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Hiroshima

Updated: Wikipedia source

Hiroshima

Hiroshima (広島市, Hiroshima-shi; English: , also UK: , US: , Japanese: [çiɾoɕima] ) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. As of June 1, 2019, the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui has been the city's mayor since April 2011. The Hiroshima metropolitan area is the second largest urban area in the Chugoku Region of Japan, following the Okayama metropolitan area. Hiroshima was founded in 1589 as a castle town on the Ōta River delta. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Hiroshima rapidly transformed into a major urban center and industrial hub. In 1889, Hiroshima officially gained city status. The city was a center of military activities during the imperial era, playing significant roles such as in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and the two world wars. Hiroshima was the first military target of a nuclear weapon in history. This occurred on August 6, 1945, in the Pacific theatre of World War II, at 8:15 a.m., when the United States Army Air Forces dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on the city. Most of Hiroshima was destroyed, and by the end of the year between 90,000 and 166,000 had died as a result of the blast and its effects. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) serves as a memorial of the bombing. Since being rebuilt after the war, Hiroshima has become the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshu.

Infobox

Country
Japan
Region
Chūgoku (San'yō)
Prefecture
Hiroshima Prefecture
Founded by
Mōri Terumoto
• Mayor
Kazumi Matsui
• Prefecture capital and Designated city
1,199,391
• Density
1,322.8/km2 (3,426.1/sq mi)
• Metro (2015)
1,431,634 (10th)
Time zone
UTC 9 (Japan Standard Time)
Tree
Camphor Laurel
Flower
Oleander
Phone number
082-245-2111
Address
1-6-34 Kokutaiji,Naka-ku, Hiroshima-shi 730-8586
Website
www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Month
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Jan
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Feb
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Mar
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Apr
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
May
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Jun
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Jul
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Aug
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Sep
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Oct
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Nov
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Dec
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Year
Record high °C (°F)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
18.8(65.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
21.5(70.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
24.2(75.6)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
29.0(84.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
31.5(88.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
34.4(93.9)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
38.7(101.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
38.7(101.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
37.4(99.3)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
32.6(90.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
26.3(79.3)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
22.3(72.1)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
38.7(101.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
9.9(49.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
10.9(51.6)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
14.5(58.1)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
19.8(67.6)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
24.4(75.9)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
27.2(81.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
30.9(87.6)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
32.8(91.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
29.1(84.4)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
23.7(74.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
17.7(63.9)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
12.1(53.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
21.1(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
5.4(41.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
6.2(43.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
9.5(49.1)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
14.8(58.6)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
19.6(67.3)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
23.2(73.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
27.2(81.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
28.5(83.3)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
24.7(76.5)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
18.8(65.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
12.9(55.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
7.5(45.5)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
16.5(61.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
1.6(34.9)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
2.2(36.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
5.1(41.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
10.1(50.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
15.1(59.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
19.8(67.6)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
24.1(75.4)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
25.1(77.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
21.1(70.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
14.9(58.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
8.9(48.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
3.9(39.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
12.7(54.9)
Record low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−8.5(16.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−8.3(17.1)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−7.2(19.0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−1.4(29.5)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
1.8(35.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
6.6(43.9)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
14.1(57.4)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
13.7(56.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
8.6(47.5)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
1.5(34.7)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−2.6(27.3)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−8.6(16.5)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
−8.6(16.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
46.2(1.82)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
64.0(2.52)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
118.3(4.66)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
141.0(5.55)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
169.8(6.69)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
226.5(8.92)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
279.8(11.02)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
131.4(5.17)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
162.7(6.41)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
109.2(4.30)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
69.3(2.73)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
54.0(2.13)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
1,572.2(61.90)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
3(1.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
3(1.2)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
0(0)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
2(0.8)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
8(3.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
6.8
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
8.3
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
10.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
9.9
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
9.7
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
11.9
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
11.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
8.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
9.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
7.1
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
6.9
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
7.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
108.6
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
66
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
65
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
62
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
61
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
63
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
71
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
73
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
69
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
68
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
66
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
67
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
68
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
67
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
138.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
140.1
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
176.7
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
191.9
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
210.8
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
154.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
173.4
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
207.3
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
167.3
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
178.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
153.3
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
140.6
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
2,033.1
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Climate data for Hiroshima (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
18.8(65.8)
21.5(70.7)
24.2(75.6)
29.0(84.2)
31.5(88.7)
34.4(93.9)
38.7(101.7)
38.7(101.7)
37.4(99.3)
32.6(90.7)
26.3(79.3)
22.3(72.1)
38.7(101.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
9.9(49.8)
10.9(51.6)
14.5(58.1)
19.8(67.6)
24.4(75.9)
27.2(81.0)
30.9(87.6)
32.8(91.0)
29.1(84.4)
23.7(74.7)
17.7(63.9)
12.1(53.8)
21.1(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
5.4(41.7)
6.2(43.2)
9.5(49.1)
14.8(58.6)
19.6(67.3)
23.2(73.8)
27.2(81.0)
28.5(83.3)
24.7(76.5)
18.8(65.8)
12.9(55.2)
7.5(45.5)
16.5(61.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1.6(34.9)
2.2(36.0)
5.1(41.2)
10.1(50.2)
15.1(59.2)
19.8(67.6)
24.1(75.4)
25.1(77.2)
21.1(70.0)
14.9(58.8)
8.9(48.0)
3.9(39.0)
12.7(54.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−8.5(16.7)
−8.3(17.1)
−7.2(19.0)
−1.4(29.5)
1.8(35.2)
6.6(43.9)
14.1(57.4)
13.7(56.7)
8.6(47.5)
1.5(34.7)
−2.6(27.3)
−8.6(16.5)
−8.6(16.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
46.2(1.82)
64.0(2.52)
118.3(4.66)
141.0(5.55)
169.8(6.69)
226.5(8.92)
279.8(11.02)
131.4(5.17)
162.7(6.41)
109.2(4.30)
69.3(2.73)
54.0(2.13)
1,572.2(61.90)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
3(1.2)
3(1.2)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
2(0.8)
8(3.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
6.8
8.3
10.6
9.9
9.7
11.9
11.6
8.6
9.6
7.1
6.9
7.6
108.6
Average relative humidity (%)
66
65
62
61
63
71
73
69
68
66
67
68
67
Mean monthly sunshine hours
138.6
140.1
176.7
191.9
210.8
154.6
173.4
207.3
167.3
178.6
153.3
140.6
2,033.1
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
· Geography › Wards
Aki-ku (Aki ward)
Aki-ku (Aki ward)
Ward
Aki-ku (Aki ward)
Japanese
安芸区
Population
80,702
Area (km2)
94.08
Density(per km2)
857
Map
Asakita-ku (Asa-North ward)
Asakita-ku (Asa-North ward)
Ward
Asakita-ku (Asa-North ward)
Japanese
安佐北区
Population
148,426
Area (km2)
353.33
Density(per km2)
420
Asaminami-ku (Asa-south ward)
Asaminami-ku (Asa-south ward)
Ward
Asaminami-ku (Asa-south ward)
Japanese
安佐南区
Population
241,007
Area (km2)
117.24
Density(per km2)
2,055
Higashi-ku (East ward)
Higashi-ku (East ward)
Ward
Higashi-ku (East ward)
Japanese
東区
Population
121,012
Area (km2)
39.42
Density(per km2)
3,069
Minami-ku (South ward)
Minami-ku (South ward)
Ward
Minami-ku (South ward)
Japanese
南区
Population
141,219
Area (km2)
26.30
Density(per km2)
5,369
Naka-ku (Central ward)*administrative center
Naka-ku (Central ward)*administrative center
Ward
Naka-ku (Central ward)*administrative center
Japanese
中区
Population
130,879
Area (km2)
15.32
Density(per km2)
8,543
Nishi-ku (West ward)
Nishi-ku (West ward)
Ward
Nishi-ku (West ward)
Japanese
西区
Population
189,794
Area (km2)
35.61
Density(per km2)
5,329
Saeki-ku (Saeki ward)
Saeki-ku (Saeki ward)
Ward
Saeki-ku (Saeki ward)
Japanese
佐伯区
Population
137,838
Area (km2)
225.22
Density(per km2)
612
Population as of March 31, 2016
Population as of March 31, 2016
Ward
Population as of March 31, 2016
Ward
Japanese
Population
Area (km2)
Density(per km2)
Map
Aki-ku (Aki ward)
安芸区
80,702
94.08
857
Asakita-ku (Asa-North ward)
安佐北区
148,426
353.33
420
Asaminami-ku (Asa-south ward)
安佐南区
241,007
117.24
2,055
Higashi-ku (East ward)
東区
121,012
39.42
3,069
Minami-ku (South ward)
南区
141,219
26.30
5,369
Naka-ku (Central ward)*administrative center
中区
130,879
15.32
8,543
Nishi-ku (West ward)
西区
189,794
35.61
5,329
Saeki-ku (Saeki ward)
佐伯区
137,838
225.22
612
Population as of March 31, 2016

References

  1. "UEA Code Tables"
    http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_code_e.htm
  2. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
  3. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data"
    http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_data_e.htm
  4. Conversion rates – Exchange rates Archived 2018-02-01 at the Wayback Machine – OECD Data
    https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
  5. A History of US: Book 9: War, Peace, and All that Jazz
  6. International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania
  7. "The Origin of Hiroshima"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080130190042/http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/kikaku/joho/toukei/History-E/c01.html
  8. "Hiroshima: History, City, Event"
    http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/hiroshima_history_city_event
  9. Hiroshima Peace Reader
  10. Bingham (US Legation in Tokyo) to Fish (US Department of State), September 20, 1876, in Papers relating to the foreign r
  11. Kosakai, Hiroshima Peace Reader
  12. Dun (US Legation in Tokyo) to Gresham, February 4, 1895, in Foreign relations of United States, 1894, Appendix I, p. 97
  13. The Origin of Modern Capitalism and Eastern Asia
  14. Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)
  15. "Hiroshima's contribution to food culture tied to A-bomb Dome|Opinion|Hiroshima Peace Media Center"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131025030048/http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/mediacenter/article.php?story=20100901131622626_en
  16. Catholic-Hierarchy.org
    http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhiro.html
  17. "U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20041011111052/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/redocuments/1946/460619-bombing-survey1.html
  18. Bombing to Win: Airpower and Coercion in War
  19. "Japan in the Modern Age and Hiroshima as a Military City"
    http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/abom/97e/peace/e/03/omoide.htm
  20. The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of His
    http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.html
  21. Journal of Military History
    https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44239
  22. "Frequently Asked Questions – Radiation Effects Research Foundation"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070919143939/http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa1.html
  23. Ishikawa and Swain (1981), p. 5
  24. The Asia-Pacific Journal
    https://apjjf.org/2016/23/Selden.html
  25. Roger Angell, From the Archives, "Hersey and History", The New Yorker, July 31, 1995, p. 66.
  26. The Japan Times
    http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/08/16/books/the-pure-horror-of-hiroshima/#.UdhVsfnVDTc
  27. Sharp, "From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima'", Twentieth Century Literature 46 (2000): 434
  28. Jon Michaub, "Eighty-Five From the Archive: John Hersey" The New Yorker, June 8, 2010, np.
  29. John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Random House, 1989).
  30. 広島市 市の木・市の花
    http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/www/contents/0000000000000/1112000428867/
  31. Excite エキサイト
    https://archive.today/20120710150554/http://excite.co.jp/world/english/web/body/?wb_url=http://www.bioweather.net/column/weather/contents/mame068.htm&wb_submit=%83E%83F%83u%83y%81%5B%83W%96%7C%96%F3&wb_lp=JAEN&wb_dis=2
  32. Ishikawa and also Swain (1981), p. 6
  33. "Peace Memorial City, Hiroshima"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080206124545/http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/kikaku/joho/toukei/History-E/c05.html
  34. "Fifty Years for the Peace Memorial Museum"
    http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/exhibit_e/exh0507_e/exh050701_e.html
  35. "Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park"
    https://japandeluxetours.com/experiences/hiroshima-peace-memorial-park
  36. "Surviving the Atomic Attack on Hiroshima, 1944"
    http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/hiroshima.htm
  37. "Library: Media Gallery: Video Files: Rare film documents devastation at Hiroshima"
    http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/media-gallery/video/hiroshima-aftermath
  38. The New York Times
    https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/live/president-obama-hiroshima-japan/obama-becomes-1st-sitting-president-to-visit-hiroshima/
  39. "G7 Hiroshima 2023"
    https://www.g7hiroshima.go.jp/
  40. 気象庁 / 平年値(年・月ごとの値)
    https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php?prec_no=67&block_no=47765&year=&month=&day=&view=
  41. 広島市勢要覧
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025750/http://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/www/contents/1522027456625/simple/29youran.pdf
  42. www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/toukei/12649.html
  43. Terry's Japanese Empire
    https://archive.org/details/terrysjapanesee00terrgoog
  44. "2006 Statistical Profile"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080206110108/http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/kikaku/joho/toukei/12_pro/profile-e.html
  45. Post-conflict Reconstruction in Japan, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, East Timor
  46. city.hiroshima.lg.jp
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/10358.html
  47. The City of Hiroshima
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/220417.html
  48. The City of Hiroshima
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/10621.html
  49. The City of Hiroshima
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/10356.html
  50. The City of Hiroshima
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/10357.html
  51. The City of Hiroshima
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/10354.html
  52. The City of Hiroshima
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/site/english/10347.html
  53. www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp
    https://www.city.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/11/142347.html
  54. "History of Hiroshima University"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070629051712/http://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/category_view.php?category_child_id=2&category_id=8&template_id=14&lang=en
  55. "Japan carrier to offer Iwakuni flights"
    https://www.stripes.com/news/japan-carrier-to-offer-iwakuni-flights-1.99042
  56. 広島市交通科学館
    http://www.vehicle.city.hiroshima.jp/VEHICLE_HP/Contents/01_home/0104_English/02_hiroden/romen.asp
  57. "Peace Newspaper produced by Japanese teenagers: Peace Seeds:feature story"
    http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/hiroshima-koku/en/special/index_2011091301.html
  58. "Wel City Hiroshima"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080724215640/http://www.wel-hknk.com/
  59. insidejapantours.com
    https://www.insidejapantours.com/japan-news/3306/hiroshima-increasingly-popular-with-tourists/
  60. asia.nikkei.com
    https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Hiroshima-promoting-peace-tourism-to-draw-attention-to-more-A-bomb-sites/
  61. Planetyze
    https://planetyze.com/en/japan/hiroshima/sights
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