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Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

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Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

The Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, also known as the third Indo-Pakistani war, was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dhaka on 16 December 1971. The war began with Pakistan's Operation Chengiz Khan, consisting of preemptive aerial strikes on eight Indian air stations. The strikes led to India declaring war on Pakistan, marking their entry into the war for East Pakistan's independence, on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. India's entry expanded the existing conflict with Indian and Pakistani forces engaging on both the eastern and western fronts. Thirteen days after the war started, India achieved a clear upper hand, and the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military signed the instrument of surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. Approximately 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by the Indian Army, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or collaborators (Razakars). It is estimated that members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh. As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek refuge in India. During the war, members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist militias called the Razakars raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape.

Infobox

Date
3–16 December 1971(1 week and 6 days)
Location
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Result
Indian victoryEastern front: Surrender of East Pakistan military commandWestern front:Ceasefire agreement
Territorialchanges
Eastern Front: East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front: Indian forces captured around 15,010 km2 (5,795 sq mi) of land in the West but returned it in the 1972 Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill. India retained 883 km2 (341.1 sq mi) of the gained territory in Jammu and Kashmir while Pakistan retained 150 km2 (59 sq mi) territory

Tables

· Overview › Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command
Pakistan Army
Pakistan Army
Inter-service branch
Pakistan Army
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
54,154
Officer commanding
Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi
Pakistan Navy/Pakistan Marines
Pakistan Navy/Pakistan Marines
Inter-service branch
Pakistan Navy/Pakistan Marines
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
1,381
Officer commanding
Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff
Pakistan Air Force
Pakistan Air Force
Inter-service branch
Pakistan Air Force
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
833
Officer commanding
Air Commodore Inamul Haq
Paramilitary (East Pakistan Rifles/Police)
Paramilitary (East Pakistan Rifles/Police)
Inter-service branch
Paramilitary (East Pakistan Rifles/Police)
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
22,000
Officer commanding
Major-General Rao Farman Ali
Civil government personnel
Civil government personnel
Inter-service branch
Civil government personnel
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
12,000
Officer commanding
Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik
Total:
Total:
Inter-service branch
Total:
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
90,368
Officer commanding
~
Inter-service branch
Number of captured Pakistani POWs
Officer commanding
Pakistan Army
54,154
Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi
Pakistan Navy/Pakistan Marines
1,381
Rear-Admiral Mohammad Shariff
Pakistan Air Force
833
Air Commodore Inamul Haq
Paramilitary (East Pakistan Rifles/Police)
22,000
Major-General Rao Farman Ali
Civil government personnel
12,000
Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik
Total:
90,368
~
· Military awards › Gallantry awards › India
Albert Ekka (Posthumously)
Albert Ekka (Posthumously)
Rank
Lance Naik
Name
Albert Ekka (Posthumously)
Unit
14 Guards
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (Posthumously)
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (Posthumously)
Rank
Flying Officer
Name
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (Posthumously)
Unit
No. 18 Squadron IAF
Hoshiar Singh
Hoshiar Singh
Rank
Major
Name
Hoshiar Singh
Unit
3 Grenadiers
Arun Khetarpal (Posthumously)
Arun Khetarpal (Posthumously)
Rank
Second Lieutenant
Name
Arun Khetarpal (Posthumously)
Unit
17th Horse (Poona Horse)
Rank
Name
Unit
References
Lance Naik
Albert Ekka (Posthumously)
14 Guards
Flying Officer
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon (Posthumously)
No. 18 Squadron IAF
Major
Hoshiar Singh
3 Grenadiers
Second Lieutenant
Arun Khetarpal (Posthumously)
17th Horse (Poona Horse)
· Military awards › Gallantry awards › Pakistan
Muhammad Akram (Posthumously)
Muhammad Akram (Posthumously)
Rank
Major
Name
Muhammad Akram (Posthumously)
Unit
4 Frontier Force Regiment
Rashid Minhas (Posthumously)
Rashid Minhas (Posthumously)
Rank
Pilot Officer
Name
Rashid Minhas (Posthumously)
Unit
No. 2 Squadron PAF
Shabbir Sharif (Posthumously)
Shabbir Sharif (Posthumously)
Rank
Major
Name
Shabbir Sharif (Posthumously)
Unit
6 Frontier Force Regiment
Muhammad Hussain (Posthumously)
Muhammad Hussain (Posthumously)
Rank
Sowar
Name
Muhammad Hussain (Posthumously)
Unit
20th Lancers
Muhammad Mahfuz (Posthumously)
Muhammad Mahfuz (Posthumously)
Rank
Lance Naik
Name
Muhammad Mahfuz (Posthumously)
Unit
15 Punjab
Rank
Name
Unit
References
Major
Muhammad Akram (Posthumously)
4 Frontier Force Regiment
Pilot Officer
Rashid Minhas (Posthumously)
No. 2 Squadron PAF
Major
Shabbir Sharif (Posthumously)
6 Frontier Force Regiment
Sowar
Muhammad Hussain (Posthumously)
20th Lancers
Lance Naik
Muhammad Mahfuz (Posthumously)
15 Punjab

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