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Henry Kissinger

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Henry Kissinger

Henry Alfred Kissinger (May 27, 1923 – November 29, 2023) was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 56th United States secretary of state from 1973 to 1977 and the 7th national security advisor from 1969 to 1975, serving under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Born in Germany, Kissinger emigrated to the United States in 1938 as a Jewish refugee fleeing Nazi persecution. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended Harvard University, where he excelled academically. He later became a professor of government at the university and earned an international reputation as an expert on nuclear weapons and foreign policy. He acted as a consultant to government agencies, think tanks, and the presidential campaigns of Nelson Rockefeller and Nixon before being appointed as national security advisor and later secretary of state by President Nixon. An advocate of a pragmatic approach to geopolitics known as Realpolitik, Kissinger pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated an opening of relations with China, engaged in "shuttle diplomacy" in the Middle East to end the Yom Kippur War, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, which ended American involvement in the Vietnam War. For his role in negotiating the accords, he was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, which sparked controversy. Kissinger is also associated with controversial U.S. policies including its bombing of Cambodia, involvement in the 1971 Bolivian and 1973 Chilean coup d'états, and support for Argentina's military junta in its Dirty War, Indonesia in its invasion of East Timor, and Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War and Bangladesh genocide. Considered by many American scholars to have been an effective secretary of state, Kissinger was also accused by critics of war crimes for the civilian death toll of the policies he pursued and for his role in facilitating U.S. support for authoritarian regimes. After leaving government, Kissinger founded Kissinger Associates, an international geopolitical consulting firm which he ran from 1982 until his death. He authored over a dozen books on diplomatic history and international relations. His advice was sought by American presidents of both major political parties.

Infobox

President
George W. Bush
Deputy
George J. MitchellLee H. Hamilton
Preceded by
Position established
Succeeded by
Thomas Kean
Other offices
Other offices 22nd Chancellor of the College of William & MaryIn officeJuly 1, 2000 – October 1, 2005PresidentTimothy J. SullivanGene NicholPreceded byMargaret ThatcherSucceeded bySandra Day O'Connor1st Chair of the 9/11 CommissionIn officeNovember 27, 2002 – December 14, 2002PresidentGeorge W. BushDeputyGeorge J. MitchellLee H. HamiltonPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byThomas Kean
Born
Heinz Alfred Kissinger(1923-05-27)May 27, 1923Fürth, Bavaria, Germany
Died
November 29, 2023(2023-11-29) (aged 100)Kent, Connecticut, U.S.
Resting place
Arlington National Cemetery
Citizenship
Germany (until 1935) Stateless (1935–1943) United States (from 1943)
Political party
Republican
Spouses
mw- Ann Fleischer (m. 1949; div. 1964) Nancy Maginnes (m. 1974)
Children
2
Education
Harvard University (AB, AM, PhD)
Occupation
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Civilian awards
Full list
Website
Personal website
Allegiance
United States
Branch/service
United States Army
Years of service
1943–1946
Rank
Sergeant
Unit
84th Infantry Division 970th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment
Battles/wars
mw- li World War II Battle of the Bulge
Military awards
Bronze Star
Party
Republican

Tables

· External links
Preceded byWalt Rostow
Preceded byWalt Rostow
Political offices
Preceded byWalt Rostow
Political offices
United States National Security Advisor 1969–1975
Political offices
Succeeded byBrent Scowcroft
Preceded byWilliam Rogers
Preceded byWilliam Rogers
Political offices
Preceded byWilliam Rogers
Political offices
United States Secretary of State 1973–1977
Political offices
Succeeded byCyrus Vance
Academic offices
Academic offices
Political offices
Academic offices
Preceded byMargaret Thatcher
Preceded byMargaret Thatcher
Political offices
Preceded byMargaret Thatcher
Political offices
Chancellor of the College of William & Mary 2000–2005
Political offices
Succeeded bySandra Day O'Connor
Government offices
Government offices
Political offices
Government offices
New title
New title
Political offices
New title
Political offices
Chair of the 9/11 Commission 2002
Political offices
Succeeded byThomas Kean
Political offices
Preceded byWalt Rostow
United States National Security Advisor 1969–1975
Succeeded byBrent Scowcroft
Preceded byWilliam Rogers
United States Secretary of State 1973–1977
Succeeded byCyrus Vance
Academic offices
Preceded byMargaret Thatcher
Chancellor of the College of William & Mary 2000–2005
Succeeded bySandra Day O'Connor
Government offices
New title
Chair of the 9/11 Commission 2002
Succeeded byThomas Kean

References

  1. Pronunciation: /ˈkɪsəndʒər/, KISS-ən-jər
  2. German pronunciation: [haɪnts ˈʔalfʁeːt ˈkɪsɪŋɐ]
  3. From 1980 to 1983 there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and multiple nonfiction subcategori
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  176. Justice Across Borders: The Struggle for Human Rights in U.S. Courts
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  187. Journal of Cold War Studies
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  188. Bitter Harvest: The Great Betrayal and the Dreadful Aftermath
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  191. "US Endorsed Indonesia's East Timor Invasion: Secret Documents", Agence France Press, December 6, 2001.
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