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Henry VIII

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Henry VIII

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry was a dominant and forceful monarch. He is known for his six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Born in Greenwich, Henry brought radical changes to the Constitution of England, expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings in opposition to papal supremacy. He frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial using bills of attainder. He achieved many of his political aims through his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, and Thomas Cranmer all figured prominently in his administration. Henry was an extravagant spender, using proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament. He converted money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance and costly and largely unproductive wars, particularly with King Francis I of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King James V of Scotland, and the Scottish regency under the Earl of Arran and Mary of Guise. He founded the Royal Navy, oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, and was the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of Ireland Act 1542. Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and accomplished king. He has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne" and his reign described as the "most important" in English history. He was an author and composer. As he aged, he became severely overweight and his health suffered, and was frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, and tyrannical monarch. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI.

Infobox

Reign
22 April 1509[b] – 28 January 1547
Coronation
24 June 1509
Predecessor
Henry VII
Successor
Edward VI
Born
(1491-06-28)28 June 1491Palace of Placentia, Greenwich, England
Died
28 January 1547(1547-01-28) (aged 55)Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, England
Burial
16 February 1547St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire
Spouses
mw- Catherine of Aragon (m. 1509; ann. 1533)[c] Anne Boleyn (m. 1532/1533;[d] ann. 1536) Jane Seymour (m. 1536; died 1537) Anne of Cleves (m. 1540; ann. 1540) Catherine Howard (m. 1540; died 1542) Catherine Parr (m. 1543)
Issuemore...
Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (ill.)
House
Tudor
Father
Henry VII of England
Mother
Elizabeth of York
Religion
Catholic (1491–1534) Church of England (1534–1547)

Tables

Known children of Henry VIII of England · Wives, mistresses, and children
By Catherine of Aragon (married Palace of Placentia 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533)
By Catherine of Aragon (married Palace of Placentia 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533)
Name
By Catherine of Aragon (married Palace of Placentia 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533)
Unnamed daughter
Unnamed daughter
Name
Unnamed daughter
Birth
31 January 1510
Death
stillborn
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
Name
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
Birth
1 January 1511
Death
22 February 1511
Notes
died aged almost two months
Unnamed son
Unnamed son
Name
Unnamed son
Birth
17 September 1513
Death
died shortly after birth
Unnamed son
Unnamed son
Name
Unnamed son
Birth
November 1514
Death
died shortly after birth
Queen Mary I
Queen Mary I
Name
Queen Mary I
Birth
18 February 1516
Death
17 November 1558
Notes
married Philip II of Spain in 1554; no issue
Unnamed daughter
Unnamed daughter
Name
Unnamed daughter
Birth
10 November 1518
Death
stillborn in the 8th month of pregnancy or lived at least one week
By Elizabeth Blount (mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his)
By Elizabeth Blount (mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his)
Name
By Elizabeth Blount (mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his)
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset
Name
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset
Birth
15 June 1519
Death
23 July 1536
Notes
illegitimate; acknowledged by Henry VIII in 1525; no issue
By Anne Boleyn (married Dover 14 November 1532, and then again Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536
By Anne Boleyn (married Dover 14 November 1532, and then again Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536
Name
By Anne Boleyn (married Dover 14 November 1532, and then again Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536
Queen Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I
Name
Queen Elizabeth I
Birth
7 September 1533
Death
24 March 1603
Notes
never married; no issue
Unnamed child
Unnamed child
Name
Unnamed child
Birth
Summer 1534
Death
miscarriage or false pregnancy
Unnamed child
Unnamed child
Name
Unnamed child
Birth
1535
Death
Possible miscarriage
Unnamed son
Unnamed son
Name
Unnamed son
Birth
29 January 1536
Death
miscarriage of a child, believed male, in the fourth month of pregnancy
By Jane Seymour (married Palace of Whitehall 30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537
By Jane Seymour (married Palace of Whitehall 30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537
Name
By Jane Seymour (married Palace of Whitehall 30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537
King Edward VI
King Edward VI
Name
King Edward VI
Birth
12 October 1537
Death
6 July 1553
Notes
died unmarried, age 15; no issue
By Anne of Cleves (married Palace of Placentia 6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540
By Anne of Cleves (married Palace of Placentia 6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540
Name
By Anne of Cleves (married Palace of Placentia 6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540
no issue
no issue
Name
no issue
By Catherine Howard (married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542
By Catherine Howard (married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542
Name
By Catherine Howard (married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542
no issue
no issue
Name
no issue
By Catherine Parr (married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547
By Catherine Parr (married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547
Name
By Catherine Parr (married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547
no issue
no issue
Name
no issue
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By Catherine of Aragon (married Palace of Placentia 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533)
Unnamed daughter
31 January 1510
stillborn
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
1 January 1511
22 February 1511
died aged almost two months
Unnamed son
17 September 1513
died shortly after birth
Unnamed son
November 1514
died shortly after birth
Queen Mary I
18 February 1516
17 November 1558
married Philip II of Spain in 1554; no issue
Unnamed daughter
10 November 1518
stillborn in the 8th month of pregnancy or lived at least one week
By Elizabeth Blount (mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his)
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset
15 June 1519
23 July 1536
illegitimate; acknowledged by Henry VIII in 1525; no issue
By Anne Boleyn (married Dover 14 November 1532, and then again Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536
Queen Elizabeth I
7 September 1533
24 March 1603
never married; no issue
Unnamed child
Summer 1534
miscarriage or false pregnancy
Unnamed child
1535
Possible miscarriage
Unnamed son
29 January 1536
miscarriage of a child, believed male, in the fourth month of pregnancy
By Jane Seymour (married Palace of Whitehall 30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537
King Edward VI
12 October 1537
6 July 1553
died unmarried, age 15; no issue
By Anne of Cleves (married Palace of Placentia 6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540
no issue
By Catherine Howard (married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542
no issue
By Catherine Parr (married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547
no issue
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Regnal titles
Preceded byHenry VII
Preceded byHenry VII
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Preceded byHenry VII
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Lord of Ireland 1509–1542
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Crown of Ireland Act 1542
King of England 1509–1547
King of England 1509–1547
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
King of England 1509–1547
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Succeeded byEdward VI
VacantTitle last held byRuaidrí Ua Conchobair
VacantTitle last held byRuaidrí Ua Conchobair
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
VacantTitle last held byRuaidrí Ua Conchobair
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
King of Ireland 1542–1547
Political offices
Political offices
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Political offices
Preceded byWilliam Scott
Preceded byWilliam Scott
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Preceded byWilliam Scott
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1493–1509
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Succeeded byEdward Poyning
Preceded byThe Marquess of Berkeley
Preceded byThe Marquess of Berkeley
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Preceded byThe Marquess of Berkeley
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Earl Marshal 1494–1509
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Succeeded byThe Duke of Norfolk
Peerage of England
Peerage of England
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Peerage of England
VacantTitle last held byArthur
VacantTitle last held byArthur
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
VacantTitle last held byArthur
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Prince of Wales 1504–1509
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
VacantTitle next held byEdward (VI)
Preceded byArthur
Preceded byArthur
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Preceded byArthur
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Duke of Cornwall 1502–1509
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
VacantTitle next held byHenry
Henry VIII House of TudorBorn: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547
Regnal titles
Preceded byHenry VII
Lord of Ireland 1509–1542
Crown of Ireland Act 1542
King of England 1509–1547
Succeeded byEdward VI
VacantTitle last held byRuaidrí Ua Conchobair
King of Ireland 1542–1547
Political offices
Preceded byWilliam Scott
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1493–1509
Succeeded byEdward Poyning
Preceded byThe Marquess of Berkeley
Earl Marshal 1494–1509
Succeeded byThe Duke of Norfolk
Peerage of England
VacantTitle last held byArthur
Prince of Wales 1504–1509
VacantTitle next held byEdward (VI)
Preceded byArthur
Duke of Cornwall 1502–1509
VacantTitle next held byHenry

References

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  7. On 11 July 1533 Pope Clement VII 'pronounced sentence against the King, declaring him excommunicated unless he put away
  8. Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. A letter from George Taylor to Lady L
  9. The only evidence for a miscarriage in 1535 is a sentence from a letter from William Kingston to Lord Lisle on 24 June 1
  10. Chapuys reported to Charles V on 10 February 1536 that Anne Boleyn had miscarried on the day of Catherine of Aragon's fu
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