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Ice Hockey World Championships

Updated: Wikipedia source

Ice Hockey World Championships

The Ice Hockey World Championships are an annual international men's ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), first officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The IIHF was created in 1908 while the European Championships, the precursor to the World Championships, were first held in 1910. The tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics is recognized as the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From 1920 to 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year. The first World Championship that was held as an individual event was in 1930 in which twelve nations participated. In 1931, ten teams played a series of round-robin format qualifying rounds to determine which nations participated in the medal round. Medals were awarded based on the final standings of the teams in the medal round. In 1951, thirteen nations took part and were split into two groups. The top seven teams (Pool A) played for the World Championship. The other six (Pool B) played for ranking purposes. This basic format would be used until 1992 (although small variations were made). During a congress in 1990, the IIHF introduced a playoff system. As the IIHF grew, more teams began to participate at the World Championships, so more pools (later renamed divisions) were introduced. The modern format for the World Championship features 16 teams in the championship group, 12 teams in Division I, 12 teams in Division II and 12 teams in Division III. If there are more than 52 teams, the rest compete in Division IV. The teams in the championship play a preliminary round, then the top eight teams play in the playoff medal round and the winning team is crowned World Champion. Over the years, the tournament has gone through several rule changes. In 1969 body-checking in all three zones in a rink was allowed, helmets and goaltender masks became mandatory in the early 1970s and in 1992 the IIHF began using the shootout. The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL. From the 1920 Olympics until the 1976 World Championships, only athletes designated as "amateur" were allowed to compete in the tournament. Because of this, players from the National Hockey League (NHL) and its senior minor-league teams were not allowed to compete, while the Soviet Union was allowed to use permanent full-time players who were positioned as regular workers of an aircraft industry or tractor industry employer that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours amateur social sports society team for their workers. In 1970, after an agreement to allow just a small number of its professionals to participate was rescinded by the IIHF, Canada withdrew from the tournament. Starting in 1977, professional athletes were allowed to compete in the tournament and Canada re-entered. The IIHF requires that players are citizens of the country they represent and allow players to switch national teams provided that they play in their new nation for a certain period of time. Canada was the tournament's first dominant team, winning the tournament 12 times from 1930 to 1952. The United States, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Great Britain and Switzerland were also competitive during this period. The Soviet Union first participated in 1954 and soon became rivals with Canada. From 1963 until the nation's breakup in 1991, the Soviet Union was the dominant team, winning 20 championships out of 26. During that period, only three other nations won medals: Canada, Czechoslovakia and Sweden. Russia first participated in 1992 and the Czech Republic and Slovakia began competing in 1993. In the 2000s, the competition became more open as the "Big Six" teams – Canada, Czechia, Finland, Russia, Sweden, and the United States – have become more evenly matched. As this tournament takes place during the same period as the later stages of the NHL's Stanley Cup playoffs, many of that league's top players are not available to participate for their national teams or have only become available after their NHL teams have been eliminated, after playing 90+ games. North American teams have been previously criticized for not taking this tournament seriously. The 2024 World Championship, held in Prague and Ostrava, Czechia, was the most successful to date in terms of overall attendance; it was visited by 797,727 people and average attendance was at 12,464.

Infobox

Sport
Ice hockey
Founded
1920 (1920 Summer Olympics)1930 (First individual event)
No. of teams
16 (Top division)12 (Division I)12 (Division II)12 (Division III)6 (Division IV)
Country
IIHF member countries
Continent
Worldwide
Most recentchampion
United States (3rd title)
Most titles
Canada (28 titles)
Official website
IIHF.com

Tables

· Divisions › Championship
12
12
Nation
Austria
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
12
Member ofIIHF since
1912
Member ofdivision since
2022
4
4
Nation
Canada
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
4
Member ofIIHF since
1920
Member ofdivision since
1951
6
6
Nation
Czech Republic
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
6
Member ofIIHF since
[A]1908[A]
Member ofdivision since
1993
9
9
Nation
Denmark
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
9
Member ofIIHF since
1946
Member ofdivision since
2003
7
7
Nation
Finland
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
7
Member ofIIHF since
1928
Member ofdivision since
1951
8
8
Nation
Germany
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
8
Member ofIIHF since
1909
Member ofdivision since
2007
19
19
Nation
Great Britain
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
19
Member ofIIHF since
1908
Member ofdivision since
2026
18
18
Nation
Hungary
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
18
Member ofIIHF since
1927
Member ofdivision since
2025
20
20
Nation
Italy
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
20
Member ofIIHF since
1924
Member ofdivision since
2026
11
11
Nation
Latvia
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
11
Member ofIIHF since
1931
Member ofdivision since
1997
13
13
Nation
Norway
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
13
Member ofIIHF since
1935
Member ofdivision since
2006
10
10
Nation
Slovakia
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
10
Member ofIIHF since
1993
Member ofdivision since
1996
17
17
Nation
Slovenia
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
17
Member ofIIHF since
1992
Member ofdivision since
2025
5
5
Nation
Sweden
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
5
Member ofIIHF since
1912
Member ofdivision since
1951
3
3
Nation
Switzerland
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
3
Member ofIIHF since
1908
Member ofdivision since
1998
2
2
Nation
United States
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
2
Member ofIIHF since
1920
Member ofdivision since
1985
16
16
Nation
Belarus
Group(as of 2026)
Suspended[C]
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
16
Member ofIIHF since
1992
Member ofdivision since
2020
1
1
Nation
Russia
Group(as of 2026)
Suspended[C]
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
1
Member ofIIHF since
[B]1952[B]
Member ofdivision since
1992
Nation
Group(as of 2026)
IIHF Ranking(as of May 2025)
Member ofIIHF since
Member ofdivision since
Ref.
Austria
Group B
12
1912
2022
Canada
Group B
4
1920
1951
Czech Republic
Group A
6
[A]1908[A]
1993
Denmark
Group A
9
1946
2003
Finland
Group B
7
1928
1951
Germany
Group B
8
1909
2007
Great Britain
Group B
19
1908
2026
Hungary
Group B
18
1927
2025
Italy
Group A
20
1924
2026
Latvia
Group B
11
1931
1997
Norway
Group A
13
1935
2006
Slovakia
Group A
10
1993
1996
Slovenia
Group A
17
1992
2025
Sweden
Group A
5
1912
1951
Switzerland
Group B
3
1908
1998
United States
Group A
2
1920
1985
Belarus
Suspended[C]
16
1992
2020
Russia
Suspended[C]
1
[B]1952[B]
1992
· Divisions › Division I
15
15
Nation
France
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
15
Member ofIIHF since
1908
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
22
22
Nation
Japan
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
22
Member ofIIHF since
1930
Member ofdivision since
2005
Member ofgroup since
2024
14
14
Nation
Kazakhstan
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
14
Member ofIIHF since
1992
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
26
26
Nation
Lithuania
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
26
Member ofIIHF since
1938
Member ofdivision since
2005
Member ofgroup since
2026
21
21
Nation
Poland
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
21
Member ofIIHF since
1926
Member ofdivision since
2025
Member ofgroup since
2025
24
24
Nation
Ukraine
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
24
Member ofIIHF since
1992
Member ofdivision since
2008
Member ofgroup since
2025
27
27
Nation
China
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
27
Member ofIIHF since
1963
Member ofdivision since
2023
Member ofgroup since
2023
28
28
Nation
Estonia
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
28
Member ofIIHF since
1935
Member ofdivision since
2015
Member ofgroup since
2015
30
30
Nation
Netherlands
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
30
Member ofIIHF since
1935
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
23
23
Nation
Romania
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
23
Member ofIIHF since
1924
Member ofdivision since
2018
Member ofgroup since
2026
25
25
Nation
South Korea
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
25
Member ofIIHF since
1960
Member ofdivision since
2019
Member ofgroup since
2025
29
29
Nation
Spain
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
29
Member ofIIHF since
1923
Member ofdivision since
2024
Member ofgroup since
2024
Nation
Group(as of 2026)
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
Member ofIIHF since
Member ofdivision since
Member ofgroup since
Ref.
France
Group A
15
1908
2026
2026
Japan
Group A
22
1930
2005
2024
Kazakhstan
Group A
14
1992
2026
2026
Lithuania
Group A
26
1938
2005
2026
Poland
Group A
21
1926
2025
2025
Ukraine
Group A
24
1992
2008
2025
China
Group B
27
1963
2023
2023
Estonia
Group B
28
1935
2015
2015
Netherlands
Group B
30
1935
2026
2026
Romania
Group B
23
1924
2018
2026
South Korea
Group B
25
1960
2019
2025
Spain
Group B
29
1923
2024
2024
· Divisions › Division II
36
36
Nation
Australia
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
36
Member ofIIHF since
1938
Member ofdivision since
2013
Member ofgroup since
2017
37
37
Nation
Belgium
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
37
Member ofIIHF since
1908
Member ofdivision since
2005
Member ofgroup since
2025
31
31
Nation
Croatia
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
31
Member ofIIHF since
1992
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
47
47
Nation
Georgia
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
47
Member ofIIHF since
2009
Member ofdivision since
2019
Member ofgroup since
2026
32
32
Nation
Serbia
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
32
Member ofIIHF since
[C]1939[D]
Member ofdivision since
2024
Member ofgroup since
2024
34
34
Nation
United Arab Emirates
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
34
Member ofIIHF since
2001
Member ofdivision since
2023
Member ofgroup since
2024
38
38
Nation
Bulgaria
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
38
Member ofIIHF since
1960
Member ofdivision since
2020
Member ofgroup since
2020
40
40
Nation
Chinese Taipei
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
40
Member ofIIHF since
1983
Member ofdivision since
2024
Member ofgroup since
2024
35
35
Nation
Iceland
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
35
Member ofIIHF since
1992
Member ofdivision since
2007
Member ofgroup since
2025
33
33
Nation
Israel
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
33
Member ofIIHF since
1991
Member ofdivision since
2012
Member ofgroup since
2026
43
43
Nation
Kyrgyzstan
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
43
Member ofIIHF since
2019
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
39
39
Nation
New Zealand
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
39
Member ofIIHF since
1977
Member ofdivision since
2010
Member ofgroup since
2013
Nation
Group(as of 2026)
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
Member ofIIHF since
Member ofdivision since
Member ofgroup since
Ref.
Australia
Group A
36
1938
2013
2017
Belgium
Group A
37
1908
2005
2025
Croatia
Group A
31
1992
2026
2026
Georgia
Group A
47
2009
2019
2026
Serbia
Group A
32
[C]1939[D]
2024
2024
United Arab Emirates
Group A
34
2001
2023
2024
Bulgaria
Group B
38
1960
2020
2020
Chinese Taipei
Group B
40
1983
2024
2024
Iceland
Group B
35
1992
2007
2025
Israel
Group B
33
1991
2012
2026
Kyrgyzstan
Group B
43
2019
2026
2026
New Zealand
Group B
39
1977
2010
2013
· Divisions › Division III
49
49
Nation
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
49
Member ofIIHF since
2001
Member ofdivision since
2015
Member ofgroup since
2025
45
45
Nation
Mexico
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
45
Member ofIIHF since
1985
Member ofdivision since
2024
Member ofgroup since
2026
48
48
Nation
South Africa
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
48
Member ofIIHF since
1937
Member ofdivision since
2020
Member ofgroup since
2023
42
42
Nation
Thailand
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
42
Member ofIIHF since
1989
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
41
41
Nation
Turkey
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
41
Member ofIIHF since
1991
Member ofdivision since
2025
Member ofgroup since
2025
44
44
Nation
Turkmenistan
Group(as of 2026)
Group A
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
44
Member ofIIHF since
2015
Member ofdivision since
2019
Member ofgroup since
2022
50
50
Nation
Hong Kong, China
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
50
Member ofIIHF since
1983
Member ofdivision since
2019
Member ofgroup since
2022
46
46
Nation
Luxembourg
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
46
Member ofIIHF since
1912
Member ofdivision since
2019
Member ofgroup since
2026
53
53
Nation
Mongolia
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
53
Member ofIIHF since
1999
Member ofdivision since
2025
Member ofgroup since
2025
54
54
Nation
North Korea
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
54
Member ofIIHF since
1963
Member ofdivision since
2020
Member ofgroup since
2024
52
52
Nation
Philippines
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
52
Member ofIIHF since
2016
Member ofdivision since
2024
Member ofgroup since
2024
59
59
Nation
Uzbekistan
Group(as of 2026)
Group B
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
59
Member ofIIHF since
2019
Member ofdivision since
2026
Member ofgroup since
2026
Nation
Group(as of 2026)
IIHF Ranking(as of 2025)
Member ofIIHF since
Member ofdivision since
Member ofgroup since
Ref.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Group A
49
2001
2015
2025
Mexico
Group A
45
1985
2024
2026
South Africa
Group A
48
1937
2020
2023
Thailand
Group A
42
1989
2026
2026
Turkey
Group A
41
1991
2025
2025
Turkmenistan
Group A
44
2015
2019
2022
Hong Kong, China
Group B
50
1983
2019
2022
Luxembourg
Group B
46
1912
2019
2026
Mongolia
Group B
53
1999
2025
2025
North Korea
Group B
54
1963
2020
2024
Philippines
Group B
52
2016
2024
2024
Uzbekistan
Group B
59
2019
2026
2026
· Divisions › Division IV
60
60
Nation
Armenia
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
60
Member ofIIHF since
1999
Member ofdivision since
2025
58
58
Nation
Indonesia
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
58
Member ofIIHF since
2016
Member ofdivision since
2023
56
56
Nation
Iran
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
56
Member ofIIHF since
2019
Member ofdivision since
2025
55
55
Nation
Kuwait
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
55
Member ofIIHF since
2018
Member ofdivision since
2020
57
57
Nation
Malaysia
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
57
Member ofIIHF since
2006
Member ofdivision since
2024
51
51
Nation
Singapore
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
51
Member ofIIHF since
2017
Member ofdivision since
2026
Nation
IIHF Ranking(as of 2026)
Member ofIIHF since
Member ofdivision since
Ref.
Armenia
60
1999
2025
Indonesia
58
2016
2023
Iran
56
2019
2025
Kuwait
55
2018
2020
Malaysia
57
2006
2024
Singapore
51
2017
2026
· Player records
Top division records
Top division records
Record
Top division records
Most tournaments
Most tournaments
Record
Most tournaments
Number
20
Held by
Andres Ambühl
Team
Switzerland
Most games played
Most games played
Record
Most games played
Number
151
Held by
Andres Ambühl
Team
Switzerland
Most points
Most points
Record
Most points
Number
164
Held by
Boris Mikhailov
Team
Soviet Union
Most gold medals
Most gold medals
Record
Most gold medals
Number
10
Held by
Alexander Ragulin
Team
Soviet Union
Vladislav Tretiak
Vladislav Tretiak
Record
Vladislav Tretiak
Most medals in total
Most medals in total
Record
Most medals in total
Number
13
Held by
Jiří Holík
Team
Czechoslovakia
Vladislav Tretiak
Vladislav Tretiak
Record
Vladislav Tretiak
Number
Soviet Union
Record
Number
Held by
Team
Top division records
Most tournaments
20
Andres Ambühl
Switzerland
Most games played
151
Andres Ambühl
Switzerland
Most points
164
Boris Mikhailov
Soviet Union
Most gold medals
10
Alexander Ragulin
Soviet Union
Vladislav Tretiak
Most medals in total
13
Jiří Holík
Czechoslovakia
Vladislav Tretiak
Soviet Union

References

  1. Note that championships won by the Soviet Union are credited to Russia, and those of Czechoslovakia are counted for the
  2. MacSkimming 1996, p. 8.
  3. "IIHF World Men's Championship"
    http://www.hockeycanada.ca/4/7/1/4/index1.shtml
  4. "NHL announces World Cup of Hockey for 2016"
    http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/nhl-announces-world-cup-of-hockey-for-2016-1.2930670/
  5. Toronto Star
    https://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/2010/05/20/sidney_crosby_gets_apology_from_hockey_federation.html
  6. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf.html
  7. Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game
  8. Wong 2001, pp. 41–45
  9. Wong 2001, p. 99
  10. Wong 2001, pp. 127–128
  11. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-84.html
  12. National Hockey League
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200607091427/http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app/?service=page&page=NewsPage&articleid=344517
  13. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/all-medallists.html
  14. Home
    https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf/epochs/1908-1913.html
  15. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/all-medallists/men.html
  16. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-21.html
  17. "1920 – Summer Olympics VII (Antwerp, Belgium)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080827125206/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=9346
  18. The New York Times
    https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE4D81E3CEE3ABC4151DFB266838B639EDE
  19. "Chamonix 1924"
    http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924
  20. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-53.html
  21. "1928 – Winter Olympics II (St. Moritz, Switzerland)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094131/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10264
  22. Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des IImes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085105/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928w1.pdf
  23. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/static/5113/timeline-epochs
  24. Canada on Ice; The World Hockey Championships, 1920–2008
  25. Canada on Ice; The World Hockey Championships, 1920–2008
  26. Canada on Ice; The World Hockey Championships, 1920–2008
  27. "1932 – Winter Olympics III (Lake Placid, United States)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094341/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10265
  28. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-78.html
  29. ESPN
    https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/45319295/team-usa-outlasts-switzerland-wins-ice-hockey-world-title
  30. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  31. "Historia"
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  32. Olympic Review
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085127/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1940/ORUE8/ORUE8c.pdf
  33. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  34. "Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903111140/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html
  35. Rapport Général sur les Ves Jeux Olympiques d'hiver St-Moritz 1948
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  36. "1952 – Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110604053103/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10270
  37. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-57.html
  38. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-4.html
  39. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-94.html
  40. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-25.html
  41. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-71.html
  42. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-16.html
  43. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-66.html
  44. Legends of Hockey
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  45. "1964 – Winter Olympics IX (Innsbruck, Austria)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094829/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/feature/?fid=10273
  46. "'64 Team Canada gets bronze medals"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094316/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=123399&lid=sublink05&lpos=topStory_canadian_hockey
  47. "1964 Canadian Olympic hockey team to be honoured"
    https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/1964-canadian-olympic-hockey-team-to-be-honoured-1.522774
  48. "IIHF denies Canada 1964 bronze"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094026/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=127513
  49. The Globe and Mail
    https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/iihf-backs-off-on-giving-canadians-1964-bronze-medal/article18248691/
  50. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-81.html
  51. Xth Winter Olympic Games Official Report
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202636/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/or1968.pdf
  52. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-5.html
  53. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-18.html
  54. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/all-medallists/men/record-book.html
  55. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html
  56. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  57. "Summit Series '72 Summary"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080807130920/http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml
  58. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  59. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-39.html
  60. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-6.html
  61. "Story #13–After a seven-year absence, Canada returns to the Worlds"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-13.html
  62. "Story #91–The World U20 Championship takes its place on the IIHF calendar"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-91.html
  63. "Canada blanks U.S. to win Under-18 gold"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110604053255/http://www.tsn.ca/story/?id=174055&hubname=main
  64. "Story #62–Soviets' revenge for Lake Placid – 13–1 over Sweden"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-62.html
  65. "Story #29–"Sikora case" – Vienna court decides the 1987 Worlds medal race"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-29.html
  66. "Story #44–Amid turmoil, Sweden wins first gold in a quarter of a century"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-44.html
  67. "Story #65–Igor Larionov openly revolts against coach, system"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-65.html
  68. Pincus 2006, p. 148
  69. Boer 2006, p. 104
  70. Calgary Herald
  71. Sports Illustrated
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080218151946/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2002/09/27/soviet_legacy
  72. "Story #32–Sundin's marvellous goal ends Soviet Union's hockey era"
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-32.html
  73. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-42.html
  74. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-95.html
  75. webarchive.iihf.com
    https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-22/index.html
  76. webarchive.iihf.com
    https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-75/index.html
  77. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-77/index.html
  78. IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2023/wm20/news/41449/brotherly_but_divided
  79. The New York Times
    https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E7D6103CF932A25751C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1
  80. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-45.html
  81. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-26.html
  82. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-75.html
  83. The New York Times
    https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E1D9123AF935A2575AC0A960958260
  84. "Preview of the 2001 IIHF World Championship"
    http://www.hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/4787/la_id/1.htm
  85. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  86. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-64.html
  87. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-22.html
  88. Sports Illustrated
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122155/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2003/05/09/swedencanada_preview_ap/
  89. "Canada clinch world title"
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/3018899.stm
  90. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/winter/2004-05-09-canada-gold_x.htm
  91. "IIHF not giving up on NHLers in Turin"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094352/http://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=109955&hubname=olympics
  92. Boston Globe
    http://www.boston.com/sports/hockey/minors/articles/2005/05/16/canada_checks_out_czechs_derail_three_peat_try/
  93. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/22/sports/hockey/22world.html
  94. "Canada wins world hockey championship"
    https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/canada-wins-world-hockey-championship-1.683124
  95. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/19/sports/19iht-iceworld19.13009125.html
  96. "Russia tops Canada, defends world title"
    https://www.espn.com/olympics/olyhockey/news/story?id=4156467
  97. "Future of international hockey debated at world championship"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090511090550/http://www.ctvolympics.ca/hockey/news/newsid%3D10462.html?cid=rsstsn
  98. "Germany beats US in OT before record hockey crowd at worlds"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110629063528/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=320862
  99. "Switzerland pick up first ever win over Canada at Worlds"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100515115522/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=321357
  100. "Russia, Sweden reach second round at WHC; Norway beats Czechs"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110629063557/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=321252
  101. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100523085654/http://www.iihf.com/channels10/iihf-world-championship-wc10/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/fasel-happy-with-germany-2010.html
  102. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100524153849/http://www.iihf.com/channels10/iihf-world-championship-wc10/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/miracle-at-mannheim.html
  103. "WHC: Czechs upset Russia for gold; Sweden takes bronze"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100526020852/http://tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=322480
  104. "Finland defeats Sweden for gold at World Hockey Championship"
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  105. Ottawa Citizen
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120530023025/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/hockey/nhlnews/Russia%20cruises%20to%20world%20championship%20gold/6652445/story.html
  106. "Sweden defeats Switzerland to win Worlds Gold at Home"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130608010711/http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/story/?id=423561
  107. "Hockey championship in Belarus: Lukashenko puts activists on ice"
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  108. IIHF Worlds 2014
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  109. IIHF Worlds 2015
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  110. IIHF Worlds 2015
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  111. IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation
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  112. "World Championship statistics"
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  113. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  114. The Atlanta Journal
  115. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  116. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  117. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  118. Ice Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090318155848/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/The_IIHF/IIHF_Vol7No5.pdf
  119. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  120. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  121. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  122. IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation
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  123. Citius, Altius, Fortius
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  124. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  125. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  126. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  127. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://webarchive.iihf.com/iihf-home/sport/iihf-rule-book.html
  128. The Vancouver Sun
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  129. National Hockey League
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  130. National Hockey League
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  131. National Hockey League
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  132. "Ice Hockey Essentials – International vs. NHL"
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  133. "Rule changes geared toward entertainment"
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  134. "Olympics vs. National Hockey League: How the rules are different"
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  135. "Tough test for Turin; cap on the brain"
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  136. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  137. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  138. IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation
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  139. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  140. International Ice Hockey Federation
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  141. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2022/wm/news/36477/to_tampere_riga_in_23_to_switzerland_in_26
  142. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/326/austria
  143. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/320/canada
  144. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/337/czechia
  145. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/338/denmark
  146. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/341/finland
  147. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/345/germany
  148. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/346/great-britain
  149. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/349/hungary
  150. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/355/italy
  151. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1342/latvia
  152. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1355/norway
  153. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1365/slovakia
  154. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1366/slovenia
  155. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1369/sweden
  156. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1370/switzerland
  157. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/321/united-states
  158. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/328/belarus
  159. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1362/russia
  160. IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/news/32301/iihf_council_announces_decisions_over_russia_belar
  161. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/342/france
  162. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/357/japan
  163. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/358/kazakhstan
  164. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1344/lithuania
  165. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1358/poland
  166. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1374/ukraine
  167. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/334/china
  168. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/340/estonia
  169. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1353/netherlands
  170. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1361/romania
  171. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/359/korea
  172. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1368/spain
  173. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/325/australia
  174. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/329/belgium
  175. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/336/croatia
  176. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/344/georgia
  177. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1363/serbia
  178. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1375/united-arab-emirates
  179. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/332/bulgaria
  180. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/335/chinese-taipei
  181. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/350/iceland
  182. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/354/israel
  183. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1341/kyrgyzstan
  184. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1354/new-zealand
  185. International Ice Hockey Federation
    http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/history/the-iihf/epochs/1934-1945.html
  186. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/330/bosnia-herzegovina
  187. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1348/mexico
  188. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1367/south-africa
  189. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1371/thailand
  190. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1372/turkiye
  191. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1373/turkmenistan
  192. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/348/hong-kong
  193. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1345/luxembourg
  194. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1350/mongolia
  195. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/339/dpr-korea
  196. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1357/philippines
  197. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/352/indonesia
  198. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/14688/iran
  199. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1340/kuwait
  200. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1347/malaysia
  201. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://www.iihf.com/en/associations/1364/singapore
  202. "IIHF directorate awards and most valuable player"
    http://www.hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/5051/la_id/1.htm
  203. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090318155859/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/The_IIHF/IIHF_Vol8No3.pdf
  204. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090318155908/http://www.iihf.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/The_IIHF/IIHF_IceTimes_Vol12-3.pdf
  205. International Ice Hockey Federation
    https://blob.iihf.com/iihf-media/iihfmvc/media/contentimages/4_sport/g_and_r/2025_iihf_g_and_r_book.pdf
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