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Husayn ibn Ali

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Husayn ibn Ali

Husayn ibn Ali (Arabic: الحسين بن علي, romanized: al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680 CE) was a social, political and religious leader in early medieval Arabia. The grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and an Alid (the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima), as well as a younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn is regarded as the third Imam in Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, Ali al-Sajjad. Husayn is a prominent member of the Ahl al-Bayt and is also considered to be a member of the Ahl al-Kisa and a participant in the event of the mubahala. Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as the leaders of the youth of paradise. During the caliphate of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in wars. After the assassination of Ali, he obeyed his brother in recognizing the Hasan–Mu'awiya I treaty, despite it being suggested to do otherwise. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660) and his death in AH 49 or 50 (669 or 670), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Mu'awiya I. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Prior to his death, Mu'awiya appointed his son Yazid as his successor, contrary to the Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty. When Mu'awiya I died in 680, Yazid demanded that Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do so. As a consequence, he left Medina, his hometown, to take refuge in Mecca in AH 60 (679). There, the people of Kufa sent letters to him, invited him to Kufa and asked him to be their Imam and pledged their allegiance to him. On Husayn's way to Kufa with a retinue of about 72 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army of the caliph at some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and encamp in the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where a larger Umayyad army of some 4,000 or 30,000 arrived soon afterwards. Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was killed along with most of his relatives and companions, while his surviving family members were taken prisoner. The battle was followed by the Second Fitna, during which the Iraqis organized two separate campaigns to avenge the killing of Husayn; the first one by the Tawwabin and the other one by Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and his supporters. The Battle of Karbala galvanized the development of the pro-Alid party (Shi'at Ali) into a unique religious sect with its own rituals and collective memory. It has a central place in the Shi'a history, tradition, and theology, and has frequently been recounted in Shi'a literature. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and martyrdom became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The battle is commemorated during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic month of Muharram by many Muslims especially Shi'a, culminating on tenth day of the month, known as the day of Ashura. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organise religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases self-flagellate. Sunni Muslims likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as martyrs by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.

Infobox

Preceded by
Hasan ibn Ali
Succeeded by
Ali al-Sajjad
Title
List Sayyid al-Shuhada(Master of Martyrs)ash-Shahid(the Martyr)as-Sibt(the Grandson)Sayyidu Shababi Ahlil Jannah(Leader of the Youth of Paradise)ar-Rashid(the Rightly Guided)at-Tabi li Mardhatillah(the Follower of God's Will)al-Mubarak(the Blessed)at-Tayyib(the Pure)Sayyidush Shuhada(Master of the Martyrs)al-Wafī (the Loyal)
Born
3 Sha'ban 4 AH 11 January 626 CE(3 Sha'ban AH 4)Medina, Hejaz, Arabia
Died
10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE)Karbala, Umayyad Caliphate
Cause of death
Killed at the Battle of Karbala
Resting place
Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala Governorate, Iraq 32°36′59″N 44°1′57″E / 32.61639°N 44.03250°E / 32.61639; 44.03250
Spouse
ShahrbanuAtiqa bint ZaydUmm RubabUmm LaylaUmm Ishaq
Children
Ali al-Sajjad Fatima al-Kubra Ali al-Akbar Fatima as-Shughra Sakina Ruqayya Ali al-Asghar
Parents
Ali Ibn Abi Talib (father)Fatima bint Muhammad (mother)
Known for
Grandson of Muhammad Battle of Karbala Imam
Relatives
List Muhammad (maternal grandfather) Hasan (full brother) Zaynab (full sister) Umm Kulthum (full sister) Muhsin (full brother) Hilal (paternal half-brother) Abbas (paternal half-brother) Abdullah (paternal half-brother) Ja'far (paternal half-brother) Uthman (paternal half-brother) Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (paternal half-brother) Zaynab (maternal aunt) Ruqayya (maternal aunt) Umm Kulthum (maternal aunt) Umama (maternal cousin and step-mother)
Religion
Islam
Monuments
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Other names
Abū ʿAbd Allāh (kunya) Shabbir Qatil al-Abarat
Opponent
Yazid I
Burial
Imam Husayn Shrine, Iraq 32°36′59″N 44°01′57″E / 32.616389°N 44.0325°E / 32.616389; 44.0325
Issue
Ali al-SajjadFatima al-KubraAli al-AkbarFatima as-SughraSakinaRuqayyaAli al-Asghar
Mother
Fatima bint Muhammad
Tribe
Quraysh (Banu Hashim)
Father
Ali ibn Abi Talib

Tables

· External links
Shia Islam titles
Shia Islam titles
Husayn ibn Aliof the Ahl al-BaytBanu HashimClan of the QuraishBorn: 3 Sha'bān AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October 625 Died: 10 Muharram AH 61 10 October 680
Shia Islam titles
Preceded byHasan ibn AliDisputed by Nizari
Preceded byHasan ibn AliDisputed by Nizari
Husayn ibn Aliof the Ahl al-BaytBanu HashimClan of the QuraishBorn: 3 Sha'bān AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October 625 Died: 10 Muharram AH 61 10 October 680
Preceded byHasan ibn AliDisputed by Nizari
Husayn ibn Aliof the Ahl al-BaytBanu HashimClan of the QuraishBorn: 3 Sha'bān AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October 625 Died: 10 Muharram AH 61 10 October 680
2nd Imam of Ismaili Shia3rd Imam of Kaysanites, Zaydis, Seveners and Twelvers Shi'a 669–680
Husayn ibn Aliof the Ahl al-BaytBanu HashimClan of the QuraishBorn: 3 Sha'bān AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October 625 Died: 10 Muharram AH 61 10 October 680
Succeeded byAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
Succeeded byMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahKaysanites successor
Succeeded byMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahKaysanites successor
Husayn ibn Aliof the Ahl al-BaytBanu HashimClan of the QuraishBorn: 3 Sha'bān AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October 625 Died: 10 Muharram AH 61 10 October 680
Succeeded byMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahKaysanites successor
Husayn ibn Aliof the Ahl al-BaytBanu HashimClan of the QuraishBorn: 3 Sha'bān AH 4 in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar 10 October 625 Died: 10 Muharram AH 61 10 October 680
Shia Islam titles
Preceded byHasan ibn AliDisputed by Nizari
2nd Imam of Ismaili Shia3rd Imam of Kaysanites, Zaydis, Seveners and Twelvers Shi'a 669–680
Succeeded byAli ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
Succeeded byMuhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahKaysanites successor

References

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  5. The sincerity of Ibn al-Zubayr's advice has been doubted by many historians, however, as he had his own plans for leader
  6. Husayn at this point is reported to have considered turning back, but was persuaded to push forward by Ibn Aqil's brothe
  7. Although forty-five horsemen and one hundred foot-soldiers, or a total of a few hundred men have been reported by some s
  8. According to the Shi'a sources, however, more troops had joined Ibn Sa'd in preceding days, swelling his army to 30,000
  9. Other early monographs on the death of Husayn, which have not survived, were written by al-Asbagh al-Nubata, Jabir ibn Y
  10. Nevertheless, four manuscripts of a Maqtal located at Gotha (No. 1836), Berlin (Sprenger, Nos. 159–160), Leiden (No. 792
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