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Indira Gandhi

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Indira Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and stateswoman who served as the prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984. She was India's first and only female prime minister as of 2025, and a central figure in Indian politics as the leader of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, and the mother of Rajiv Gandhi, who succeeded her as prime minister. Her cumulative tenure of 15 years and 350 days makes her the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father. During her father Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership from 1947 to 1964, Gandhi was his hostess and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. In 1959, she played a part in the dissolution of the communist-led Kerala state government as then-president of the Indian National Congress, otherwise a ceremonial position to which she was elected earlier that year. Lal Bahadur Shastri, who had succeeded Nehru as prime minister upon his death in 1964, appointed her minister of information and broadcasting in his government; the same year she was elected to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. After Shastri's sudden death in January 1966, Gandhi defeated her rival, Morarji Desai, in the INC's parliamentary leadership election to become leader and also succeeded Shastri as prime minister. She was the world's second female prime minister after Sirimavo Bandaranaike when she became prime minister of India. She led the Congress to victory in two subsequent elections, starting with the 1967 general election, in which she was first elected to the lower house of the Indian parliament, the Lok Sabha. In 1971, her party secured its first landslide victory since her father's sweep in 1962, focusing on issues such as poverty. But following the nationwide state of emergency she implemented, she faced massive anti-incumbency sentiment causing the INC to lose the 1977 election, which was the first time this happened in the history of India. She even lost her own parliamentary constituency. However, due to her portrayal as a strong leader and the weak governance of the Janata Party, her party won the next election by a landslide and she returned to the premiership. As prime minister, Gandhi was known for her uncompromising political stances and centralisation of power within the executive branch. In 1967, she headed a military conflict with China in which India repelled Chinese incursions into the Himalayas. In 1971, she went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the independence of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the sole regional power in South Asia. Another military operation against Pakistan, codenamed Operation Meghdoot, occurred during her tenure in 1984, which led to India expanding the territory it effectively controlled in the disputed Kashmir region. Gandhi also played a crucial role in initiating India's first successful nuclear weapon test in 1974. Her rule saw India grow closer to the Soviet Union by signing a friendship treaty in 1971 to ward off perceived geopolitical threat as a result of the U.S. warming up to China. India received military, financial, and diplomatic support from the Soviet Union during its conflict with Pakistan in the same year. Though India was at the forefront of the Non-Aligned Movement, Gandhi made it one of the Soviet Union's closest allies in Asia, each often supporting the other in proxy wars and at the United Nations. Responding to separatist tendencies and a call for revolution, she instituted a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977, during which she ruled by decree and basic civil liberties were suspended. More than 100,000 political opponents, journalists and dissenters were imprisoned. She faced the growing Sikh separatism movement throughout her fourth premiership; in response, she ordered Operation Blue Star, which involved military action in the Golden Temple and killed hundreds of Sikhs. On 31 October 1984, she was assassinated by two of her bodyguards, both of whom were Sikh nationalists seeking retribution for the events at the temple. Gandhi is remembered as one of the most powerful women in the world. Her supporters cite her leadership during victories over geopolitical rivals China and Pakistan, the Green Revolution, a growing economy in the early 1980s, and her anti-poverty campaign that led her to be known as "Mother Indira" (a pun on Mother India) among the country's poor and rural classes. Henry Kissinger described her as an "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her tough personality. Critics note her cult of personality and authoritarian rule of India during the Emergency. In 1999, she was named "Woman of the Millennium" in an online poll organised by the BBC. In 2020, she was named by Time magazine among the 100 women who defined the past century as counterparts to the magazine's previous choices for Man of the Year.

Infobox

President
Sarvepalli RadhakrishnanZakir Husain[Note 1]V. V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed[Note 2]
Vice President
mw- Zakir Husain V. V. Giri Gopal Swarup Pathak B. D. Jatti
Preceded by
Baijnath Kureel
Succeeded by
Raj Narain
Deputy
Morarji Desai (13 March 1967 – 16 July 1969)
Prime Minister
Lal Bahadur ShastriGulzarilal Nanda (interim)
Constituency
Uttar Pradesh
Born
Indira Nehru(1917-11-19)19 November 1917Allahabad, Agra and Oudh, India
Died
31 October 1984(1984-10-31) (aged 66)New Delhi, India
Manner of death
Assassination
Political party
Indian National Congress (1938–1969)Congress (R) (1969–1978)Congress (I) (1978–1984)
Spouse
mw- Feroze Gandhi (m. 1942; died 1960)
Children
Rajiv GandhiSanjay Gandhi
Parents
Jawaharlal Nehru (father)Kamala Nehru (mother)
Relatives
Nehru–Gandhi family
Education
Visva-Bharati University (dropped out) Somerville College, Oxford (dropped out)
Occupation
Politician
Awards
See below
Party
Indian National Congress (Indira) (1978-1984)Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) (1969–1978)Congress (1938–1969)

Tables

· Electoral history › Parliament: Lok Sabha
1967
1967
Year
1967
Constituency
Rae Bareli
Party
INC
Votes
143,602
%
55.19
Opponent
B. C. Seth
Opponent Party
IND
Opponent Votes
51,899
%
19.95
Result
Won
Margin
91,703
%
35.24
1971
1971
Year
1971
Party
INC(R)
Party
183,309
Votes
66.35
%
Raj Narain
Opponent Party
SSP
Opponent Party
71,499
Opponent Votes
25.88
%
Won
Result
111,810
Margin
40.47
1977
1977
Year
1977
Constituency
122,517
Party
36.89
Votes
JP
%
177,719
Opponent
53.51
Opponent Party
Lost
Opponent Party
-55,202
Opponent Votes
-16.62
1978
1978
Year
1978
Constituency
Chikmagalur(by-election)
Party
INC(I)
Votes
249,376
%
55.72
Opponent
Veerendra Patil
Opponent Party
172,043
Opponent Party
38.44
Opponent Votes
Won
%
77,333
Result
17.28
1980
1980
Year
1980
Constituency
Rae Bareli
Party
223,903
Party
58.27
Votes
Vijayaraje Scindia
%
50,249
Opponent
12.55
Opponent Party
Won
Opponent Party
173,654
Opponent Votes
45.72
Medak
Medak
Year
Medak
Constituency
301,577
Party
67.93
Party
S. Jaipal Reddy
Votes
82,453
%
18.57
Opponent
Won
Opponent Party
219,124
Opponent Party
49.36
Year
Constituency
Party
Votes
%
Opponent
Opponent Party
Opponent Votes
%
Result
Margin
%
1967
Rae Bareli
INC
143,602
55.19
B. C. Seth
IND
51,899
19.95
Won
91,703
35.24
1971
INC(R)
183,309
66.35
Raj Narain
SSP
71,499
25.88
Won
111,810
40.47
1977
122,517
36.89
JP
177,719
53.51
Lost
-55,202
-16.62
1978
Chikmagalur(by-election)
INC(I)
249,376
55.72
Veerendra Patil
172,043
38.44
Won
77,333
17.28
1980
Rae Bareli
223,903
58.27
Vijayaraje Scindia
50,249
12.55
Won
173,654
45.72
Medak
301,577
67.93
S. Jaipal Reddy
82,453
18.57
Won
219,124
49.36
· Electoral history › Rajya Sabha
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha(1st Term)
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha(1st Term)
Position
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha(1st Term)
Party
INC
Constituency
Uttar Pradesh
From
26 August1964
To
23 February1967
Tenure
2 years, 181 days
Position
Party
Constituency
From
To
Tenure
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha(1st Term)
INC
Uttar Pradesh
26 August1964
23 February1967
2 years, 181 days

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