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Hannibal

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Hannibal

Hannibal (; Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋, romanized: Ḥanībaʿl; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War. Hannibal lived during a period of great tension in the Mediterranean Basin, triggered by the emergence of the Roman Republic as a great power with its defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. Revanchism prevailed in Carthage, symbolized by the pledge that Hannibal made to his father to "never be a friend of Rome". In 218 BC Hannibal attacked Saguntum (modern Sagunto, Spain), an ally of Rome in Hispania, sparking the Second Punic War. Hannibal invaded Italy by crossing the Alps with North African war elephants. In his first few years in Italy, as the leader of a Carthaginian and partially Celtic army, he won a succession of victories at the Battle of Ticinus, Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, inflicting heavy losses on the Romans. Hannibal was distinguished for his ability to determine both his and his opponent's respective strengths and weaknesses, and to plan battles accordingly. His well-planned strategies allowed him to conquer and ally with several Italian cities that were previously allied to Rome. Hannibal occupied most of southern Italy for 15 years. The Romans, led by Fabius Maximus, avoided directly engaging him, instead waging a war of attrition (the Fabian strategy). Carthaginian defeats in Hispania prevented Hannibal from being reinforced, and he was unable to win a decisive victory. A counter-invasion of North Africa, led by the Roman general Scipio Africanus, forced him to return to Carthage. Hannibal was defeated at the Battle of Zama, ending the war in a Roman victory. After the war, Hannibal successfully ran for the office of sufet. He enacted political and financial reforms to enable the payment of the war indemnity imposed by Rome. Those reforms were unpopular with members of the Carthaginian aristocracy and in Rome, and he fled into voluntary exile. During this time, he lived at the Seleucid court, where he acted as military advisor to Antiochus III the Great in his war against Rome. Antiochus met defeat at the Battle of Magnesia and was forced to accept Rome's terms, and Hannibal fled again, making a stop in the Kingdom of Armenia. His flight ended in the court of Bithynia. He was betrayed to the Romans and committed suicide by poisoning himself. Hannibal is considered one of the greatest military tacticians and generals of Western antiquity, alongside Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Scipio Africanus, and Pyrrhus. According to Plutarch, Scipio asked Hannibal "who the greatest general was", to which Hannibal replied "either Alexander or Pyrrhus, then myself".

Infobox

Native name
mw- 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋‎
Born
247 BCCarthage, Ancient Carthage
Died
183–181 BC (aged between 64–66)Libyssa, Bithynia
Allegiance
mw- Carthage (221–202 BC)Seleucid Empire (198–188 BC)Kingdom of Bithynia (188–181 BC)
Rank
General Commander-in-Chief of the Carthaginian army
Wars
Barcid conquest of Hispania Second Punic War Roman–Seleucid war Pergamene-Bithynian War (see Battle record for a full list of battles commanded)
Spouse
Imilce
Children
Possibly a son (Haspar)
Relations
Hamilcar Barca (father)Hasdrubal (brother)Mago (brother)Hasdrubal the Fair (brother-in-law)
Other work
Politician

Tables

· Battle record
Carthaginian Empire
Carthaginian Empire
Allegiance
Carthaginian Empire
War
Barcid conquest of Hispania
Year
221 BC
Action
Siege of Alithia
220 BC
220 BC
Allegiance
220 BC
War
Siege of Helmantice
Siege of Arbucala
Siege of Arbucala
Allegiance
Siege of Arbucala
Battle of the Tagus
Battle of the Tagus
Allegiance
Battle of the Tagus
219 BC
219 BC
Allegiance
219 BC
War
Siege of Saguntum
Second Punic War
Second Punic War
Allegiance
Second Punic War
218 BC
218 BC
Allegiance
218 BC
War
Battle of Rhone Crossing
Battle of Ticinus
Battle of Ticinus
Allegiance
Battle of Ticinus
Battle of the Trebia
Battle of the Trebia
Allegiance
Battle of the Trebia
217 BC
217 BC
Allegiance
217 BC
War
Battle of Victumulae
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Allegiance
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Battle of Ager Falernus
Battle of Ager Falernus
Allegiance
Battle of Ager Falernus
Battle of Geronium
Battle of Geronium
Allegiance
Battle of Geronium
216 BC
216 BC
Allegiance
216 BC
War
Battle of Cannae
Battle of Nola
Battle of Nola
Allegiance
Battle of Nola
Siege of Casilinum
Siege of Casilinum
Allegiance
Siege of Casilinum
215 BC
215 BC
Allegiance
215 BC
War
Battle of Nola
214 BC
214 BC
Allegiance
214 BC
War
Battle of Nola
212 BC
212 BC
Allegiance
212 BC
War
Battle of Tarentum
Battle of Capua
Battle of Capua
Allegiance
Battle of Capua
Battle of the Silarus
Battle of the Silarus
Allegiance
Battle of the Silarus
Battle of Herdonia
Battle of Herdonia
Allegiance
Battle of Herdonia
211 BC
211 BC
Allegiance
211 BC
War
Siege of Capua
Raid on Rome
Raid on Rome
Allegiance
Raid on Rome
210 BC
210 BC
Allegiance
210 BC
War
Battle of Herdonia
Battle of Numistro
Battle of Numistro
Allegiance
Battle of Numistro
209 BC
209 BC
Allegiance
209 BC
War
Battle of Canusium
Battle of Caulonia
Battle of Caulonia
Allegiance
Battle of Caulonia
208 BC
208 BC
Allegiance
208 BC
War
Battle of Petelia
207 BC
207 BC
Allegiance
207 BC
War
Battle of Grumentum
204 BC
204 BC
Allegiance
204 BC
War
Battle of Crotona
202 BC
202 BC
Allegiance
202 BC
War
Battle of Zama
Seleucid Empire
Seleucid Empire
Allegiance
Seleucid Empire
War
Roman–Seleucid War
Year
190 BC
Action
Battle of the Eurymedon
Bithynia
Bithynia
Allegiance
Bithynia
War
Pergamene-Bithynian War
Year
184 BC
Action
Battle of the Sea of Marmara
Allegiance
War
Year
Action
Carthaginian Empire
Barcid conquest of Hispania
221 BC
Siege of Alithia
220 BC
Siege of Helmantice
Siege of Arbucala
Battle of the Tagus
219 BC
Siege of Saguntum
Second Punic War
218 BC
Battle of Rhone Crossing
Battle of Ticinus
Battle of the Trebia
217 BC
Battle of Victumulae
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Battle of Ager Falernus
Battle of Geronium
216 BC
Battle of Cannae
Battle of Nola
Siege of Casilinum
215 BC
Battle of Nola
214 BC
Battle of Nola
212 BC
Battle of Tarentum
Battle of Capua
Battle of the Silarus
Battle of Herdonia
211 BC
Siege of Capua
Raid on Rome
210 BC
Battle of Herdonia
Battle of Numistro
209 BC
Battle of Canusium
Battle of Caulonia
208 BC
Battle of Petelia
207 BC
Battle of Grumentum
204 BC
Battle of Crotona
202 BC
Battle of Zama
Seleucid Empire
Roman–Seleucid War
190 BC
Battle of the Eurymedon
Bithynia
Pergamene-Bithynian War
184 BC
Battle of the Sea of Marmara

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