Topzle Topzle

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Updated: Wikipedia source

Indian Rebellion of 1857

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Delhi. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a military threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. The name of the revolt is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence. The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, and scepticism about British claims that their rule offered material improvement to the Indian economy. Many Indians rose against the British; however, many also fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule. Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides: on British officers and civilians, including women and children, by the rebels, and on the rebels and their supporters, including sometimes entire villages, by British reprisals; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation. After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was declared the Emperor of Hindustan. Soon, the rebels had captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh (Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September. However, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside. Other regions of Company-controlled India—Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency, remained largely calm. In the Punjab, the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the Governor-General Lord Canning's words, as "breakwaters in a storm". In some regions, most notably in Awadh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against British oppression. However, the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system. Even so, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian and British Empire history. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through passage of the Government of India Act 1858. India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj. On 1 November 1858, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians, which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision, promised rights similar to those of other British subjects. In the following decades, when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming, Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism.

Infobox

Date
10 May 1857 (1857-05-10) – 1 November 1858 (1858-11-01)(1 year and 6 months)
Location
India
Result
British victory
Territorialchanges
Some princely states annexed into British India. Other princely states retain their dominions and autonomy.

Tables

· External links
Preceded bySecond Anglo-Sikh War
Indo-British conflicts
Succeeded byHindu German Conspiracy

References

  1. "It has been roughly estimated that 6,000 of the approximately 40,000 Europeans then in India were killed." White or Bri
  2. "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India."
  3. "The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India."
  4. Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India, recent scholarsh
  5. "What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat t
  6. "The events of 1857–58 in India (are) known variously as a mutiny, a revolt, a rebellion and the first war of independen
  7. "Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and
  8. "Many Indians took up arms against the British, if for very diverse reasons. On the other hand, a very large number actu
  9. The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated
  10. "The south, Bengal, and the Punjab remained unscathed, ..."
  11. "... it was the support from the Sikhs, carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo-Sikh wars, and th
  12. "(they) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order."
  13. "The events of 1857–58 in India, ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of Briti
  14. "Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framewor
  15. The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by Queen Victoria on 1 November 1858. "We hold ou
  16. "When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858, she (Queen Victoria) and
  17. "In purely legal terms, (the proclamation) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold ou
  18. "Ignoring ...the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858, Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Ind
  19. Units of the Army of the Madras Presidency wore blue rather than black shakoes or forage caps
  20. The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated
  21. Indo-Nepalese Relations: (1858–1914)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=O0aOlkayZnQC
  22. Peers 2013, p. 64.
  23. Women's History Review
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020000200242
  24. Marshall 2007, p. 197
  25. David 2003, p. 9
  26. Bose & Jalal 2004, pp. 72–73
  27. The other empire: Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eXPLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195
  28. The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=f5OzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3
  29. Bayly 1987, p. 170
  30. Bandyopadhyay 2004, pp. 169–172, Brown 1994, pp. 85–87, and Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 100–106
  31. A Companion to 19th-Century Britain
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7pcMC7ANpmoC&pg=PA63
  32. Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 100–103.
  33. Brown 1994, pp. 85–86.
  34. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PA50
  35. Spear 1990, pp. 147–148
  36. Bandyopadhyay 2004, p. 177, Bayly 2000, p. 357
  37. Brown 1994, p. 94
  38. Bandyopadhyay 2004, p. 179
  39. Bayly 1987, pp. 194–197
  40. The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23
  41. Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39
  42. Peers 2013, p. 76.
  43. Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85
  44. Sourcebooks.fordham.edu
    https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/india/1617englandindies.asp
  45. The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company
  46. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
  47. The Hindu
    http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232391.ece
  48. Ludden 2002, p. 133
  49. The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWlNDwAAQBAJ&dq=kim+a+wagner+rajput+Bhumihar&pg=PA18
  50. The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab
  51. Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 61
  52. Past & Present
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F58.1.136
  53. Brown 1994, p. 88
  54. Metcalf 1964, p. 48
  55. Bandyopadhyay 2004, p. 171, Bose & Jalal 2004, pp. 70–72
  56. Philip Mason, A Matter of Honour – an Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men, ISBN 0-333-41837-9
  57. Essential histories, The Indian Rebellion 1857–1858, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 25.
  58. From Sepoy to Subedar – Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, a Native Officer of the Bengal Army, edited b
  59. Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914
  60. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
  61. The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
  62. Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire
  63. Hibbert 1980, p. 63.
  64. David 2003, p. 54.
  65. Bose & Jalal 2004, p. 73.
  66. Metcalf 1964, p. 299.
  67. Bandyopadhyay 2004, pp. 172–173.
  68. Bose & Jalal 2004, pp. 72–73.
  69. Bandyopadhyay 2004, p. 172.
  70. Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 102.
  71. Bose & Jalal 2004, p. 72.
  72. Metcalf 1964, pp. 63–64.
  73. Bandyopadhyay 2004, p. 173.
  74. Brown 1994, p. 92.
  75. Plots of Opportunity: Representing Conspiracy in Victorian England
  76. The Political Quarterly
    https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.71.s1.4
  77. Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R. K. Webb
  78. Bayly, C. A. (1996). *Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870*. Camb
  79. Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 80.
  80. Bayly, C. A. (2012). *The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914*. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 158.
  81. The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857
  82. Postcolonial Studies @ Emory
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130114213449/http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Mutiny.html
  83. The Indian Army
  84. Uprising of 1857: Some Facts about Failure of Indian war of Independence
    https://books.google.com/books?id=LohCEAAAQBAJ&dq=three+fourths+muslims+cavalry&pg=PA158
  85. Seema Alavi, The Sepoys and the Company (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 5.
  86. David 2003, p. 24.
  87. Memorandum from Lieutenant-Colonel W. St. L. Mitchell (CO of the 19th BNI) to Major A. H. Ross about his troop's refusal
    http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/history/primarydocs/War%20of%201857/Indian%20Mutiny--Ch1/letter%2031.htm
  88. David 2003, p. 69
  89. "The Indian Mutiny of 1857", Col. G. B. Malleson, reprint 2005, Rupa & Co. Publishers, New Delhi.
  90. Durendra Nath Sen, p. 50 Eighteen Fifty-Seven, The Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govern
  91. The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
  92. Hibbert 1980, pp. 73–75
  93. Defence Journal: Volume 5, Issues 9–12
    https://books.google.com/books?id=1KPfAAAAMAAJ&q=3rd+regiment+cavalry+mainly+muslims
  94. David 2003, p. 93
  95. Hibbert 1980, pp. 80–85
  96. Sir John Kaye & G. B. Malleson: The Indian Mutiny of 1857, (Delhi: Rupa & Co.) reprint 2005, p. 49.
  97. Eighteen Fifty-Seven
  98. Hibbert 1980, pp. 98–101
  99. Hibbert 1980, pp. 93–95
  100. Dalrymple 2006, p. 223–224.
  101. Hibbert 1980, pp. 152–163
  102. Battles of the Indian Mutiny
    https://archive.org/details/battlesofindianm0000edwa/page/53/mode/1up
  103. Harris 2001
  104. Indian Army Uniforms under the British – Infantry, W. Y. Carman, Morgan-Grampian Books 1969, p. 107.
  105. Defencejournal.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080124041847/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/august/sepoy.htm
  106. orbat.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110614075639/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/india/bengalarmy1857.html
  107. "Lessons from 1857"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071024030853/http://www.newstodaynet.com/guest/210607gu1.htm
  108. "The Indian Army: 1765–1914"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071122162904/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1765c.html
  109. David 2003, p. 19
  110. Dalrymple 2006, p. 23
  111. Partisans of Allah
    https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes
  112. Partisans of Allah
    https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes
  113. Partisans of Allah
    https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes
  114. Partisans of Allah
    https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes
  115. Partisans of Allah
    https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes
  116. Partisans of Allah
    https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes
  117. Zachary Nunn. The British Raj Archived 13 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.drake.edu/artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/2001/nunn.html
  118. The Land of Five Rivers: An Economic History of the Punjab from Earliest Times to the Year of Grace 1890
  119. Harris 2001, p. 57
  120. The Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 34.
  121. The peasant armed: the Indian revolt of 1857
  122. Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 9
    https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_056.gif
  123. Hayat Karam Husain
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852404214
  124. God's Acre. The Hindu Metro Plus Delhi. 28 October 2006.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224222/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/28/stories/2006102801590100.htm
  125. essential histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 40.
  126. History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I
  127. Dalrymple 2006, p. 400
  128. Revenge and Reconciliation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA175
  129. The story of Cawnpore: The Indian Mutiny 1857, Capt. Mowbray Thomson, Brighton, Tom Donovan, 1859, pp. 148–159.
  130. Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 49.
  131. S&T magazine No. 121 (September 1998), p. 56.
  132. Hibbert 1980, p. 191
  133. A History of the Indian Mutiny by G. W. Forrest, London, William Blackwood, 1904.
  134. Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny. Longman's, London, 1896. Footnote, p. 257.
  135. David 2003, p. 250
  136. Harris 2001, p. 92
  137. Harris 2001, p. 95
  138. Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 53.
  139. S&T magazine No. 121 (September 1998), p. 58.
  140. J. W. Sherer, Daily Life during the Indian Mutiny, 1858, p. 56.
  141. Andrew Ward, Our bones are scattered – The Cawnpore massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857, John Murray, 1996.
  142. Ramson, Martin & Ramson, Edward, The Indian Empire, 1858.
  143. The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopaedia of British Military
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54778450
  144. Hibbert 1980, pp. 358, 428
  145. Indo-Nepal trade relations: a historical analysis of Nepal's trade with the British India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=o_oVAQAAMAAJ
  146. Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 79.
  147. Lachmi Bai Rani of Jhansi, the Jeanne d'Arc of India (1901), White, Michael (Michael Alfred Edwin), 1866, New York: J.F.
  148. A history of the Sepoy war in India, 1857–1858
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AIABAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA346
  149. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140459
  150. The revolt in Hindustan 1857–59
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hcVGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76
  151. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139859
  152. Indian Mutiny. Brief Narrative of the Defence of the Arrah Garrison
  153. John Sergeant's Tracks of Empire, BBC4 programme.
  154. Two months in Arrah in 1857
  155. "Supplement to The London Gazette, October 13, 1857"
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22050/page/3422
  156. A turning point in the Indian mutiny
  157. The Sepoy Revolt. A Critical Narrative
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pryl7f3SZ14C
  158. John Cassell's Illustrated history of England – William Howitt, John Cassell
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA449
  159. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145679
  160. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143953
  161. Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier
  162. The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857
  163. Hibbert 1980, p. 163.
  164. The Times of India
    http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms
  165. Banglapedia
    https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_City
  166. "Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857"
    http://www.thedailystar.net/revisiting-the-great-rebellion-of-1857-33161
  167. Gujarat in 1857
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wps5AQAAIAAJ
  168. Shaping Of Modern Gujarat
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC&pg=PT108
  169. History of Gujarát
    http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm#n433.1src
  170. Sambalpur
    https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.17049
  171. Journal of National Development
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385600493
  172. archaeokanpur.org
    https://archaeokanpur.org/pdf/Volume_9_July_December_2022/1857_PASSIONATE_HEROIC_STORIES_OF_CHAUDHARY_MOHAR_SINGH_AND_HIS_COMPANIONS_OF_MUZAFFARNAGAR.pdf
  173. Zee-Up-Uttarakhand
    https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/shamli-know-who-is-chaudhary-mohar-singh-british-afraid-kept-dead-body-hanging-on-tree-for-three-days/1300945
  174. ABP News
    https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-shamli-story-of-revolutionary-mohar-singh-ann-2190964
  175. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
  176. Straits Times, 23 August 1857.
  177. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086538308582635
  178. A Comprehensive History of India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC&pg=PA118
  179. Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914
    https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C&pg=PA39
  180. Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914 Richard Holmes HarperCollins 2005.
  181. Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914
  182. Spectre of Violence: The 1857 Kanpur Massacre
  183. Crf-usa.org
    https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-18-2-a-the-great-rebellion-of-1857-in-india
  184. "Shahjahanabad, 1857"
    https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/45964/shahjahanabad-1857
  185. Citizenthought.net
    https://www.citizenthought.net/Indian_Mutiny.html
  186. "Scottish historian reflects on horrors of 1857 uprising"
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/scottish-historian-reflects-on-horrors-of-1857-uprising/articleshow/61990784.cms
  187. "The Indian Mutiny and Civil War 1857–58"
    https://www.citizenthought.net/Indian_Mutiny.html
  188. The History of the Indian Mutiny
    https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tuZCAAAAcAAJ
  189. Justice for India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=2iVcAAAAQAAJ
  190. Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kiE9ie0hi8IC&pg=PA92
  191. Punch, 24 October 1857.
  192. War of No Pity: The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma
  193. Dalrymple 2006, p. 374.
  194. Dalrymple 2006, p. 4-5.
  195. Dalrymple 2006
  196. The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination
  197. The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947
  198. Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism
  199. David 2003, pp. 220–222
  200. The Friend of India reprinted in South Australian Advertiser, 2 October 1860.
  201. David 2003, pp. 257–258.
  202. Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain
  203. Fiction as History: The Novel and the City in Modern North India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VdehDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22
  204. Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 103
  205. Rajit K. Mazumder, The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab. (Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003), 11.
  206. The Boxers, China, and the World
  207. W. Y. Carman, p. 107 Indian Army Uniforms – Infantry, Morgan-Grampian London 1969.
  208. Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859.
  209. "Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837". p. 60.
  210. First Indian War of Independence Archived 25 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine 8 January 1998.
    http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/1857.htm
  211. A number of dispossessed dynasts, both Hindu and Muslim, exploited the well-founded caste-suspicions of the sepoys and m
  212. In the light of the available evidence, we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of
  213. Hasan & Roy 1998, p. 149
  214. Nanda 1965, p. 701
  215. "The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110312101012/http://speakerloksabha.gov.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=172
  216. Gatewayforindia.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165941/http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history2.htm
  217. Monde-diplomatique.fr
    https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2007/08/DALRYMPLE/15000
  218. "National Geographic Deutschland"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050503231048/http://www.nationalgeographic.de/php/entdecken/wettbewerb2/forum.php3?command=show&id=3118&root=3052
  219. The Empire, Sydney, Australia, 11 July 1857, or Taranaki Herald, New Zealand, 29 August 1857.
  220. Michael Adas, "Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58", Journal of Asian History, 1971, Vol. 5 Is
  221. The 1857 Rebellion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NGqiSQAACAAJ
  222. For the latest research see Crispin Bates, ed., Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857:
  223. Thomas R. Metcalf, "Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India". Journal of Asian Studies 39#1 (1979): 1
  224. The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
    https://books.google.com/books?id=35sGgU8A4CEC&pg=PR26
  225. M. Farooqui, trans (2010) Besieged: voices from Delhi 1857 Penguin Books.
  226. History Compass
    https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00799.x
  227. The Great Fear Of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
    https://books.google.com/books?id=35sGgU8A4CEC&pg=PR26
  228. Sabbaq Ahmed, "Ideology and Muslim militancy in India: Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion". (PhD Dissert
    http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/handle/10063/4660
  229. The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma by Christopher Herbert, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2007.
  230. The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India by Charles Ball, The Lond
  231. V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence. The Indian War of Independence: 1857 (Bombay:
  232. The Indian Mutiny
    https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny00juli/page/n166/mode/1up
  233. S&T magazine issue 121 (September 1988), p. 20.
  234. The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly,
  235. Sitaram Yechury. The Empire Strikes Back Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Hindustan Times. January 2006.
    http://hindustantimes.com/news/181_1896809,00120001.htm
  236. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7009742.stm
  237. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7014281.stm
  238. Enajori
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160632/https://www.enajori.com/?p=704
  239. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ali-fazal-victoria-abdul-20170928-htmlstory.html
  240. The Hindu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020307/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm
  241. The Great Train Robbery
  242. Writing the West, 1750–1947: Representations from Indian Languages
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cin3i2EVgUkC&pg=PA20
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.