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Hundred Years' War

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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages. It emerged from feudal disputes over the Duchy of Aquitaine and was triggered by a claim to the French throne made by Edward III of England. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces. The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the Middle Ages. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of France, then the wealthiest and most populous kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European warfare. Chivalry reached its height during the conflict and subsequently declined. Stronger national identities took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as global powers. The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a historiographical periodisation to encompass dynastically related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in European history. The war is commonly divided into three phases, separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the House of Valois ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France. The French and English monarchies thereafter remained separate, despite the monarchs of England and Great Britain styling themselves as sovereigns of France until 1802.

Infobox

Date
24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453 (intermittent)[a] (116 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, the Iberian Peninsula
Result
French and allied victory
Territorialchanges
England loses all continental possessions except for the Pale of Calais.

Tables

· Prominent figures › France
Arms
Historical Figure
Life
Role(s)
King Philip VI
1293–1350Reigned 1328–1350
Charles of Valois's son
King John II
1319–1364Reigned 1350–1364
Philip VI's son
King Charles V
1338–1380Reigned 1364–1380
John II's son
Bertrand du Guesclin
1320–1380
Commander
Louis IDuke of Anjou
1339–1384Regent 1380–1382
John II's son
King Charles VI
1368–1422Reigned 1380–1422
Charles V's son
King Charles VII
1403–1461Reigned 1422–1461
Charles VI's son
Joan of Arc
1412–1431
Religious visionary
La Hire
1390–1443
Commander
Jean Poton de Xaintrailles
1390–1461
Commander
John IIDuke of Alençon
1409–1476
Commander
Jean de Dunois
1402–1468
Commander
Jean Bureau
1390–1463
Master gunner
Gilles de Rais
1405–1440
Commander
· Prominent figures › England
Arms
Historical Figure
Life
Role(s)
Isabella of France
1295–1358Regent of England 1327–1330
Queen consort of England, wife of Edward II, mother of Edward III, regent of England, sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France
King Edward III
1312–1377Reigned 1327–1377
Philip IV's grandson
Henry of GrosmontDuke of Lancaster
1310–1361
Commander
Edward the Black Prince
1330–1376
Edward III's son and Prince of Wales
John of GauntDuke of Lancaster
1340–1399
Edward III's son
King Richard II
1367–1400Reigned 1377–1399
Son of the Black Prince, Edward III's grandson
King Henry IV
1367–1413Reigned 1399–1413
John of Gaunt's son, Edward III's grandson
King Henry V
1387–1422Reigned 1413–1422
Henry IV's son
Catherine of Valois
1401–1437
Queen consort of England, daughter of Charles VI of France, mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII
John of LancasterDuke of Bedford
1389–1435Regent 1422–1435
Henry IV's son
Sir John Fastolf
1380–1459
Commander
John TalbotEarl of Shrewsbury
1387–1453
Commander
King Henry VI
1421–1471Reigned 1422–1461 (also 1422–1453 as King Henry II of France)
Henry V's son, grandson of Charles VI of France
Richard PlantagenetDuke of York
1411–1460
Commander
· Prominent figures › Burgundy
Arms
Historical Figure
Life
Role(s)
Philip the BoldDuke of Burgundy
1342–1404Duke 1363–1404
Son of John II of France
John the FearlessDuke of Burgundy
1371–1419Duke 1404–1419
Son of Philip the Bold
Philip the GoodDuke of Burgundy
1396–1467Duke 1419–1467
Son of John the Fearless

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