
2025
Worldwide
14256
Economic policies of US trading partners
Imposes additional 10% tariff on imported goods, with higher rates for particular countries and a number of exceptions

References

  1. The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45618.pdf
  2. The American Presidency Project
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121121/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=7071
  3. 50 U.S. Code Chapter 35 – International Emergency Economic Powers| LII / Legal Information Institute. Law.cornell.edu. R
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/chapter-35
  4. 50 U.S.C. §1701(a)
  5. 50 U.S.C. §1702(a)(1)(B)
  6. 50 U.S.C. §1702(a)(1)(C)
  7. Congressional Research Service
    https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R45618.pdf
  8. 50 U.S. Code § 1702 - Presidential authorities – (b) Exceptions to grant of authority
  9. H. Rep. No. 95-459, at 7 (1977) "[the TWEA] has become essentially an unlimited grant of authority for the President to
  10. Executive Order 6102
  11. Executive Proclamation 2914, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=13684
    http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=13684
  12. S. Rep. No. 93-549, at 2 (1973), http://www.ncrepublic.org/images/lib/SenateReport93_549.pdf
    http://www.ncrepublic.org/images/lib/SenateReport93_549.pdf
  13. Executive Order 12170, 44 C.F.R. 65,729.
  14. Executive Order 12978, 60 C.F.R. 54,579 (1995) (blocking the assets of certain Colombian narcotics traffickers).
  15. § 2502(a) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, Pub. L. No. 100-418, 102 Stat. 1107 (1988)
  16. Checking the President's Sanctions Powers: A Proposal to Reform the International Emergency Economic Powers Act
    https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/policy-solutions/checking-presidents-sanctions-powers
  17. § 525 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995, Pub. L. No. 103-236, 108 Stat. 382 (1994)
  18. Executive Order 13224, Sec. 1(a), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2001-09-25/pdf/01-24205.pdf
    https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2001-09-25/pdf/01-24205.pdf
  19. KindHearts v. Geithner, 647 F. Supp. 2d 857, 866, ND Ohio 2009, https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10931539635
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10931539635102900344&hl=en&as_sdt=2,14&as_vis=1
  20. See e.g., id.
  21. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48469408
  22. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/24/world/europe/trump-g7-summit.html
  23. Jamestown Foundation
    https://jamestown.org/program/global-supply-chains-economic-decoupling-and-u-s-china-relations-part-1-the-view-from-the-united-states/
  24. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/11/politics/icc-executive-order/index.html
  25. "20 Civ. 8121 (KPF) - Opinion and Order"
    https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.545370/gov.uscourts.nysd.545370.56.0_1.pdf
  26. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56620915
  27. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/06/politics/trump-executive-order-tiktok/index.html
  28. Associated Press
    https://apnews.com/719d8c83f689929c9c9d8c9aa5593fc8
  29. "TIKTOK INC. and BYTEDANCE LTD. v. DONALD J. TRUMP, WILBUR L. ROSS, JR., and U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE"
    https://www.scribd.com/embeds/473491411/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-CyfxmtdGZkTuD9VH6U9T
  30. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2020/08/01/is-this-the-real-reason-why-trump-wants-to-ban-tiktok/#59e70e624aed
  31. NPR.org
    https://www.npr.org/2020/09/27/917452668/u-s-judge-halts-trumps-tiktok-ban-hours-before-it-was-set-to-start
  32. TikTok v. Trump
    https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.222257/gov.uscourts.dcd.222257.30.0_3.pdf
  33. "U.S. judge blocks Commerce Department order to remove WeChat from app stores"
    https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN26B0IU
  34. KindHearts v. Geithner, supra
  35. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cit.17080/gov.uscourts.cit.17080.55.0.pdf
    https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cit.17080/gov.uscourts.cit.17080.55.0.pdf
  36. "US Court of International Trade Strikes Down IEEPA Tariffs"
    https://www.bakerlaw.com/insights/us-court-of-international-trade-strikes-down-ieepa-tariffs/
  37. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-court-blocks-trumps-liberation-day-tariffs-2025-05-28/
  38. "US trade court rules Trump's sweeping global tariffs are unlawful"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/5/29/us-trade-court-rules-trumps-sweeping-global-tariffs-are-unlawful
  39. "Lawrence: 'Worldwide humiliation' for Trump as court rules his tariff 'madness' is unconstitutional"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLL9WulB6G4
  40. "Federal court strikes down Trump's tariffs on countries around the world"
    https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/28/federal-court-strikes-down-trumps-april-2-tariffs-00373843
  41. USDOJ: Office of the Pardon Attorney: Clemency Recipients. Justice.gov. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.
    https://www.justice.gov/pardon/clintonpardon_grants.htm
  42. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/25/nyregion/25tv.html
  43. www.justice.gov
    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/credit-suisse-agrees-forfeit-536-million-connection-violations-international-emergency
  44. US Department of Justice
    https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/uae-company-admits-north-korean-sanctions-violations-and-defrauding-us-goverment-agrees
  45. U.S. Treasury, Office of Foreign Asset Control, Sanctions Programs and Country Information http://www.treasury.gov/resou
    http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/Programs.aspx
  46. Originally declared against Turkey for its involvement in the war; repurposed in 2025
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