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Huaynaputina

Updated: 12/11/2025, 3:43:56 PM Wikipedia source

Huaynaputina ( WY-nə-puu-TEE-nə; Spanish: [wajnapuˈtina]) is a volcano in a volcanic high plateau in southern Peru. Lying in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it was formed by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American Plate. Huaynaputina is a large volcanic crater, which lacks an identifiable mountain profile, with an outer stratovolcano and three younger volcanic vents within an amphitheatre-shaped structure that is either a former caldera or a remnant of glacial erosion. The volcano has erupted dacitic magma. Huaynaputina has erupted several times during the Holocene, including on 19 February 1600 – the largest recorded eruption ever witnessed in South America – which continued with a series of events into March. Witnessed by people in the city of Arequipa, it killed at least 1,000–1,500 people in the region, wiped out vegetation, buried the surrounding area with 2 metres (7 ft) of volcanic rock, and damaged infrastructure and economic resources. The eruption had a significant impact on Earth's climate, causing a volcanic winter: temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere decreased; cold waves hit parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas; and the climate disruption may have played a role in the onset of the Little Ice Age. Floods, famines, and social upheavals resulted, including a probable link with the Russian famine of 1601–1603 and Time of Troubles. This eruption has been computed to measure 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). The volcano has not erupted since 1600. There are fumaroles in the amphitheatre-shaped structure, and hot springs occur in the region, some of which have been associated with Huaynaputina. The volcano lies in a remote region where there is little human activity, but about 30,000 people live in the immediately surrounding area, and another one million in the Arequipa metropolitan area. If an eruption similar to the 1600 event were to occur, it would quite likely lead to a high death toll and cause substantial socioeconomic disruption. The Peruvian Geophysical Institute announced in 2017 that Huaynaputina would be monitored by the Southern Volcanological Observatory, and seismic observation began in 2019.

Infobox

Elevation
≈4,850 m (15,910 ft)
Listing
List of volcanoes in Peru
Coordinates
mw- 16°36′56″S 70°50′59″W / 16.61556°S 70.84972°W / -16.61556; -70.84972
Language of name
Quechua
Location
Peru
Parent range
Andes
Mountain type
Stratovolcano
Volcanic zone
Central Volcanic Zone
Last eruption
February to March 1600

Tables

List of estimates of sulfuric acid yield of the 1600 eruption · 1600 eruption › Global atmospheric impacts of the 1600 eruption
100 million tons
100 million tons
Estimate of sulfuric acid erupted
100 million tons
Location (if mentioned)
Southern Hemisphere
42 million tons
42 million tons
Estimate of sulfuric acid erupted
42 million tons
Location (if mentioned)
Northern Hemisphere
56.59 million tons
56.59 million tons
Estimate of sulfuric acid erupted
56.59 million tons
Location (if mentioned)
Global
34.5 million tons
34.5 million tons
Estimate of sulfuric acid erupted
34.5 million tons
Location (if mentioned)
Northern Hemisphere
Estimate of sulfuric acid erupted
Location (if mentioned)
Ref.
100 million tons
Southern Hemisphere
42 million tons
Northern Hemisphere
million tons
Global
million tons
Northern Hemisphere

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  1. The current geologic epoch, which began 11,700 years ago.
  2. Vents which release volcanic gases.
  3. "Volcano of the bad omen"
  4. Fragmented volcanic rocks erupted by the vent.
  5. A maar is an explosion crater formed through the interaction of magma and groundwater.
  6. A volcanic process triggered by the interaction of magma and water.
  7. An intense volcanic eruption that ejects material as a high column of ash and pumice.
  8. A sheet-shaped intrusion of magma into already existing rock.
  9. A strike-slip fault features two plates moving past each other horizontally.
  10. Ignimbrites are fluids consisting of gas and fragmented rocks that are expelled from volcanoes and form ignimbritic rock
  11. A graben is a rectangular depression, which forms when the crust spreads and a block of it sags.
  12. Volatiles are compounds such as water and carbon dioxide that are gaseous at magmatic temperatures but are mixed in the
  13. Vulcanian eruptions have bursts of explosions, while Plinian eruptions are ongoing stable explosive eruptions.
  14. changes in magma composition caused by crystals settling out under their weight.
  15. A volcanic rock relatively rich in iron and magnesium, relative to silicium.
  16. chemically formed deposits in caves.
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