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Henry I of England

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Henry I of England

Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, thereby leaving Henry landless. He subsequently purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but his brothers deposed him in 1091. He gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William Rufus against Robert. When William died in a hunting accident, Henry seized the English throne ahead of Robert, promising at his coronation to correct many of William's less popular policies. He married Matilda of Scotland and they had two surviving children, Empress Matilda and William Adelin. Robert disputed Henry's control of England and invaded from Normandy in 1101. The ensuing military campaign ended in a negotiated settlement that confirmed Henry as king. The peace was short-lived, however, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray. Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life. Henry's control of Normandy was subsequently challenged by Louis VI of France, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou, who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120. Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy. In England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxation, but also strengthened it with more institutions such as the royal exchequer and itinerant justices. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system were "new men" of obscure backgrounds, rather than from families of high status, who rose through the ranks as administrators. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, which was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105. He supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy. Henry's son William drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the royal succession into doubt. Henry took a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, in the hope of having another son, but their marriage was childless. In response to this, he declared his daughter Matilda his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou. The relationship between Henry and the couple became strained, and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou. Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness. Despite his plans for Matilda, the King was succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Blois, resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy.

Infobox

Reign
1106 – 1 December 1135
Coronation
5 August 1100
Predecessor
Robert Curthose
Successor
Stephen
Born
c. 1068possibly Selby, Yorkshire, England
Died
1 December 1135 (aged 66–67)Saint-Denis-en-Lyons, Normandy, France
Burial
Reading Abbey
Spouses
mw- Matilda of Scotland (m. 1100; died 1118) Adeliza of Louvain (m. 1121)
Issuemore ...
Matilda, Holy Roman Empress William Adelin, Duke of Normandy Illegitimate : Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester Aline, Lady of Montmorency Juliane de Fontevrault Matilda, Countess of Perche Richard of Lincoln Sybilla, Queen of Scots Reginald, 1st Earl of Cornwall Matilda, Duchess of Brittany Robert, Lord of Okehampton Matilda, Abbess of Montvilliers Henry FitzRoy Fulk FitzRoy Gilbert FitzRoy
House
Normandy
Father
William the Conqueror
Mother
Matilda of Flanders

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam Rufus
Preceded byWilliam Rufus
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Preceded byWilliam Rufus
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
King of England 1100–1135
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Succeeded byStephen
Preceded byRobert Curthose
Preceded byRobert Curthose
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Preceded byRobert Curthose
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Duke of Normandy 1106–1120
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Succeeded byWilliam Adelin
Preceded byWilliam Adelin
Preceded byWilliam Adelin
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Preceded byWilliam Adelin
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Duke of Normandy 1120–1135
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Succeeded byStephen
Henry I of England House of NormandyBorn: 1068/1069 Died: 1 December 1135
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam Rufus
King of England 1100–1135
Succeeded byStephen
Preceded byRobert Curthose
Duke of Normandy 1106–1120
Succeeded byWilliam Adelin
Preceded byWilliam Adelin
Duke of Normandy 1120–1135
Succeeded byStephen

References

  1. The dating of Henry's birth depends on comparing chronicler accounts and the travels of his parents William and Matilda;
  2. The chronicler Orderic Vitalis describes a colourful quarrel that is said to have occurred between Henry and his brother
  3. Historian Warren Hollister doubts that Henry was ever destined for the clergy; Judith Green is less certain.
  4. Chroniclers varied in reporting the sum as either £2,000 or £5,000, although £5,000 is the more commonly cited figure am
  5. £5,000 would have formed around 1.5 million silver pennies, a difficult sum to move easily out of the Duchy if opposed.
  6. Western Normandy had originally been intended for Henry's late brother Richard and was suitably remote from the capital
  7. Chroniclers vary in their description of the length of the siege, suggesting either a duration of 15 days and six weeks.
  8. Henry's decision not to join the main campaign may have been because Robert's forces were sufficiently strong to prevent
  9. David Carpenter regards William Rufus's death as "almost certainly an accident"; Warren Hollister considers "by far the
  10. The chroniclers Eadmer, Malmesbury and Orderic describe the couple as close, with Eadmer noting that they were in love.
  11. Anselm was criticised in some quarters for permitting the royal marriage to proceed.
  12. The only chronicler to suggest a second son is Gervase of Canterbury.
  13. Bisexuality was also common among this social group, but there is no evidence to suggest that Henry had male partners.
  14. Most chroniclers reported this sum as 3,000 marks, equivalent to £2,000, but Orderic recorded the agreed amount as £3,00
  15. Contemporary chroniclers provided several possible dates for the battle, suggesting either 27, 28 or 29 September. Moder
  16. Geoffrey of Monmouth memorably likened Henry to the "Lion of Justice" in his Historia Regum Britanniae, in a section in
  17. In 1124, Henry received reports from his soldiers that they had been paid in substandard English silver pennies. He inst
  18. Historian David Crouch has noted that many of Henry's key advisers and officials later regretted their actions on behalf
  19. Anselm used the metaphor of the government being a plough pulled by two oxen, the King and the Archbishop, ruling throug
  20. Assessing Henry's personal attitude towards religion later in his life is challenging. Historian Richard Southern argued
  21. The chronicler Abbot Suger suggested that the incident was embarrassing for Henry, since he had refused battle, but it w
  22. The dowry was 10,000 marks in silver, equivalent to £6,666.
  23. In Latin, the ducal title was dux Normannorum, literally "Duke of the Normans".
  24. The dating of this campaign is uncertain; Judith Green places it firmly in 1116, while Warren Hollister is less certain,
  25. In February 1119, Eustace and Juliane, formerly allies of Henry, threatened to rebel unless they were given the castle o
  26. The submerged rock was probably the Quillebœuf Rock.
  27. The speed with which Henry's second marriage took place may indicate that he had been planning to remarry anyway, even b
  28. It is uncertain what led Waleran de Beaumont to rebel against Henry. Waleran may have genuinely believed that William Cl
  29. Medieval Church law at the time forbade marriage within seven degrees. In practice most of the upper classes were relate
  30. It is not known precisely what the rumours about Henry's failure to bear children were, and whether the issue lay with o
  31. Medieval chroniclers' accounts of this oath vary on the points of detail. William of Malmesbury described that those pre
  32. Work by historian Geoffrey White in the 1940s produced an extensive list of Henry's illegitimate children, which forms t
  33. Traditionally Henry's mother has been given as Nest ferch Rhys, although more recent work by Kathleen Thompson casts dou
  34. White argued that Sibyl's mother was Sibyl Corbet, although more recent research by Kathleen Thompson discredits this th
  35. Rohese may have been Henry's daughter, but it is more probable that her father was Herbert fitz Herbert.
  36. Sibyl may have been Henry's daughter, but it is more probable that her father was his brother Robert of Normandy.
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  370. Thompson 2003, pp. 141–143
  371. Thompson 2003, pp. 143, 146
  372. Thompson 2003, pp. 143–146
  373. Thompson 2003, p. 146; Green 2009, p. 322
  374. Thompson 2003, p. 146
  375. Thompson 2003, pp. 146–147
  376. Thompson 2003, p. 147
  377. Thompson 2003, pp. 147–148; Green 2009, p. 322
  378. Thompson 2003, p. 148
  379. Thompson 2003, pp. 148–149
  380. Thompson 2003, p. 149
  381. Thompson 2003, p. 150
  382. The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199
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