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This and certain other calculations in this article are now provided by a template ({{Hebrew year/rhdatum}}). This templ
http://www.hebcal.com -
In contrast, the Gregorian calendar is a pure solar calendar, while the Islamic calendar is a pure lunar calendar.
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Valid at least for 1999-2050. In other years, the ranges for Kislev through Adar I may be a bit wider. After 2089 the ea
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The significance of 25 Elul derives from Adam and Eve being created on the sixth day of creation, 1 Tishrei AM 2. In thi
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A minority opinion places Creation on 25 Adar AM 1, six months earlier, or six months after the modern epoch.
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In which the letters refer to Hebrew numerals equivalent to 3, 6, 8, 1, 4, 7, 9.
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Intervals of the major scale follow the same pattern as do Jewish leap years, with do corresponding to year 19 (or 0): a
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UTC+02:20:56.9
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This is the reason given by most halachic authorities, based on the Talmud, Rosh Hashanah 20b and Sukkah 43b. Maimonides
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The Talmud (Rosh Hashanah 20b) puts it differently: over two consecutive days of full Shabbat restrictions, vegetables w
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In the Four Gates sources (kevi'ot cited here are in Hebrew in sources except al-Biruni): al-Biruni specified 5R (5 Inte
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The following description is based on the article "Calendar" in Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem: Ketter, 1972). It is a
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So for example if the Tishrei molad is calculated as occurring from noon on Wednesday (the 18th hour of the fourth day)
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This will happen if TM1 is on or after 3:11:20 am and before noon on a Tuesday. If TM1 is Monday, Thursday or Saturday,
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TM2 will be between noon and 2:27:16+2⁄3 pm on Tuesday, and TM3 will be between 9:32:43+1⁄3 and noon on Monday.
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The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation
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That is to say, Passover began within a day or so of the full moon
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As it was in AM 5765, 5768 and 5776, the 8th, 11th and 19th years of the 19-year cycle = Gregorian 2005, 2008 and 2016 C
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The barley had to be "eared out" (ripe) in order to have a wave-sheaf offering of the first fruits according to the Law.
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Ancient Iraq and Palestine (region), not the modern territories with those names
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An interval of 29 days/12 hours/792 halakim, as opposed to the current interval of 29/12/793
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Unlike in the current calendar, the first day of Rosh Hashana was permitted to fall on Sunday; otherwise the rules were
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Tosefta Sanhedrin 2:2 "The year may be intercalated on three grounds: aviv [i.e.the ripeness of barley], fruits of trees
https://www.sefaria.org.il/Tosefta_Sanhedrin.2.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=he -
The Torah For Dummies
https://books.google.com/books?id=t8VZga76bw4C&q=%22jewish+day+begins%22+evening&pg=PA169 -
Leviticus 23:32; Exodus 12:18; regarding Shabbat (Nehemiah 13:19) only the beginning time is mentioned.
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#32 -
chabad.org
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/134527/jewish/Zmanim-Briefly-Defined-and-Explained.htm -
Halacha
https://web.archive.org/web/20110718065425/http://koltorah.org/ravj/The%20International%20Date%20Line%20and%20Halacha.htm -
"Appendix II: Baal HaMaor's Interpretation of 20b and its Relevance to the Dateline" in Talmud Bavli, Schottenstein Edit
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Hebrew Union College Annual
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23506591 -
Mishna Berachot 1:2. Note that the mishna specifies that the Shema may be recited "until three hours"; this is understoo
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See e.g. Zmanim: Jerusalem
https://www.myzmanim.com/day.aspx?askdefault=1&vars=27526341&q=jerusalem -
Hebrew-English Bible, Genesis 1
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#1 -
Jastrow: שַׁבָּת
https://www.sefaria.org/Jastrow%2C_שַׁבָּת.1 -
For example, when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer.
https://www.sefaria.org/Siddur_Sefard%2C_Weekday_Shacharit%2C_Song_of_the_Day.15?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en -
Chabad.org
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/5504248/jewish/On-Which-Days-Do-Jewish-Holidays-Begin.htm -
"Moon and the Molad of the Hebrew Calendar"
https://kalendis.free.nf/hebrew/molad.htm?i=1 -
The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-reckoning
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/216353872 -
Which is the true Adar?
https://dinonline.org/2014/03/03/which-is-the-true-adar/ -
Deuteronomy 16:1, Exodus 23:15; see למועד חודש האביב
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0516.htm#1 -
Talmud, Rosh Hashana 21a; see למועד חודש האביב for elaboration.
https://www.daat.ac.il/he-il/hagim/luach_ivri/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D/aviv.htm -
Exodus 23:16, 34:22; Leviticus 23:39; Deuteronomy 16:9,13
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#16 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Num 28:14.
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0428.htm#14 -
Mishneh Torah, Sanctification of the New Moon 1:2; quoted in Sanctification of the New Moon. Archived 2010-06-21 at the
https://personal.stevens.edu/~msenator/hand0.pdf -
Rosh Hashanah 1:1
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Moed/Tractate_Rosh_Hashanah/Chapter_1/1 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Exodus 12:2 "This month [Aviv/Nisan] shall be unto you the beginning of months; it shall be the fi
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#2 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Leviticus 23:5
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#5 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Leviticus 23:24
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#24 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Exodus 23:16, 34:22
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#16 -
Chronology of the Old Testament
https://books.google.com/books?id=AvVPlyYjX7YC&pg=PA295 -
The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era
https://books.google.com/books?id=0umDqPOf2L8C&pg=PA87 -
Edgar Frank, Talmudic and Rabbinical Chronology: The System of Counting Years in Jewish Literature, (New York: Philip Fe
-
B. Zuckermann, A Treatise on the Sabbatical Cycle and the Jubilee, trans. A. Löwy. New York: Hermon Press, 1974.
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Nadia Vidro, "The Origins of the 247-Year Calendar Cycle", Aleph, 17 (2017), 95–137 doi link.
https://doi.org/10.2979/aleph.17.1.0095 -
Dov Fischer, The Enduring Usefulness of the Tur’s 247-year Calendar Cycle (Iggul of Rabbi Nachshon)
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4364371 -
Calendrical Calculations
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"Calendar FAQ: the Hebrew calendar: New moon"
https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/hebrew.php#newmoon -
Sefer ha-Ibbur
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729982627 -
Tur, Orach Chaim
https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%97 -
Hilchos Kiddush ha-Chodesh (chapters 6, 7, 8)
https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%91%22%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%95 -
Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy
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The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar
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Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 20b: "This is what Abba the father of R. Simlai meant: 'We calculate the new moon's birt
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"Hebrew Calendar Science and Myth: 'The Debatable Dehiyah Molad Zaquen'"
http://hebrewcalendar.tripod.com/#25 -
Yerushalmi, Sukkah 4:1 (18a, 54b)
https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Sukkah.4.1.3 -
Weinberg, I., Astronomical Aspects of the Jewish Calendar, Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa, Vo
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1956MNSSA..15...86W -
Tzarich Iyun: Your Hebrew Birthday
https://outorah.org/p/5696/ -
"The Jewish Calendar: A Closer Look"
http://www.jewfaq.org/calendr2.htm -
The Chronology of Ancient Nations
https://archive.org/details/chronologyofanci00biru/page/150 -
Understanding the Jewish Calendar
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Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr003hast#page/120/mode/2up -
Scripta Mathematica
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Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln
https://archive.org/stream/kalendariograph00schrgoog#page/n231/mode/2up -
A Short History of the Jewish Fixed Calendar : Appendices.
https://hakirah.org/vol20AjdlerAppendices.pdf -
A Short History of the Jewish Fixed Calendar: The Origin of the Molad
https://hakirah.org/vol20Ajdler.pdf -
"Muhammad ibn Musa (Al-)Khwarizmi (Or Kharazmi) (Ca. 780–850 CE)"
http://www.jphogendijk.nl/khwarizmi.html#JewCal -
Neugebauer, Astronomical cuneiform texts, Vol 1, pp. 271–273
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G. J. Toomer, Hipparchus' Empirical Basis for his Lunar Mean Motions, Centaurus, Vol 24, 1980, pp. 97–109
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Mapping time: the calendar and its history
https://archive.org/details/mappingtimecalen00rich -
למועד חודש האביב
https://www.daat.ac.il/he-il/hagim/luach_ivri/הלוח-העברי/נספחים/aviv.htm -
University of Toronto
http://individual.utoronto.ca/kalendis/hebrew/rect.htm -
A. O. Scheffler and P. P. Scheffler, "Calmaster2000: Dates, Holidays, Astronomical Events". Pittsburgh, PA: Zephyr Servi
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The Sanhedrin
http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/index.php/Committee_concerning_the_fixing_of_the_Calendar -
Yad Vashem Studies
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029349665 -
חוק השימוש בתאריך העברי, תשנ"ח-1998
https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p220m2_001.htm -
צ'ק עם תאריך עברי?!
https://www.aish.co.il/i/j/195842211.html -
"Arutz Sheva"
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/ -
Arutz Sheva
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/163462#.Upe6pJuA2rY -
Britannica: Calendar - Ancient, Religious, Systems
https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar/Ancient-and-religious-calendar-systems#ref313439 -
Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, ed. Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade
-
Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions (1961) by Roland De Vaux, John McHugh, Publisher: McGraw–Hill, ISBN 978-0-8028
-
What Is the Bible’s Calendar? The Torah.com. By Prof. Sacha Stern. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
https://www.thetorah.com/article/what-is-the-bibles-calendar -
Exodus 12:2, 13:4, 23:15, 34:18, Deut. 16:1
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#2 -
1 Kings 6:1, 6:37
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a06.htm#1 -
1 Kings 8:2
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a08.htm#2 -
1 Kings 6:38
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a06.htm#38 -
Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research
https://books.google.com/books?id=jRjhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA342 -
The Story of Sukkot : the Setting, Shaping and Sequel of the biblical Feast of Tabernacles
https://books.google.com/books?id=uxnXaYBj2wgC&pg=PA99 -
Seth L. Sanders, “Writing and Early Iron Age Israel: Before National Scripts, Beyond Nations and States,” in Literate Cu
-
"Hebrew Calendar"
https://web.archive.org/web/20190721072923/http://www.ehebrew.org/articles/hebrew-calendar.php#.XTQUVo77SUk -
Hebrew-English Bible, Exodus 13:4, 23:15, 34:18, Deut. 16:1
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#4 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Esther 3:7
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3303.htm#7 -
Hebrew-English Bible, 1 Kings 6:1, 6:37
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a06.htm#1 -
Hebrew-English Bible, 1 Kings 8:2
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a08.htm#2 -
Hebrew-English Bible, 1 Kings 6:38
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a06.htm#38 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Esther 2:16
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3302.htm#16 -
Secrets of Time
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Josephus, Antiquities 1.81, Loeb Classical Library, 1930.
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Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eer
-
The Chronology of the Old Testament, 16th ed., Floyd Nolan Jones, ISBN 978-0-89051-416-0, pp. 118–123
-
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 1 Kings 6:1
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a06.htm#1 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 1 Kings 14:25
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a14.htm#25 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 2 Kings 18:13
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b18.htm#13 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 2 Kings 17:6
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b17.htm#6 -
(e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, Nehemiah 2:1
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b02.htm#1 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 2 Kings 8:16
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b08.htm#16 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, Ezekiel 1:1–2
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1201.htm#1 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 2 Kings 25:27
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b25.htm#27 -
e.g., Hebrew-English Bible, 1 Maccabees 1:54, 6:20, 7:1, 9:3, 10:1
https://bible.usccb.org/bible/1Maccabees/1?54 -
Yitzhak Ratzabi, The counting of years for Contracts, accessed on Maharitz on January 16, 2025.
https://www.maharitz.co.il/?CategoryID=345&ArticleID=511 -
www.sefaria.org
https://www.sefaria.org/Avodah_Zarah.10a.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en -
Avodah Zarah 9a Soncino edition, footnote 4: "The Eras in use among Jews in Talmudic Times are: (a) Era of Contracts [H
https://halakhah.com/zarah/zarah_9.html -
The complete ArtScroll Machzor / [1.] Rosh Hashanah
-
Hebrew-English Bible, Numbers 10:10
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0410.htm#10 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Numbers 28:11
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0428.htm#11 -
Hebrew-English Bible, Exodus 12:2
https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#2 -
Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:7
-
Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 2:6–8
-
Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 2.2
-
Babylonian Talmud Betzah 4b
-
Stern 2001, pp. 162ff..
-
James B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Vol. 1, Princeton University Press,
-
Mishnah Sanhedrin 5:3: "If one testifies, 'on the second of the month, and the other, 'on the third of the month:' their
-
Mishnah Baba Metzia 8:8.
-
Gandz, Solomon. "Studies in the Hebrew Calendar: II. The origin of the Two New Moon Days", Jewish Quarterly Review (New
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452961 -
Stern 2001.
-
Rosh Hashanah 20b
https://www.sefaria.org.il/Rosh_Hashanah.20b.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en -
Yerushalmi Megillah 1:2, pp. 70b. Text:א"ר יוסה לית כאן חל להיות בשני ולית כאן חל להיות בשבת, חל להיות בשני צומא רבא בחד
-
Yerushalmi Sukkah 54b. Text: ר' סימון מפקד לאילין דמחשבין יהבון דעתכון דלא תעבדין לא תקיעתה בשבת ולא ערבתא בשבתא. ואין א
-
Julian, Letter 25, in John Duncombe, Select Works of the Emperor Julian and some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius, Vol. 2,
-
Epiphanius, Adversus Haereses 30.4.1, in Frank Williams, trans., The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Book I (Sections
-
H. Graetz, Popular History of the Jews, (A. B. Rhine, trans.,) Hebrew Publishing Company, New York, 1919, Vol. II, pp. 4
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Jewish Quarterly Review
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1452134 -
Stern 2001, In particular section 5.1.1, discussion of the "Persecution theory.".
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Poznanski, Samuel, "Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar", Jewish Quarterly Review, Original Series, Vol. 10,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1450611 -
"While it is not unreasonable to attribute to Hillel II the fixing of the regular order of intercalations, his full shar
-
Samuel Poznanski, "Calendar (Jewish)", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 3, p. 118.
https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofr03hastuoft -
E.S. Kennedy, "Al-Khwarizmi on the Jewish calendar", Scripta Mathematica 27 (1964) 55–59.
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"al-Khwarizmi", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, VII: 362, 365.
-
Risāla fi istikhrāj ta’rīkh al-yahūd (Arabic: رسالة في إستخراج تأريخ اليهود, "Extraction of the Jewish Era")
-
Haim Yehiel Bernstein, Mahloket Rav Sa'adya Gaon u-ben Me'ir, Warsaw 1904.
https://hebrewbooks.org/46973 -
Mishneh Torah, Sanctification of the Moon, 11:16
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Solomon Gandz (1947–1948). "Date of the Composition of Maimonides' Code". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622160 -
www.karaite-korner.org
http://www.karaite-korner.org/new_moon.shtml -
"Aviv Barley in the Biblical Calendar – Nehemia's Wall"
http://www.karaite-korner.org/abib.shtml -
www.thesamaritanupdate.com
http://shomron0.tripod.com/articles/samaritancalendar.pdf -
www.israelite-samaritans.com
https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/religion/calendar/ -
Jonathan Ben-Dov. Head of All Years: Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran in their Ancient Context. Leiden: Brill, 2008, pp
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Sacha Stern, "The Babylonian Calendar at Elephantine", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 130, 159–171 (2000).
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Lester L. Grabbe, A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1: Yehud: A History of the Persi
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Eduard Schwartz, Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln, (Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu
https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Sn8TAAAAYAAJ -
Peter of Alexandria, quoted in the Chronicon Paschale. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Chronicon Paschale Vol. 1
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Stern 2001, pp. 87–97, 146–153.
