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Hongwu Emperor

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Hongwu Emperor

The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1368 to 1398. In the mid-14th century, China suffered from epidemics, famines, and widespread uprisings under the Mongol Yuan dynasty. During this turmoil, the orphaned Zhu Yuanzhang briefly lived as a novice monk, begging for alms and gaining insight into common people's hardships, while developing a dislike for book-dependent scholars. In 1352, he joined a rebel force, soon proving his ability and rising to command his own army. He captured Nanjing in 1356 and made it his capital, creating a government of generals and Confucian scholars and rejecting Mongol rule. He adopted Yuan administrative practices and applied them to his territory as it expanded. After defeating rival rebels, most notably in his decisive victory over Chen Youliang at Lake Poyang in 1363, he declared himself King of Wu in 1364. Nevertheless, in 1367 he still formally recognized Han Lin'er, the Red Turban leader who claimed Song legitimacy. In early 1368, after successfully dominating southern and central China, Zhu chose to rename his state. He decided on the name Da Ming, which translates to "Great Radiance", for his empire, and designated Hongwu, meaning "Vastly Martial", as the name of the era and the motto of his reign. In the following four-year war, he drove out the Mongol armies loyal to the Yuan dynasty and unified the country, but his attempt to conquer Mongolia ended in failure. During the Hongwu Emperor's thirty-year reign, Ming China experienced significant growth and recovered from the effects of prolonged wars. The Emperor had a strong understanding of the structure of society and believed in implementing reforms to improve institutions. This approach differed from the Confucian belief that the ruler's moral example was the most important factor. The Hongwu Emperor also prioritized the safety of his people and the loyalty of his subordinates, demonstrating pragmatism and caution in military affairs. He maintained a disciplined army and made efforts to minimize the impact of war on civilians. Although the peak of his political system crumbled in a civil war shortly after his death, other results of the Hongwu Emperor's reforms, such as local and regional institutions for Ming state administration and self-government, as well as the financial and examination systems, proved to be resilient. The census, land registration and tax system, and the Weisuo military system all endured until the end of the dynasty. His descendants continued to rule over all of China until 1644, and the southern region for an additional seventeen years.

Infobox

Reign
1368–1398
Enthronement
23 January 1368
Successor
Jianwen Emperor
Predecessor
Toghon Temür (Yuan dynasty)
Born
Zhu Chongba[ii]21 October 1328[iii]Hao Prefecture, Henan Jiangbei (present-day Fengyang County, Anhui)
Died
24 June 1398(1398-06-24) (aged 69)Ming Palace, Zhili (present-day Nanjing)
Burial
30 June 1398Xiao Mausoleum, Nanjing
Consort
mw- Empress Xiaocigao (m. 1352; died 1382)
IssueDetail
mw- Zhu Biao, Crown Prince Yiwen Zhu Shuang, Prince Min of Qin Zhu Gang, Prince Gong of Jin Yongle Emperor Zhu Su, Prince Ding of Zhou Zhu Zhen, Prince Zhao of Chu Zhu Fu, Prince Gong of Qi Zhu Gui, Prince Jian of Dai Zhu Zhi, Prince Jian of Liao Zhu Quan, Prince Xian of Ning Zhu Mo, Prince Jian of Shen Princess Lin'an Princess Ningguo Princess Anqing Princess Huaiqing
Names
NamesZhu Xingzong,[iv]later Zhu Yuanzhang[v]Era datesWu:[vi] 31 January 1367 – 23 January 1368Hongwu:[vii] 23 January 1368 – 5 February 1399Posthumous nameEmperor Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao Gao[viii]Emperor Shengshen Wenwu Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao Gao[ix]Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong Gao[x]Temple nameTaizu[xi]
House
Zhu
Dynasty
Ming
Father
Zhu Shizhen
Mother
Lady Chen
Religion
Buddhism
Chinese
洪武帝
Transcriptions
TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHóngwǔ DìWade–GilesHung2-wu3 Ti4IPA[xʊ̌ŋ.ù tî]Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHùhng-móuh daiJyutpingHung4-mou5 dai3Southern MinTâi-lôÂng-bú tē
Hanyu Pinyin
Hóngwǔ Dì
Wade–Giles
Hung2-wu3 Ti4
IPA
[xʊ̌ŋ.ù tî]
Yale Romanization
Hùhng-móuh dai
Jyutping
Hung4-mou5 dai3
Tâi-lô
Âng-bú tē

Tables

Left and Right Grand Councilors during the Hongwu Emperor's reign[187] · Chancellors during reign
1368–1371
1368–1371
In office
1368–1371
Left Grand Councilor
Li Shanchang
Right Grand Councilor
Xu Da
1371
1371
In office
1371
Left Grand Councilor
Xu Da
Right Grand Councilor
Wang Guangyang
1371–1373
1371–1373
In office
1371–1373
Left Grand Councilor
–
Right Grand Councilor
Wang Guangyang
1373–1377
1373–1377
In office
1373–1377
Left Grand Councilor
–
Right Grand Councilor
Hu Weiyong
1377–1380
1377–1380
In office
1377–1380
Left Grand Councilor
Hu Weiyong
Right Grand Councilor
Wang Guangyang
In office
Left Grand Councilor
Right Grand Councilor
1368–1371
Li Shanchang
Xu Da
1371
Xu Da
Wang Guangyang
1371–1373
–
Wang Guangyang
1373–1377
–
Hu Weiyong
1377–1380
Hu Weiyong
Wang Guangyang
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Hongwu Emperor House of ZhuBorn: 21 October 1328 Died: 24 June 1398
Regnal titles
Chinese royalty
Chinese royalty
Hongwu Emperor House of ZhuBorn: 21 October 1328 Died: 24 June 1398
Chinese royalty
Unknown
Unknown
Hongwu Emperor House of ZhuBorn: 21 October 1328 Died: 24 June 1398
Unknown
Hongwu Emperor House of ZhuBorn: 21 October 1328 Died: 24 June 1398
King of Wu 1364–1368
Hongwu Emperor House of ZhuBorn: 21 October 1328 Died: 24 June 1398
Merged into the Crown
Hongwu Emperor House of ZhuBorn: 21 October 1328 Died: 24 June 1398
Regnal titles
New titleMing dynasty established
Emperor of the Ming dynasty 23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398
Succeeded byJianwen Emperor
Preceded byUkhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür (Yuan dynasty)
Emperor of China 23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398
Chinese royalty
Unknown
King of Wu 1364–1368
Merged into the Crown

References

  1. Zhu Yuanzhang had already been in control of Nanjing since 1356, and was conferred the title of "Duke of Wu" (吳國公) by th
  2. Chinese: 朱重八; pinyin: Zhū Chóngbā
  3. 21 October 1328 is the Julian calendar equivalent of the 18th day of the 9th month of the Tianli (天曆) regnal period of t
  4. simplified Chinese: 朱兴宗; traditional Chinese: 朱興宗; pinyin: Zhū Xìngzōng
  5. Chinese: 朱元璋; pinyin: Zhū Yuánzhāng
  6. simplified Chinese: 吴; traditional Chinese: 吳; pinyin: Wú
  7. Chinese: 洪武; pinyin: Hóngwǔ
  8. simplified Chinese: 钦明启运俊德成功统天大孝高皇帝; traditional Chinese: 欽明啟運俊德成功統天大孝高皇帝 (conferred by the Jianwen Emperor in 1398)
  9. simplified Chinese: 圣神文武钦明启运俊德成功统天大孝高皇帝; traditional Chinese: 聖神文武欽明啟運俊德成功統天大孝高皇帝 (conferred by the Yongle Emperor in 14
  10. simplified Chinese: 开天行道肇纪立极大圣至神仁文义武俊德成功高皇帝; traditional Chinese: 開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝 (changed by the Jiajing Empero
  11. Chinese: 太祖; pinyin: Tàizǔ
  12. Courtesy name: Guorui (simplified Chinese: 国瑞; traditional Chinese: 國瑞; pinyin: Guóruì)
  13. Wu is a geographical term derived from the ancient state of Wu, which refers to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
  14. He conquered Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Changxing, Jiangyin, Changshu, and Yangzhou.
  15. After the Jinhua Prefecture in Zhejiang, where they were concentrated.
  16. In 1370, 34 distinguished generals were appointed as dukes and marquises (hou). Out of these, 6 dukes and 14 marquises w
  17. In 1371, 120 people were granted. In 1385, 472 were awarded, which was an exceptionally high number. This was followed b
  18. A li contained 110 households, consisting of ten jia with ten households each, as well as the ten leading families who w
  19. The mints were closed in the years 1375–1377 and again in 1387–1389. The printing of money was interrupted in the years
  20. In 1390, one guan was worth 250 copper coins in Jiangnan markets, a mere one-fourth of its nominal value, but by 1394, i
  21. Five prefectures of Zhejiang contributed 1/4 of the total taxes of the empire.
  22. A century later, the prominent scholar Zhu Yunming (1461–1527) recalled how his grandfather was sentenced to death after
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