Topzle Topzle

Hirohito

Updated: Wikipedia source

Hirohito

Hirohito (裕仁; 29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989), posthumously honored as Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇, Shōwa Tennō), was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1926 until his death in 1989. He remains the longest-reigning emperor in Japanese history and one of the longest-reigning monarchs in the world. As emperor during the Shōwa era, Hirohito presided over the rise of Japanese militarism, Japan's invasion of mainland Asia, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Second World War, and the nation's postwar economic miracle. Hirohito was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Emperor Meiji, as the first child of Crown Prince Yoshihito and Crown Princess Sadako (later Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei). When Emperor Meiji died in 1912, Hirohito's father ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne, and Hirohito was proclaimed Crown Prince of Japan in 1916, making him the heir apparent. In 1921, he made an official visit to the United Kingdom and Western Europe, marking the first time a Japanese crown prince had traveled abroad. Due to his father's ill health, Hirohito became Sesshō of Japan (regent) that same year. In 1924, he married Princess Nagako Kuni, with whom he later had seven children: Shigeko, Sachiko, Kazuko, Atsuko, Akihito, Masahito and Takako. He became emperor upon his father's death in 1926. As Japan's head of state, Emperor Hirohito oversaw the rise of militarism in Japanese politics. In 1931, he raised no objection when Japan's Kwantung Army staged the Mukden incident as a pretext for the invasion of Manchuria. Following the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, tensions steadily grew between Japan and the United States. After Hirohito formally sanctioned his government's decision to go to war against the U.S. and its allies on 1 December 1941, the Pacific War began one week later with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, as well as attacks on other U.S. and British colonies in the region. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese-occupied Manchuria, Hirohito called upon the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) to surrender in a radio broadcast on 15 August 1945. The extent of his involvement in military decision-making and his wartime culpability remains a subject of historical debate. Following Japan's surrender, Emperor Hirohito was never prosecuted for war crimes at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), even though the war had been waged in his name. After the surrender, Japan came under Allied occupation, administered primarily by the United States. The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur, believed that a cooperative emperor would facilitate a peaceful occupation and support U.S. postwar objectives. MacArthur therefore excluded any evidence from the tribunal that could have incriminated Hirohito or other members of the Imperial House of Japan. In 1946, Hirohito was pressured by the Allies to renounce his divinity. Under Japan's new constitution, drafted by U.S. officials and enacted in 1947, his role as emperor was redefined as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People". Upon his death in January 1989, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito, beginning the Heisei era.

Infobox

Reign
25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989
Enthronement
10 November 1928
Predecessor
Taishō
Successor
Akihito
Regency
25 November 1921 – 25 December 1926
Monarch
Taishō
Born
Hirohito, Prince Michi(迪宮裕仁親王)(1901-04-29)29 April 1901Takanawa Imperial Residence, Tokyo, Japan
Died
7 January 1989(1989-01-07) (aged 87)Fukiage Palace, Tokyo, Japan
Burial
24 February 1989Musashi Imperial Graveyard
Spouse
mw- Princess Nagako Kuni (m. 1924)
Issue
Shigeko Higashikuni Sachiko, Princess Hisa Kazuko Takatsukasa Atsuko Ikeda Akihito, Emperor of Japan Masahito, Prince Hitachi Takako Shimazu
Era name and dates
Era name and datesShōwa: 25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989Posthumous nameTsuigō:Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇)
House
Imperial House of Japan
Father
Emperor Taishō
Mother
Sadako Kujō
Religion
Shinto

Tables

· Issue
Date
Date
Name
Date
Birth
Spouse
Shigeko Higashikuni(Shigeko, Princess Teru)
Shigeko Higashikuni(Shigeko, Princess Teru)
Name
Shigeko Higashikuni(Shigeko, Princess Teru)
Birth
9 December 1925
Death
23 July 1961
Marriage
10 October 1943
Marriage
Prince Morihiro Higashikuni
Children
Prince Nobuhiko HigashikuniPrincess Fumiko HigashikuniNaohiko HigashikuniHidehiko HigashikuniYūko Higashikuni
Sachiko, Princess Hisa
Sachiko, Princess Hisa
Name
Sachiko, Princess Hisa
Birth
10 September 1927
Death
8 March 1928
Marriage
None
Kazuko Takatsukasa(Kazuko, Princess Taka)
Kazuko Takatsukasa(Kazuko, Princess Taka)
Name
Kazuko Takatsukasa(Kazuko, Princess Taka)
Birth
30 September 1929
Death
26 May 1989
Marriage
20 May 1950
Marriage
Toshimichi Takatsukasa
Children
Naotake Takatsukasa (adopted)
Atsuko Ikeda(Atsuko, Princess Yori)
Atsuko Ikeda(Atsuko, Princess Yori)
Name
Atsuko Ikeda(Atsuko, Princess Yori)
Birth
(1931-03-07) 7 March 1931 (age 94)
Marriage
10 October 1952
Marriage
Takamasa Ikeda
Children
Motohiro Ikeda (adopted)
Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan(Akihito, Prince Tsugu)
Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan(Akihito, Prince Tsugu)
Name
Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan(Akihito, Prince Tsugu)
Birth
(1933-12-23) 23 December 1933 (age 91)
Marriage
10 April 1959
Marriage
Michiko Shōda
Children
Naruhito, Emperor of JapanFumihito, Crown Prince of JapanSayako Kuroda
Masahito, Prince Hitachi(Masahito, Prince Yoshi)
Masahito, Prince Hitachi(Masahito, Prince Yoshi)
Name
Masahito, Prince Hitachi(Masahito, Prince Yoshi)
Birth
(1935-11-28) 28 November 1935 (age 90)
Marriage
30 September 1964
Marriage
Hanako Tsugaru
Children
None
Takako Shimazu(Takako, Princess Suga)
Takako Shimazu(Takako, Princess Suga)
Name
Takako Shimazu(Takako, Princess Suga)
Birth
(1939-03-02) 2 March 1939 (age 86)
Marriage
10 March 1960
Marriage
Hisanaga Shimazu [ja]
Children
Yoshihisa Shimazu
Name
Birth
Death
Marriage
Children
Date
Spouse
Shigeko Higashikuni(Shigeko, Princess Teru)
9 December 1925
23 July 1961
10 October 1943
Prince Morihiro Higashikuni
Prince Nobuhiko HigashikuniPrincess Fumiko HigashikuniNaohiko HigashikuniHidehiko HigashikuniYūko Higashikuni
Sachiko, Princess Hisa
10 September 1927
8 March 1928
None
Kazuko Takatsukasa(Kazuko, Princess Taka)
30 September 1929
26 May 1989
20 May 1950
Toshimichi Takatsukasa
Naotake Takatsukasa (adopted)
Atsuko Ikeda(Atsuko, Princess Yori)
(1931-03-07) 7 March 1931 (age 94)
10 October 1952
Takamasa Ikeda
Motohiro Ikeda (adopted)
Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan(Akihito, Prince Tsugu)
(1933-12-23) 23 December 1933 (age 91)
10 April 1959
Michiko Shōda
Naruhito, Emperor of JapanFumihito, Crown Prince of JapanSayako Kuroda
Masahito, Prince Hitachi(Masahito, Prince Yoshi)
(1935-11-28) 28 November 1935 (age 90)
30 September 1964
Hanako Tsugaru
None
Takako Shimazu(Takako, Princess Suga)
(1939-03-02) 2 March 1939 (age 86)
10 March 1960
Hisanaga Shimazu [ja]
Yoshihisa Shimazu
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Hirohito Imperial House of JapanBorn: 29 April 1901 Died: 7 January 1989
Regnal titles
Preceded byTaishō
Preceded byTaishō
Hirohito Imperial House of JapanBorn: 29 April 1901 Died: 7 January 1989
Preceded byTaishō
Hirohito Imperial House of JapanBorn: 29 April 1901 Died: 7 January 1989
Emperor of Japan 25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989
Hirohito Imperial House of JapanBorn: 29 April 1901 Died: 7 January 1989
Succeeded byAkihito
Hirohito Imperial House of JapanBorn: 29 April 1901 Died: 7 January 1989
Regnal titles
Preceded byTaishō
Emperor of Japan 25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989
Succeeded byAkihito

References

  1. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- Japanese pronunciation: [ɕoː.wa (ten.noꜜː), ɕoꜜː.wa (ten.noː)]
  2. The first foreign trip by the Crown Prince was made in 1907 by the Crown Prince Yoshihito to the then Korean Empire. Dur
  3. Many foreigners, including those from the occupying power, were from Western countries steeped in monotheistic Abrahamic
  4. The reason a visit had not occurred prior to this was, in part, because the Act for Extraordinary Vicarious Execution of
  5. Former member of section 20 of War operations of the Army high command, Hara has made a detailed study of the way milita
  6. Kindaichi, Haruhiko
  7. BBC History
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/hirohito_emperor.shtml
  8. Ponsonby-Fane 1959, p. 337.
  9. Bix 2001, pp. 22–23.
    https://archive.org/details/hirohitomakingof00herb/page/22
  10. Pearl Harbor
    https://pearlharbor.org/the-long-and-eventful-reign-of-hirohito/
  11. Bix 2016, pp. 36–37.
  12. Bix 2016, p. 43.
  13. pacificwrecks.com
    https://pacificwrecks.com/people/leaders/hirohito/
  14. Bix 2016, pp. 70–74.
  15. Ponsonby-Fane 1959, p. 338; see File:Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo Dec1916.jpg, The New York Times. 3 December 1916.
  16. doi.gov.mt
    https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/Pages/2020/July/24/pr201420.aspx
  17. 小田部雄次 『天皇・皇室を知る事典』211頁（東京堂出版・2007年）
  18. ISBN
  19. Royals on Tour: Politics, pageantry and colonialism
    https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526109392/9781526109392.00016.xml
  20. Bix 2001, p. 123.
  21. "Hirohito Is Named Regent of Japan", The New York Times, 26 November 1921, p. 4
  22. ""Travelling in Tainan with Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito" Learn about the culture and history of Taijiang and take a salt industry tour"
    https://www.tjnp.gov.tw/Eng/News_Content.aspx?n=5624&sms=10345&s=266408
  23. "The Takao Club: Crown Prince Hirohito's 1923 Visit to Takao"
    https://www.takaoclub.com/hirohito/hirohito.htm
  24. Al-Madaniyya
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/almadaniyya/1/0/1_1/_pdf/-char/en
  25. YouTube
    https://youtube.com/shorts/xmld_Jw6XoY?si=HskD6o7_NWoGEFJM
  26. Undiscovered Taipei
    https://www.travel.taipei/en/pictorial/article/14084
  27. Pearl Harbor
    https://pearlharbor.org/the-long-and-eventful-reign-of-hirohito/
  28. Tokyo Weekender
    https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2021/05/assassination-plots-japan/
  29. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-japan-archive-1989jan07-story.html#page=3
  30. Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa"
  31. Ponsonby-Fane 1959, p. 349.
  32. Ponsonby-Fane 1959, pp. 136–137.
  33. Bix 2016, p. 186.
  34. Mikiso Hane, Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-de-camp, The Honjō Diary, 1983; Honjō Nikki, Hara Shobō, 1975.
  35. Wakabayashi 1991.
  36. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-14-me-4022-story.html
  37. Rich 2018.
  38. pearlharbor.org
    https://pearlharbor.org/blog/the-long-and-eventful-reign-of-hirohito/#:~:text=Already%2Dtense%20relations%20between%20Japan,supported%20and%20encouraged%20by%20Hirohito.
  39. "Diary shows Hirohito didn't want war in China: media"
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-hirohito-idUST22065220070309
  40. Bix 2016, p. 319.
  41. Fujiwara, Nitchū Sensō ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu, Kikan Sensō Sekinin Kenkyū 9, 1995, pp. 20–21
  42. Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu, 1997, pp. 25–29
  43. Bix 2016, p. 320.
  44. Bix 2016, p. 339.
  45. Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu, 1997, p. 28.
  46. Hidenari 1991, pp. 106–108; Wetzler 1998, pp. 25, 231.
  47. Japan's decision for war : records of the 1941 policy conferences
  48. Bix 2001, pp. 411, 745.
  49. Prange, G. W., Dillon, K. V., Goldstein, D. M. (1991). At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor; Revised Editi
  50. Pike, F. (2016). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  51. history.army.mil
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071226081745/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/ch3.htm
  52. Wetzler 1998, pp. 52–54.
  53. Fujiwara, Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō, 1991, p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary.
  54. Hidenari 1991, p. 118.
  55. Bix 2016, p. 421.
  56. Wetzler 1998, pp. 47–50.
  57. Day of Deceit, Robert B. Stinnett, New York, 2000, p. 143.
  58. Wetzler 1998, pp. 29, 35.
  59. Bix 2016, pp. 424, 430–31.
  60. "Emperor Hirohito - Nuclear Museum"
    https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so
  61. December 8, 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor
  62. Yamada, pp. 180, 181, 185; Fujiwara, pp. 135–138.
  63. The Century
  64. Bix 2016, p. 365.
  65. The Routledge History of Genocide
  66. China and Her Neighbours: Asian Diplomacy from Ancient History to the Present
  67. Akamatsu's diary, in Wetzler 1998, p. 50.
  68. Herbert Bix, "Emperor Hirohito's war," History Today, (Dec 1991), 41#12
  69. Herbert P. Bix "Japan's Delayed Surrender: a Reinterpretation." Diplomatic History 1995 19(2): 197–225. online.
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912294
  70. Bix 2016, pp. 480–481.
  71. Bix 2016, p. 481.
  72. David C. Earhart, Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media (2015).
  73. Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
    https://books.google.com/books?id=T_6tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118
  74. Bix 2016, p. 756.
  75. Fujita Hisanori, Jijûchô no kaisô, Chûô Kôronsha, 1987, pp. 66–67
  76. Bix 2016, p. 489.
  77. Kido Kōichi Nikki, p. 1223.
  78. Hidenari 1991, p. 129.
  79. The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind
  80. A History of Modern Japan
  81. "Hirohito's "Jewel Voice Broadcast""
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130910212019/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2012/August%202012/0812keeper.aspx
  82. Bix 2016, p. 676.
  83. Dower 1999, p. 606.
  84. The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since World War II
    https://archive.org/details/searchforreconci0000heyi/page/124/mode/2up
  85. "Hirohito, the war criminal who got away"
    https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/hirohito-the-war-criminal-who-got-away/
  86. archives.gov
    https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/select-documents.pdf
  87. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/should-the-united-states-be-blamed-for-japans-historical-revisionism/
  88. Bix 2000, p. 545.
  89. Bix, pp. 571–573.
  90. Ashida Hitoshi Nikki, Dai Ikkan, Iwanami Shoten, 1986, p. 82.
  91. Dower 1999, p. 325.
  92. Dower 1999, p. 585.
  93. Dower 1999, p. 583.
  94. Dower 1999, p. 326.
  95. Bix, p. 585.
  96. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/10/19/judgment-tokyo-trial-gary-bass/
  97. Dower 1999, pp. 308–318.
  98. Wetzler 1998, p. 3.
  99. Large, Stephen S.; Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography, p. 60; Routledge, 1992.
  100. Political Science
    https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003231875801000201
  101. Urs Schöttli, "The enduring value of Japan’s emperor" GIS Reports: Politics 11 June 2019 online
    https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/japans-emperor/
  102. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hirohito
  103. 『皇族 天皇家の近現代史』小田部雄次 中公新書 2011
  104. Historian
    https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2006.00133.x
  105. 米側の昭和天皇政治利用に外相が「迷惑千万」 外交文書公開
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130310040504/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/politics/news/130307/plc13030711450008-n1.htm
  106. www.toyoeiwa.ac.jp
    https://www.toyoeiwa.ac.jp/daigakuin/k_i_column/kyoin/kyoin_hiroshimasuda_01.html
  107. "Nine controversial state visits to the UK"
    https://news.sky.com/story/five-controversial-state-visits-to-the-uk-10748635
  108. Popham, Peter (15 May 1996). "A love affair at work turns sour". The Independent. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
    https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/a-love-affair-at-work-turns-sour-1347366.html
  109. Journal of Contemporary History
    https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009420907666
  110. 陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988[broken anchor] p. 193
  111. Daily Press
    https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19890107-1989-01-07-8901070135-story.html
  112. Ford Library Museum
    https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/7368373.pdf
  113. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/04/archives/at-arlington-cemetery-a-wreath-from-the-emperor-and-empress-of.html
  114. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/06/archives/a-rare-glimpse.html
  115. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-20-mn-6343-story.html
  116. "The brief career of the Emperor Showa (Imperial Household Agency, Japanese)"
    http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/about/history/history11.html
  117. "Hydrozoa Taxon List"
    http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=taxlist&searchpar=4&tComp=begins&tName=hirohito&action=search&rSkips=0&adv=0
  118. "Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy"
    https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/why-yasukuni-shrine-is-controversial-symbol-japans-war-legacy-2021-08-13/
  119. The Japan Times Online
    http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20060721a1.html
  120. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html
  121. Biography
    https://www.biography.com/political-figures/hirohito
  122. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akihito
  123. Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II (毒ガス戦関係資料. II), Kaisetsu
  124. Warriors and Scholars: A Modern War reader
  125. Atomic Heritage Foundation
    https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/emperor-hirohito
  126. Showa: Chronicles of a Fallen God
  127. Imperial Japan and Defeat in the Second World War: The Collapse of an Empire
  128. Japan's Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019
  129. Dower 1999.
  130. Bix.
  131. Bix 2001, p. 365.
  132. The Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/japans-wartime-emperor-showed-remorse-over-nanjing-massacre-11566210385
  133. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-14-me-4022-story.html
  134. Entwined Atrocities. New Insights into the U.S.-Japan Alliance
  135. History News Network
    https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/five-myths-about-emperor-hirohito
  136. The Spectator
    https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/hirohito-the-war-criminal-who-got-away/#:~:text=Belying%20the%20post%2Dwar%20myth,the%20Germans'%20Josef%20Mengele)%2C
  137. Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/07/07/new-hirohito-revelations-startle-japan/
  138. history.hanover.edu
    https://history.hanover.edu/texts/1889con.html
  139. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 19–20.
  140. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 17.
  141. Shōwa Tennō no Jū-go Nen Sensō (The Shōwa Emperor fifteen years war)
  142. Wetzler 1998.
  143. Wetzler 1998, p. 32.
  144. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/22/world/post-hirohito-japan-debates-his-war-role.html
  145. Shōwa tennō no Jū-go nen sensō, Aoki Shoten, 1991, p. 122.
  146. "Yinan He | International Relations"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220705023707/https://ir.cas.lehigh.edu/content/yinan-he
  147. Japan Focus
    http://www.japanfocus.org/-Awaya-Kentaro/2061
  148. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/19/world/mayor-who-faulted-hirohito-is-shot.html?sec=&spon=
  149. Hirohito: Guilty or Innocent
  150. Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945
  151. Honolulu Star-Advertiser
    https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/07/27/breaking-news/newly-released-1941-memo-says-emperor-hirohito-at-ease-with-attack-on-pearl-harbor/
  152. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 5.
  153. The Journal of Japanese Studies
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/132824
  154. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 17–18.
  155. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 15–16.
  156. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 16.
  157. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 18.
  158. Wakabayashi 1991, pp. 17–19.
  159. "Diary tells of Emperor Hirohito's anguish in final years over blame for war"
    https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/08/23/national/history/diary-tells-emperor-hirohitos-anguish-final-years-blame-war/#.XV35d9LLfK4
  160. The Asahi Shimbun
    https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14496398
  161. The Journal of Japanese Studies
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6848
  162. "Hirohito "uncomfortable" with war but powerless to stop"
    https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2017/07/758307910564-hirohito-uncomfortable-with-military-aggression-but-powerless-to-change.html
  163. 陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988[broken anchor] p. 209
  164. 陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988[broken anchor] p. 212
  165. 陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988[broken anchor] p. 216
  166. 陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988[broken anchor] pp. 226–227
  167. 昭和天皇語録 2004[broken anchor] p. 332
  168. 陛下、お尋ね申し上げます 1988[broken anchor] p. 313
  169. "Chapter V: The Imperial Court – The Imperial House and The Reigning Sovereign", p. 46. The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book 1
  170. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32324/supplement/3917
  171. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32317/supplement/3737
  172. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33619/page/4028
  173. Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States
  174. ritarikunnat.fi
    http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset
  175. Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1930
    https://runeberg.org/norkal/1930/0560.html
  176. Sveriges statskalender
    https://runeberg.org/statskal/1940bih/0007.html
  177. Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009
    https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ
  178. Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008 (2008), p. 298
  179. แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง ถวายเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์แด่สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิแห่งประเทศญี่ปุ่น
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141231081513/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2507/D/022/571.PDF
  180. Royal Thai Government Gazette
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223348/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2468/D/3343.PDF
  181. "NEPAL: Order of Ojaswi Rajanya"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150927164434/http://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/1988/153251_JOMSA_Vol39_12_19.pdf
  182. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092055/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-order-of-sikatuna/
  183. "Viagem do Presidente Geisel ao Japão"
    http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/publicacoes-oficiais/catalogo/geisel/viagem-do-pr-ao-japao-setembro-1976
  184. Calendario generale del regno d'Italia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3
  185. www.quirinale.it
    https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/ricerca/insegna/11
  186. www.istiadat.gov.my
    https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1964.pdf
  187. "Tonga Royalty Posing with Japanese Leaders Pictures | Getty Images"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161006175419/http://www.gettyimages.co.jp/detail/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F/the-king-of-tonga-taufaahau-tupou-iv-and-queen-halaevalu-%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F/517264862
  188. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32318/supplement/3747
  189. List of the Knights of the Garter
    https://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/garterlist.htm
  190. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
    https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1990.0032
  191. "Boletín Oficial del Estado"
    http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1928/284/A00218-00218.pdf
  192. Naval History: Hirohito Showa. Archived 6 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
    http://navalhistory.flixco.info/H/177028x19846/8330/a0.htm
  193. Guía Oficial de España
    http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es
  194. "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" (in Czech), Czech Medals and Orders Society. Retrieved 9 August 201
    http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1053
  195. Slobodna Dalmacija
    https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?page=0&displaySizeSelect=1&pv_page_id=110549&autocomplete_text=
  196. "The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia Archived 26 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine", The Crown Council of
    http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon
  197. Russian Imperial Orders of Chivalry
  198. A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan
    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007156285
  199. Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands
    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007156260
  200. Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007158474
  201. Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands
    https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/819134
  202. Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea / by Hirohito
    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008335470
  203. Hydroids from Izu Ôshima and Niijima
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647103657
  204. A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n.sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama
    https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1547378
  205. The Hydroids of Sagami Bay / by Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
    http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6611702?
  206. The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II, Thecata
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154263373
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.