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Hugo Chávez

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Hugo Chávez

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías ( CHAH-vez, Latin American Spanish: [ˈuɣo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβes ˈfɾi.as] ; 28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician, revolutionary, and military officer who was the president of Venezuela from 1999 until his death in 2013. Chávez was also leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when it merged with several other parties to form the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led until 2012. Born into a middle-class family in Sabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a career military officer. After becoming dissatisfied with the Venezuelan political system based on the Puntofijo Pact, he founded the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200) in the early 1980s. Chávez led the MBR-200 in its unsuccessful coup d'état against the Democratic Action government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1992, for which he was imprisoned. Pardoned from prison two years later, he founded the Fifth Republic Movement political party, and then receiving 56.2% of the vote, was elected president of Venezuela in 1998. He was reelected in the 2000 Venezuelan general election with 59.8% of the vote and again in the 2006 Venezuelan presidential election, with 62.8% of the vote. After winning his fourth term as president in the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election with 55.1% of the vote, he was to be sworn in on 10 January 2013. However, the inauguration was cancelled due to his cancer treatment, and on 5 March at age 58, he died in Caracas. Following the adoption of the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution, Chávez focused on enacting social reforms as part of the Bolivarian Revolution. Using record-high oil revenues of the 2000s, his government nationalized key industries, created participatory democratic Communal Councils and implemented social programs known as the Bolivarian missions to expand access to food, housing, healthcare and education. While these initiatives led to temporary improvements in poverty reduction and social welfare during periods of high oil revenue, their reliance on state control and centralized planning exposed significant structural weaknesses as oil prices declined. The high oil profits coinciding with the start of Chavez's presidency resulted in temporary improvements in areas such as poverty, literacy, income equality and quality of life between primarily 2003 and 2007, though extensive changes in structural inequalities did not occur. On 2 June 2010, Chávez declared an "economic war" on Venezuela's upper classes due to shortages, arguably beginning the crisis in Venezuela. By the end of Chávez's presidency in the early 2010s, economic actions performed by his government during the preceding decade, such as deficit spending and price controls, proved to be unsustainable, with Venezuela's economy faltering. At the same time, poverty, inflation and shortages increased. Under Chávez, Venezuela experienced democratic backsliding, as he suppressed the press, manipulated electoral laws, and arrested and exiled government critics. His use of enabling acts and his government's use of propaganda were controversial. Chávez's presidency saw significant increases in the country's murder rate and continued corruption within the police force and the government. Across the political spectrum, Chávez is regarded as one of the most influential and controversial politicians in the modern history of Venezuela and Latin America. His 14-year presidency marked the start of the socialist "pink tide" sweeping Latin America—he supported Latin American and Caribbean cooperation and was instrumental in setting up the pan-regional Union of South American Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Bank of the South and the regional television network TeleSUR. Internationally, Chávez aligned himself with the Marxist–Leninist governments of Fidel and then Raúl Castro in Cuba, as well as the socialist governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. Chávez's ideas, programs, and style form the basis of "Chavismo", a political ideology closely associated with Bolivarianism and socialism of the 21st century. Chávez described his policies as anti-imperialist, being a prominent adversary of the United States's foreign policy as well as a vocal opponent of neoliberalism and laissez-faire capitalism. He described himself as a Marxist.

Infobox

Vice President
See list Isaías Rodríguez (Jan–Dec 2000)Adina Bastidas (2000–2002)Diosdado Cabello (Jan–Apr 2002)
Preceded by
Office established
Succeeded by
Nicolás Maduro
Deputy
Diosdado Cabello
Born
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías(1954-07-28)28 July 1954Sabaneta, Barinas, Venezuela
Died
5 March 2013(2013-03-05) (aged 58)Caracas, Venezuela
Resting place
Cuartel de la Montaña, Caracas
Political party
PSUV (since 2007)
Other politicalaffiliations
Fifth Republic Movement (1997–2007)
Spouses
mw- Nancy Colmenares (m. 1977; div. 1995) Marisabel Rodríguez (m. 1997; div. 2004)
Domestic partner(s)
Bexhi Segura (2004–2007) Nidia Fajardo (2007–2013)
Children
Rosa Virginia Chávez María Gabriela Chávez Hugo Rafael Chávez Rosinés Chávez Génesis María Chávez Sara Manuela Chávez
Parents
Hugo de los Reyes Chávez (father)Elena Frías de Chávez (mother)
Alma mater
Military Academy of Venezuela
Branch/service
Venezuelan Army
Years of service
1971–1992 1999–2013
Rank
Lieutenant colonel Commander-in-chief
Party
PSUV (since 2007)

Tables

· Honors and awards
Award or decoration
Country
Date
Place
Note
Order of José Martí
Cuba
17 November 1999
Havana
Cuban highest order of merit.
Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
Portugal
8 November 2001
Lisbon
For exceptional and outstanding merit to Portugal and its culture
Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
Cuba
14 December 2004
Havana
First Class of the Order of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran
29 July 2006
Tehran
Highest national medal of Iran.
Order of the Friendship of Peoples
Belarus
23 July 2008
Minsk
Highest Belarusian award for foreigners.
Order of the Umayyads
Syria
27 June 2010
Caracas
Syrian highest order of merit.
Uatsamonga Order
South Ossetia
23 July 2010
Caracas
South Ossetian highest order of merit.
Order of the Republic of Serbia
Serbia
6 March 2013
Belgrade
Serbian highest order of merit. Awarded posthumously.
Order of Francisco Morazán
Honduras
27 January 2014
Tegucigalpa
Honduran highest order of merit. Awarded posthumously.
Star of Palestine
Palestine
16 May 2014
Caracas
Palestinian highest order of merit. Awarded posthumously.
· External links
New office
New office
Party political offices
New office
Party political offices
Leader of the Fifth Republic Movement 1997–2007
Party political offices
Position abolished
Leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2007–2013
Leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2007–2013
Party political offices
Leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2007–2013
Party political offices
Succeeded byNicolás Maduro
Political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Preceded byRafael Caldera
Preceded byRafael Caldera
Party political offices
Preceded byRafael Caldera
Party political offices
President of Venezuela 1999–2013
Party political offices
Succeeded byNicolás Maduro
Party political offices
New office
Leader of the Fifth Republic Movement 1997–2007
Position abolished
Leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2007–2013
Succeeded byNicolás Maduro
Political offices
Preceded byRafael Caldera
President of Venezuela 1999–2013
Succeeded byNicolás Maduro

References

  1. Eternal President since 26 July 2014
  2. In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Chávez and the second or maternal family name is Frías.
  3. Except for a brief period of forty-seven hours in 2002.
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  163. "Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression expresses concern over the situation of RCTV in Venezuela"
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  164. "IAPA assails Venezuela's Chávez over non-renewal of TV station license"
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  165. "Venezuela: TV Shutdown Harms Free Expression"
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  166. "'Lack of transparency' in Venezuelan broadcast case"
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  167. "Non-renewal of RCTV license a threat to media pluralism, will cost 2,000 their jobs, says IFJ"
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  323. "Lawyer: Judge Afiuni has been professionally disabled"
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  324. Reuters
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  326. "Venezuelan government deliberately targeting opponents"
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  328. The Washington Post
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  332. The Wall Street Journal
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  333. The New York Times
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  335. "Venezuela ante la ONU: "Puede haber individuos armados dentro de los colectivos""
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  337. "Como "una tragedia" cataloga la ONU situación de las cárceles en el país"
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  338. "La situación de las cárceles venezolanas es una tragedia, dice la ONU"
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  339. "Lauder urges Venezuela to fight anti-Semitism, resume ties with Israel"
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  340. Forbes
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  341. "Venezuela's oldest synagogue vandalized by armed men"
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  342. The Jewish Daily Forward
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  343. NACLA
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  344. El Universal
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  345. Noticias24.com
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  346. Noticias24.com
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  347. The Washington Post
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  348. Reporters Without Borders
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  349. The New York Times
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  350. BBC News
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  351. Newsweek
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  353. "Hugo Chávez Frías (@chavezcandanga) op Twitter"
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  354. The Guardian
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  355. The Guardian
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  356. New York
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  357. "Venezuela's foreign policy: a mirage based on a curse"
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  358. Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
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  359. The Economist
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  360. Stabroek News
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  361. Financial Times
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  362. BBC News
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  363. IANS
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  364. Marcano and Tyszka 2007. pp. 254–255.
  365. Byrne, Jennifer. "Venezuela – Bolivarian Revolution" Archived 26 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.Foreign Correspondent.
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  366. Foreign Policy
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  373. Chávez quoted in Marcano and Tyszka 2007. p. 140.
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  377. La Nación
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  382. CBS News
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  383. "Chávez, después del cancer, recurre a la religión"
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  384. ACI Prensa
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  385. The New York Times
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  386. Today
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  387. BBC News
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  388. Bloomberg News
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  391. CBS News
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  392. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/08/world/americas/venezuela-chavez/
  393. San Diego Union Tribune
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  394. NBC News
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  395. CNN
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  396. Reuters
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  397. Aljazeera.com
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  398. BBC News
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  399. Associated Press
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  401. BBC News
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  402. NBC News
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  404. Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez
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  409. "El jefe de Seguridad de Chávez declaró que el caudillo murió dos meses antes de la fecha oficial"
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  429. The Moscow Times
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  436. "Chávez fue investido doctor "honoris causa" por la Universidad de Trípoli"
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  438. "Cartoonists Say Goodbye to Hugo Chavez"
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  441. historico.prodavinci.com
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  444. ABC
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  445. El Ucabista
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  446. "'Chavismo: la peste del siglo XXI' es premiado como mejor documental en Nueva York"
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