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Hassanal Bolkiah

Updated: Wikipedia source

Hassanal Bolkiah

Hassanal Bolkiah Muiz'zaddin Wad'daulah (born 15 July 1946) is Sultan of Brunei, reigning since 1967, and has also served as Prime Minister of Brunei since its independence from the British rule in 1984. He is among the world's few remaining absolute monarchs. The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit, he is the 29th sultan to ascend to the Bruneian throne, following the abdication of his father in 1967. The Sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world. As of 2023, Hassanal Bolkiah is said to have a net worth of $50 billion. He is the world's longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state. On 5 October 2017, Bolkiah celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign.

Infobox

Reign
5 October 1967 – present
Coronation
1 August 1968
Predecessor
Omar Ali Saifuddien III
Heir apparent
Al-Muhtadee Billah
Other positions
Other positions Prime Minister of Brunei IncumbentAssumed office 1 January 1984DeputyAl-Muhtadee BillahPreceded byOffice established Minister of Foreign Affairs IncumbentAssumed office 22 October 2015Serving with Lim Jock Seng (2005–2018) and Erywan Yusof (2018–)Preceded byMohamed Bolkiah Minister of DefenceCommander-in-Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces IncumbentAssumed office 7 September 1986Serving with Halbi Mohd Yussof (2018–2022; 2023–)Preceded byOmar Ali Saifuddien III Minister of Finance and Economy IncumbentAssumed office 23 February 1997Serving with Abdul Rahman Ibrahim (2005–2018) and Amin Liew Abdullah (2018–)Preceded byJefri BolkiahIn office1 January 1984 – 20 October 1986Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byJefri Bolkiah Minister of Home Affairs In office1 January 1984 – 20 October 1986Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byIsa Ibrahim
Deputy
Al-Muhtadee Billah
Preceded by
Office established
Succeeded by
Isa Ibrahim
Born
Hassanal Bolkiah Muiz'zaddin Wad'daulah (1946-07-15) 15 July 1946 (age 79)Istana Darussalam, Brunei Town, Brunei
Spouse
mw- 1965) Mariam Abdul Aziz (m. 1981; div. 2003) Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim (m. 2005; div. 2010)
Issue
List Princess Rashidah Sa'adatul Princess Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah Princess Majeedah Nuurul Princess Afizah Sururul Prince Abdul Azim Prince Abdul Malik Princess Azemah Ni'matul Princess Fadzilah Lubabul Prince Abdul Mateen Prince Abdul Wakeel Princess Ameerah Wardatul
Names
NamesSultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien
House
Bolkiah
Father
Omar Ali Saifuddien III
Mother
Pengiran Anak Damit
Religion
Sunni Islam
Education
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien CollegeRoyal Military Academy Sandhurst
Branch
Royal Brunei Armed Forces
Years of active service
1965–present
Rank
Field marshal
Awards
Full list

Tables

· Personal life › Marriages and issue
Date
Date
Name
Date
Birth
Spouse
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present)
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present)
Name
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present)
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah
Birth
26 July 1969
Marriage
15 August 1996
Marriage
Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Di-Raja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Anak Haji 'Abdul Rahim bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak Dr. Kemaluddin Al-Haj
Children
Pengiran Anak Raheemah Sanaul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib
Name
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb
Name
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb
Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah
Birth
12 October 1971
Marriage
None
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah
Name
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah
Birth
17 February 1974
Marriage
9 September 2004
Marriage
Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah binti Pengiran Haji Salleh Ab-Rahaman
Children
Pengiran Muda Abdul Muntaqim
Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah
Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman
Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman
Name
Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman
Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah
Birth
16 March 1976
Marriage
10 June 2007Divorced 7 December 2023
Marriage
Pengiran Khairul Khalil bin Pengiran Syed Haji Jaafari
Children
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hafeez
Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah
Birth
12 March 1980
Marriage
20 September 2012
Marriage
Pengiran Anak Haji Muhammad Ruzaini bin Pengiran Dr. Haji Mohammad Yakub
Children
Pengiran Anak Muhammad Za'eem
Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir
Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir
Name
Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem
Name
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem
Name
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik
Name
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik
Birth
30 June 1983
Marriage
9 April 2015
Marriage
Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Raabi'atul Adawiyyah binti Pengiran Haji Bolkiah
Children
Pengiran Anak Muthee'ah Raayatul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Nabeelah Najmul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Nabeelah Najmul Bolqiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Nabeelah Najmul Bolqiah
Mariam Abdul Aziz (m. 1981–2003; divorced)
Mariam Abdul Aziz (m. 1981–2003; divorced)
Name
Mariam Abdul Aziz (m. 1981–2003; divorced)
Pengiran Muda Haji 'Abdul 'Azim
Pengiran Muda Haji 'Abdul 'Azim
Name
Pengiran Muda Haji 'Abdul 'Azim
Birth
29 July 1982
Death
24 October 2020
Marriage
None
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah
Birth
26 September 1984
Marriage
12 January 2023
Marriage
Pengiran Muda Bahar ibni Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Muda Haji Jefri Bolkiah
Children
None
Pengiran Anak Puteri Fadzilah Lubabul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Fadzilah Lubabul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri Fadzilah Lubabul Bolkiah
Birth
23 August 1985
Marriage
20 January 2022
Marriage
Pengiran Suami Abdullah Nabil Mahmoud Al-Hashimi
Children
Pengiran Anak Daniya Rahmatul Bolkiah
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Mateen
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Mateen
Name
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Mateen
Birth
10 August 1991
Marriage
11 January 2024
Marriage
Pengiran Anak Isteri Anisha Rosnah binti Adam
Children
None
Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim (m. 2005–2010; divorced)
Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim (m. 2005–2010; divorced)
Name
Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim (m. 2005–2010; divorced)
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Wakeel
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Wakeel
Name
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Wakeel
Birth
1 June 2006
Marriage
None
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah
Name
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah
Birth
28 January 2008
Marriage
None
Name
Birth
Death
Marriage
Children
Date
Spouse
Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present)
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah
26 July 1969
15 August 1996
Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Di-Raja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Anak Haji 'Abdul Rahim bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak Dr. Kemaluddin Al-Haj
Pengiran Anak Raheemah Sanaul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb
Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah
12 October 1971
None
Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah
17 February 1974
9 September 2004
Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah binti Pengiran Haji Salleh Ab-Rahaman
Pengiran Muda Abdul Muntaqim
Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah
Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman
Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah
16 March 1976
10 June 2007Divorced 7 December 2023
Pengiran Khairul Khalil bin Pengiran Syed Haji Jaafari
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hafeez
Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah
12 March 1980
20 September 2012
Pengiran Anak Haji Muhammad Ruzaini bin Pengiran Dr. Haji Mohammad Yakub
Pengiran Anak Muhammad Za'eem
Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem
Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Malik
30 June 1983
9 April 2015
Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Raabi'atul Adawiyyah binti Pengiran Haji Bolkiah
Pengiran Anak Muthee'ah Raayatul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah
Pengiran Anak Nabeelah Najmul Bolqiah
Mariam Abdul Aziz (m. 1981–2003; divorced)
Pengiran Muda Haji 'Abdul 'Azim
29 July 1982
24 October 2020
None
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah
26 September 1984
12 January 2023
Pengiran Muda Bahar ibni Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Muda Haji Jefri Bolkiah
None
Pengiran Anak Puteri Fadzilah Lubabul Bolkiah
23 August 1985
20 January 2022
Pengiran Suami Abdullah Nabil Mahmoud Al-Hashimi
Pengiran Anak Daniya Rahmatul Bolkiah
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Mateen
10 August 1991
11 January 2024
Pengiran Anak Isteri Anisha Rosnah binti Adam
None
Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim (m. 2005–2010; divorced)
Pengiran Muda 'Abdul Wakeel
1 June 2006
None
Pengiran Anak Puteri 'Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah
28 January 2008
None
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Regnal titles
Preceded byOmar Ali Saifuddien III
Preceded byOmar Ali Saifuddien III
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byOmar Ali Saifuddien III
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Sultan of Brunei 1967–present
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
IncumbentHeir apparent:Al-Muhtadee Billah
Bruneian royalty
Bruneian royalty
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Bruneian royalty
Preceded byAhmad Tajuddin
Preceded byAhmad Tajuddin
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byAhmad Tajuddin
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Crown Prince of Brunei 1965–1967
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Succeeded byAl-Muhtadee Billah
Diplomatic posts
Diplomatic posts
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byJenny Shipley
Preceded byJenny Shipley
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byJenny Shipley
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Chairperson of APEC 2000
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Succeeded byJiang Zemin
Preceded byTrần Đức Lương
Preceded byTrần Đức Lương
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byTrần Đức Lương
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Chairperson of ASEAN 2001
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Succeeded byHun Sen
Preceded byHun Sen
Preceded byHun Sen
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byHun Sen
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Chairperson of ASEAN 2013
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Succeeded byThein Sein
Preceded byNguyễn Xuân Phúc
Preceded byNguyễn Xuân Phúc
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byNguyễn Xuân Phúc
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Chairperson of ASEAN 2021
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Next:Hun Sen
Records
Records
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Records
Preceded byBill Gates
Preceded byBill Gates
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Preceded byBill Gates
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Richest Person in the World 1997
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Succeeded byBill Gates
Hassanal BolkiahHouse of BolkiahBorn: 15 July 1946
Regnal titles
Preceded byOmar Ali Saifuddien III
Sultan of Brunei 1967–present
IncumbentHeir apparent:Al-Muhtadee Billah
Bruneian royalty
Preceded byAhmad Tajuddin
Crown Prince of Brunei 1965–1967
Succeeded byAl-Muhtadee Billah
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byJenny Shipley
Chairperson of APEC 2000
Succeeded byJiang Zemin
Preceded byTrần Đức Lương
Chairperson of ASEAN 2001
Succeeded byHun Sen
Preceded byHun Sen
Chairperson of ASEAN 2013
Succeeded byThein Sein
Preceded byNguyễn Xuân Phúc
Chairperson of ASEAN 2021
Next:Hun Sen
Records
Preceded byBill Gates
Richest Person in the World 1997
Succeeded byBill Gates

References

  1. Jawi: حسن البلقیة معز الدین والدولة‎; lit. 'Hassanal Bolkiah, glorifier of religion and state'; .mw- .mw-parser-output .
  2. Hassanal Bolkiah named six other ministers, including his father as the Minister of Defence, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah (Min
  3. IndiaTimes
    https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/sultan-of-brunei-hassanal-bolkiah-and-his-net-worth-560996.html
  4. "World's second-longest reigning monarch, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, marks golden jubilee in style"
    https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/worlds-second-longest-reigning-brunei-monarch-sultan-hassanal-bolkiah-marks-golden-jubilee-in-style/101287
  5. Ganguly, Manisha
    https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/05/asia/brunei-sultan-jubilee-celebration/index.html
  6. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei 1968, p. 50.
  7. Muhammad Bin Haji Awg. Damit 1997, p. 212.
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  11. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei 1968, p. 51.
  12. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei 1968, p. 53.
  13. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei 1968, p. 54.
  14. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei 1968, p. 55.
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  74. Department of Economic Planning and Statistics
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  75. The Guardian
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  76. CNN
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  77. "Brunei did not ban Christians from celebrating Christmas"
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  82. The Straits Times
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  83. Arab News
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  84. France 24
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  85. Royal Portraits Gallery
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  87. The Scoop
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  88. Royal Insignia
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  90. Australian Institute of International Affairs
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  91. The Scoop
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  92. The Scoop
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  93. Xinhua
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  96. The Star
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  98. The Star
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  100. BBC News
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  123. "Prince Jefri blames brother Sultan of Brunei for family feud"
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