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Iceland

Updated: Wikipedia source

Iceland

Iceland is a Nordic island country between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Europe and North America. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the region's westernmost and most sparsely populated country. Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 36% of the country's roughly 390,000 residents (excluding nearby towns/suburbs, which are separate municipalities). The official language of the country is Icelandic. Iceland is on a rift between tectonic plates, and its geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau with sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite being at a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate. According to the Landnámabók, an ancient manuscript, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD, when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the island's first permanent settler. In following centuries, Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin. The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. After a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto Danish rule upon its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and the Treaty of Kiel formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814. Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form culminating with the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, ending the remaining formal ties to Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, Iceland nevertheless has a claim to sustaining one of the world's longest-running parliaments. Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid after World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the world's wealthiest and most developed nations. In 1950, Iceland joined the Council of Europe. In 1994 it became a part of the European Economic Area, further diversifying its economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. It has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Reykjavík 64°08′N 21°56′W / 64.133°N 21.933°W / 64.133; -21.933
Official language
Icelandic
Ethnic groups (2021)[a]
mw- 86% Icelandic6% Polish1% Lithuanian0.8% Filipino7% other
Religion (2022)
mw- li 72.4% Christianity 60.9% Church of Iceland (official)[b] 11.5% other Christian 25.2% no religion1.5% Ásatrúarfélagið0.9% other
Demonyms
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li IcelanderIcelandic
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Halla Tómasdóttir
• Prime Minister
Kristrún Frostadóttir
• Speaker of the Althing
Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir
Legislature
Althing
• Settlement
9th century
• Commonwealth
930–1262
• Union with Norway
1262–1397
• Kalmar Union
1397–1523
• Denmark–Norway
1523–1814
• Ceded to Denmark
14 January 1814
• Constitution and limited home rule
5 January 1874
• Extended home rule
1 February 1904
• Sovereignty and personal union with Denmark
1 December 1918
• Republic
17 June 1944; 81 years ago (17 June 1944)
• Total
$35.310 billion (105th)
• Water (%)
2.07 (as of 2015)
• 2025 census
391,810 (172nd)
• Density
3.78/km2 (9.8/sq mi) (235th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$90,280 (5th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2018)
23.2 } }low inequality
HDI (2023)
0.972very high (1st)
Currency
Icelandic króna (ISK)
Time zone
UTC±00:00 (GMT/WET)
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy
Calling code
354
ISO 3166 code
IS
Internet TLD
is

Tables

Affiliation by religious movement (1 January 2018)[247] · Demographics › Religion
Christianity
Christianity
Affiliation
Christianity
% of population
78.78
Church of Iceland
Church of Iceland
Affiliation
Church of Iceland
% of population
67.22
Other Lutheran churches
Other Lutheran churches
Affiliation
Other Lutheran churches
% of population
5.70
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Affiliation
Catholic Church
% of population
3.85
Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Affiliation
Eastern Orthodox Church
% of population
0.29
Other Christian denominations
Other Christian denominations
Affiliation
Other Christian denominations
% of population
1.72
Other religion or association
Other religion or association
Affiliation
Other religion or association
% of population
14.52
Germanic Heathenism
Germanic Heathenism
Affiliation
Germanic Heathenism
% of population
1.19
Humanist association
Humanist association
Affiliation
Humanist association
% of population
0.67
Zuism
Zuism
Affiliation
Zuism
% of population
0.55
Buddhism
Buddhism
Affiliation
Buddhism
% of population
0.42
Islam
Islam
Affiliation
Islam
% of population
0.30
Baháʼí Faith
Baháʼí Faith
Affiliation
Baháʼí Faith
% of population
0.10
Other and not specified
Other and not specified
Affiliation
Other and not specified
% of population
11.29
Unaffiliated
Unaffiliated
Affiliation
Unaffiliated
% of population
6.69
Affiliation
% of population
Christianity
78.78
Church of Iceland
67.22
Other Lutheran churches
5.70
Catholic Church
3.85
Eastern Orthodox Church
0.29
Other Christian denominations
1.72
Other religion or association
14.52
Germanic Heathenism
1.19
Humanist association
0.67
Zuism
0.55
Buddhism
0.42
Islam
0.30
Baháʼí Faith
0.10
Other and not specified
11.29
Unaffiliated
6.69

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    https://www.ruv.is/um-ruv/about-ruv
  281. Iceland Review
    https://www.icelandreview.com/ask-ir/what-kind-of-radio-stations-are-there-in-iceland/
  282. mytuner-radio.com
    https://mytuner-radio.com/radio/country/iceland-stations
  283. W3Newspapers
    https://www.w3newspapers.com/iceland/#google_vignette
  284. "Vísindavefurinn: Hver er mest sótta heimasíðan á veraldarvefnum?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130525114541/http://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.php?id=5456
  285. The Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110615093750/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/theatre/article2055496.ece
  286. Great Iceland
    https://greaticeland.com/Page.aspx?ID=36
  287. LazyTown Articles
    https://articles.lazytown.eu/category/studio/
  288. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/mar/11/trapped-unlikeliest-tv-hit-of-the-year-draws-to-a-close
  289. Rotten Tomatoes
    https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/children-of-nature/
  290. oscars.org
    http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1992
  291. "Björk Biography"
    http://www.biography.com/people/bj%C3%B6rk-9542528#successful-solo-career/
  292. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-12-22-ca-4569-story.html
  293. IMDb
    https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1715194/
  294. Arctic Adventures
    https://adventures.is/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-movies-filmed-in-iceland/#:~:text=Die%20Another%20Day%20(2002),chase%20across%20a%20frozen%20lake.
  295. James Bond 007
    https://www.007.com/focus-of-the-week-die-another-day/
  296. The Playlist
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131114014551/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/exclusive-matt-damon-joins-christopher-nolans-interstellar-lines-up-directorial-debut-a-murder-foretold-20130828
  297. "Ridley Scott's Prometheus finds alien landscapes on location in Iceland » The Location Guide"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20250703084404/https://www.thelocationguide.com/2012/06/ridley-scott%E2%80%99s-prometheus-finds-alien-landscapes-on-location-in-iceland/#:~:text=While%20much%20of%20the%20film,Dettifoss%20waterfall%20in%20the%20north.
  298. "Iceland passes law on press freedom and protection"
    http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2010/06/17/iceland-passes-law-on-press-freedom-and-protection/
  299. Iceland: Country Profile Freedom House (2024)
    https://freedomhouse.org/country/iceland
  300. www.ccpgames.com
    https://www.ccpgames.com/faq
  301. Engadget
    https://www.engadget.com/2013-08-18-eve-evolved-does-eve-online-have-the-worlds-largest-mmo-map.html
  302. Individuals using the Internet Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. itu.int
    https://datahub.itu.int/data/?e=5&i=11624
  303. "The Networked Readiness Index 2016"
    https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR2016/WEF_GITR_Chapter1.1_2016.pdf
  304. Measuring the Information Society
    https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2017/MISR2017_Volume1.pdf
  305. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/15/tech/web/porn-ban-iceland/index.html
  306. "Vísir – Ekkert frumvarp um klám fram komið!"
    http://www.visir.is/ekkert-frumvarp-um-klam-fram-komid!/article/2013130229002
  307. "Vísir – Að trúa á netið"
    http://www.visir.is/ad-trua-a-netid/article/2013702289923
  308. Travelade
    https://www.travelade.com/iceland/stories/the-ultimate-guide-to-icelandic-delicacies-part-one/
  309. Vísindavefurinn
    https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=2216
  310. Morgunblaðið
    https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/444146/
  311. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43742686
  312. Wilcox and Latif, p. 126
  313. Wilcox and Latif, p. 110
  314. Wilcox and Latif, p. 109
  315. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/dec/29/2016-football-moment-to-remember-iceland-euro-2016
  316. "Tee Off in the Midnight Sun of Reykjavík"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160614085549/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/sport/other-sport/golf/tee-midnight-sun-reykjavik-4449000
  317. Golf Architecture: A Worldwide Perspective, Volume 4
  318. Wilcox and Latif, p. 111
  319. The Huffington Post
    https://www.huffingtonpost.com/marc-boyd/team-uniting-nations-on-p_b_10930774.html
  320. Men's Journal
    http://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/articles/speaking-with-the-men-of-the-record-breaking-polar-row-expedition-w501659
  321. The Washington Times
    http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/aug/8/polar-row-exploration-team-smashes-world-records-i/
  322. Guinness World Records
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200607125319/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/search?term=%22Fiann%20Paul%22&page=1&type=all&max=20&partial=_Results&
  323. Guinness World Records
    https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/12/impossible-row-team-achieve-first-ever-row-across-the-drake-passage-604720
  324. "Skotfélag Reykjavíkur"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071013013843/http://sr.is/Stofnun_og_saga_SR.htm
  325. Wilcox and Latif, p. 112
  326. Vísir.is
    https://www.visir.is/g/2019190629385/bermudaskalarhetja-i-ellefu-manna-heidurshopi
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