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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the peoples who are native to the Americas or the Western Hemisphere. Their ancestors are among the pre-Columbian population of South or North America, including Central America and the Caribbean. Indigenous peoples live throughout the Americas. While often minorities in their countries, Indigenous peoples are the majority in Greenland and close to a majority in Bolivia and Guatemala. There are at least 1,000 different Indigenous languages of the Americas. Some languages, including Quechua, Arawak, Aymara, Guaraní, Nahuatl, and some Mayan languages, have millions of speakers and are recognized as official by governments in Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, and Greenland. Indigenous peoples, whether residing in rural or urban areas, often maintain aspects of their cultural practices, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Over time, these cultures have evolved, preserving traditional customs while adapting to modern needs. Some Indigenous groups remain relatively isolated from Western culture, with some still classified as uncontacted peoples. The Americas also host millions of individuals of mixed Indigenous, European, and sometimes African or Asian descent, historically referred to as mestizos in Spanish-speaking countries. In many Latin American nations, people of partial Indigenous descent constitute a majority or significant portion of the population, particularly in Central America, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and Paraguay. Mestizos outnumber Indigenous peoples in most Spanish-speaking countries, according to estimates of ethnic cultural identification. However, since Indigenous communities in the Americas are defined by cultural identification and kinship rather than ancestry or race, mestizos are typically not counted among the Indigenous population unless they speak an Indigenous language or identify with a specific Indigenous culture. Additionally, many individuals of wholly Indigenous descent who do not follow Indigenous traditions or speak an Indigenous language have been classified or self-identified as mestizo due to assimilation into the dominant Hispanic culture. In recent years, the self-identified Indigenous population in many countries has increased as individuals reclaim their heritage amid rising Indigenous-led movements for self-determination and social justice. In past centuries, Indigenous peoples had diverse societal, governmental, and subsistence systems. Some Indigenous peoples were historically hunter-gatherers, while others practiced agriculture and aquaculture. Various Indigenous societies developed complex social structures, including precontact monumental architecture, organized cities, city-states, chiefdoms, states, monarchies, republics, confederacies, and empires. These societies possessed varying levels of knowledge in fields such as engineering, architecture, mathematics, astronomy, writing, physics, medicine, agriculture, irrigation, geology, mining, metallurgy, art, sculpture, and goldsmithing.

Infobox

Mexico
11,800,247 – 23,229,089 (2020)
United States
3,727,135 – 9,666,058 (2020)
Guatemala
6,471,670 (2018)
Peru
5,972,606 (2017)
Bolivia
4,277,316 (2024)
Chile
2,176,393 (2017)
Colombia
1,905,617 (2018)
Canada
1,807,250 (2021)
Brazil
1,693,535 (2022)
Argentina
1,306,730 (2022)
Ecuador
1,301,887 (2022)
Venezuela
724,592 (2011)
Panama
698,114 (2023)
Honduras
601,019 (2013)
Nicaragua
443,847 (2005)
Paraguay
140,039 (2022)
Costa Rica
104,143 (2011)
Guyana
78,492 (2012)
Uruguay
76,452 (2011)
El Salvador
68,148 (2024)
Greenland
50,189 (2020)
Belize
36,507 (2010)
Suriname
20,344 (2012)
Puerto Rico
19,839 (2010)
French Guiana
19,000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3,280 (2012)
Dominica
2,576 (2011)
Trinidad and Tobago
1,394 (2011)
Saint Lucia
951 (2010)
Antigua and Barbuda
327 (2011)
Grenada
162 (2011)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8 (2011)

Tables

Indigenous populations of the Americasas estimated percentage of total country or territory's population · Demography
Greenland
Greenland
Country or Territory
Greenland
Indigenous
89%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
89%
Canada
Canada
Country or Territory
Canada
Indigenous
1.8%
Part Indigenous
3.6%
Combined total
5.4%
Mexico
Mexico
Country or Territory
Mexico
Indigenous
7%
Part Indigenous
83%
Combined total
90%
United States
United States
Country or Territory
United States
Indigenous
1.1%
Part Indigenous
>1.8%
Combined total
>2.9%
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
Country or Territory
Dominican Republic
Indigenous
%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Grenada
Grenada
Country or Territory
Grenada
Indigenous
~0.4%
Part Indigenous
~0%
Combined total
~0.4%
Guatemala
Guatemala
Country or Territory
Guatemala
Indigenous
43.4%
Part Indigenous
56%
Combined total
99.4%
Haiti
Haiti
Country or Territory
Haiti
Indigenous
%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Jamaica
Jamaica
Country or Territory
Jamaica
Indigenous
%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Country or Territory
Puerto Rico
Indigenous
0.4%
Part Indigenous
84%
Combined total
84.4%
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Country or Territory
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Indigenous
%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
Country or Territory
Saint Lucia
Indigenous
%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Country or Territory
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Indigenous
2%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Country or Territory
Trinidad and Tobago
Indigenous
0.1%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Argentina
Argentina
Country or Territory
Argentina
Indigenous
2.83%
Part Indigenous
27%
Combined total
29.38%
Bolivia
Bolivia
Country or Territory
Bolivia
Indigenous
20%
Part Indigenous
68%
Combined total
88%
Brazil
Brazil
Country or Territory
Brazil
Indigenous
0.8%
Part Indigenous
12%
Combined total
12.4%
Chile
Chile
Country or Territory
Chile
Indigenous
10.9%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Colombia
Colombia
Country or Territory
Colombia
Indigenous
9.5%
Part Indigenous
50.3%
Combined total
59.8%
Ecuador
Ecuador
Country or Territory
Ecuador
Indigenous
25%
Part Indigenous
65%
Combined total
90%
French Guiana
French Guiana
Country or Territory
French Guiana
Indigenous
5%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
5%
Guyana
Guyana
Country or Territory
Guyana
Indigenous
10.5%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Paraguay
Paraguay
Country or Territory
Paraguay
Indigenous
1.7%
Part Indigenous
95%
Combined total
96.7%
Peru
Peru
Country or Territory
Peru
Indigenous
25.8%
Part Indigenous
60.2%
Combined total
86%
Suriname
Suriname
Country or Territory
Suriname
Indigenous
2%
Part Indigenous
%
Combined total
%
Uruguay
Uruguay
Country or Territory
Uruguay
Part Indigenous
6.4 %
Combined total
6.4 %
Venezuela
Venezuela
Country or Territory
Venezuela
Indigenous
2.7%
Part Indigenous
51.6%
Combined total
54.3%
Belize
Belize
Country or Territory
Belize
Indigenous
11.3%
Country or Territory
Indigenous
Ref.
Part Indigenous
Ref.
Combined total
Ref.
Greenland
89%
%
89%
Canada
1.8%
3.6%
5.4%
Mexico
7%
83%
90%
United States
1.1%
>1.8%
>2.9%
Dominican Republic
%
%
%
Grenada
~0.4%
~0%
~0.4%
Guatemala
43.4%
56%
99.4%
Haiti
%
%
%
Jamaica
%
%
%
Puerto Rico
0.4%
84%
84.4%
Saint Kitts and Nevis
%
%
%
Saint Lucia
%
%
%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2%
%
%
Trinidad and Tobago
0.1%
%
%
Argentina
2.83%
27%
29.38%
Bolivia
20%
68%
88%
Brazil
0.8%
12%
12.4%
Chile
10.9%
%
%
Colombia
9.5%
50.3%
59.8%
Ecuador
25%
65%
90%
French Guiana
5%
%
5%
Guyana
10.5%
%
%
Paraguay
1.7%
95%
96.7%
Peru
25.8%
60.2%
86%
Suriname
2%
%
%
Uruguay
6.4 %
6.4 %
Venezuela
2.7%
51.6%
54.3%
Belize
11.3%

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