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Hangul

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Hangul

The Korean alphabet is the modern writing system for the Korean language. It is known as Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, Hangul internationally, and Hangeul in South Korea. The script's original name was Hunminjeongeum. Before Hangul's creation, Korea had been using Hanja (Chinese characters) since antiquity. As Hanja was poorly suited for representing the Korean language, and because its difficulty contributed to high illiteracy, Joseon king Sejong the Great (r. 1418–1450) moved to create Hangul. The script was announced around late 1443 to early 1444 and officially published in 1446 via the text Hunminjeongeum and its companion commentary Hunminjeongeum Haerye. While Hangul saw gradual adoption among both the elite and commoners, it was looked down upon by the elite for centuries. It only began to receive societal acceptance in the late 19th century. It is now the predominant script for Korean in both Koreas and among the Korean diaspora. It is also used to write the Jeju language, and to a limited degree, the Cia-Cia language of Indonesia. Hangul orthography has changed over time and differs between North and South Korea. Modern Korean-language orthographies use 24 basic letters, which are called jamo. These 14 consonants and 10 vowels can be combined to yield 27 additional letters; a total of 51. They are arranged in syllable blocks consisting of an initial consonant, a vowel, and an optional final consonant. The syllables can be arranged in vertical or horizontal rows, although the latter practice has become dominant. Hangul punctuation is now largely similar to Western punctuation, with some differences. Spaces between words or phrases are a modern feature of Hangul. Hangul letters were designed to be graphically simple, and traditionally consisted of only straight lines, dots, and circles. The shapes of 5 basic consonants are based on those of human speech organs. Most of the other basic consonants, which are considered to correspond to "harsher" sounds than those 5, are derived by adding additional lines to those letters to indicate progressively harsher sounds. There are a number of other hypothesized inspirations for the letter shapes, but these are still debated. The script has received significant praise from international linguists and historians. It is now a significant point of pride for Korean people.

Infobox

Script type
Alphabet
Period
1443 or 1444 to present
Direction
Left-to-right Top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left
Languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li KoreanJejuCia-Cia
ISO 15924
mw- Hang (286), Hangul (Hangŭl, Hangeul) Jamo (284) (for the jamo subset)
Unicode alias
Hangul
Unicode range
mw- Hangul Syllables:U AC00–U D7AF Hangul Jamo:U 1100–U 11FF Hangul Compatibility Jamo:U 3130–U 318F Hangul Jamo Extended-A:U A960–U A97F Hangul Jamo Extended-B:U D7B0–U D7FF
Hangul
한글
Hanja
朝鮮글
RR
Hangeul
MR
Han'gŭl
IPA
[ha(ː)n.ɡɯɭ] ⓘ

Tables

Hangul consonants[98][99] · Letters › Consonants
Initial
Initial
Hangul
Initial
Hangul
RR
ㄱ
g
ㄲ
kk
ㄴ
n
ㄷ
d
ㄸ
tt
ㄹ
r
ㅁ
m
ㅂ
b
ㅃ
pp
ㅅ
s
ㅆ
ss
ㅈ
j
ㅉ
jj
ㅊ
ch
ㅋ
k
ㅌ
t
ㅍ
p
ㅎ
h
IPA[citation needed]
IPA[citation needed]
Hangul
IPA[citation needed]
Hangul
/k/
ㄱ
/k͈/
ㄲ
/n/
ㄴ
/t/
ㄷ
/t͈/
ㄸ
/ɾ/
ㄹ
/m/
ㅁ
/p/
ㅂ
/p͈/
ㅃ
/s/
ㅅ
/s͈/
ㅆ
/∅/
ㅇ
/t͡ɕ/
ㅈ
/t͈͡ɕ͈/
ㅉ
/t͡ɕʰ/
ㅊ
/kʰ/
ㅋ
/tʰ/
ㅌ
/pʰ/
ㅍ
/h/
Final
Final
Hangul
Final
Hangul
RR
ㄱ
k
ㄲ
k
ㄴ
n
ㄷ
t
ㄹ
l
ㅁ
m
ㅂ
p
ㅅ
t
ㅆ
t
ㅇ
ng
ㅈ
t
ㅊ
t
ㅋ
k
ㅌ
t
ㅍ
p
ㅎ
t
IPA[citation needed]
IPA[citation needed]
Hangul
IPA[citation needed]
Hangul
/k̚/
ㄱ
/n/
ㄲ
/t̚/
ㄴ
/ɭ/
ㄷ
/m/
ㄸ
/p̚/
ㄹ
/t̚/
ㅁ
/ŋ/
ㅂ
/t̚/
ㅃ
/t̚/
ㅅ
/k̚/
ㅆ
/t̚/
ㅇ
/p̚/
ㅈ
/t̚/
mw- }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- ㅇ, when used as an initial consonant, is silent. It is used as a placeholder. In RR, it is typically not transcribed. In the reversible variant of RR, it is transcribed as a hyphen ("-"). This letter is not used as a final.
mw- }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- ㅇ, when used as an initial consonant, is silent. It is used as a placeholder. In RR, it is typically not transcribed. In the reversible variant of RR, it is transcribed as a hyphen ("-"). This letter is not used as a final.
Hangul
mw- }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- ㅇ, when used as an initial consonant, is silent. It is used as a placeholder. In RR, it is typically not transcribed. In the reversible variant of RR, it is transcribed as a hyphen ("-"). This letter is not used as a final.
Hangul
ㄱ
ㄲ
ㄴ
ㄷ
ㄸ
ㄹ
ㅁ
ㅂ
ㅃ
ㅅ
ㅆ
ㅇ
ㅈ
ㅉ
ㅊ
ㅋ
ㅌ
ㅍ
ㅎ
Initial
RR
g
kk
n
d
tt
r
m
b
pp
s
ss
j
jj
ch
k
t
p
h
IPA[citation needed]
/k/
/k͈/
/n/
/t/
/t͈/
/ɾ/
/m/
/p/
/p͈/
/s/
/s͈/
/∅/
/t͡ɕ/
/t͈͡ɕ͈/
/t͡ɕʰ/
/kʰ/
/tʰ/
/pʰ/
/h/
Final
RR
k
k
n
t
l
m
p
t
t
ng
t
t
k
t
p
t
IPA[citation needed]
/k̚/
/n/
/t̚/
/ɭ/
/m/
/p̚/
/t̚/
/ŋ/
/t̚/
/t̚/
/k̚/
/t̚/
/p̚/
/t̚/
when used as an initial consonant, is silent. It is used as a placeholder. In RR, it is typically not transcribed. In the reversible variant of RR, it is transcribed as a hyphen ("-"). This letter is not used as a final.
Consonants in Standard Korean (orthography)[101][citation needed] · Letters › Consonants
Obstruent
Obstruent
Col 1
Obstruent
Col 2
Plosive
Col 3
Lax
Bilabial
p (ㅂ)
Alveolar
t (ㄷ)
Velar
k (ㄱ)
Tense
Tense
Col 1
Tense
Col 2
p͈ (ㅃ)
Col 3
t͈ (ㄸ)
Alveolar
k͈ (ㄲ)
Aspirated
Aspirated
Col 1
Aspirated
Col 2
pʰ (ㅍ)
Col 3
tʰ (ㅌ)
Alveolar
kʰ (ㅋ)
Fricative
Fricative
Col 1
Fricative
Col 2
Lax
Bilabial
s (ㅅ)
Velar
h (ㅎ)
Tense
Tense
Col 1
Tense
Col 3
s͈ (ㅆ)
Affricate
Affricate
Col 1
Affricate
Col 2
Lax
Alveolar
t͡ɕ (ㅈ)
Tense
Tense
Col 1
Tense
Bilabial
t͈͡ɕ͈ (ㅉ)
Aspirated
Aspirated
Col 1
Aspirated
Bilabial
t͡ɕʰ (ㅊ)
Sonorant
Sonorant
Col 1
Sonorant
Col 2
Nasal
Col 3
m (ㅁ)
Bilabial
n (ㄴ)
Alveolo-palatal
ŋ (ㅇ)
Liquid
Liquid
Col 1
Liquid
Col 3
l (ㄹ)
Bilabial
Alveolar
Alveolo-palatal
Velar
Glottal
Obstruent
Plosive
Lax
p (ㅂ)
t (ㄷ)
k (ㄱ)
Tense
p͈ (ㅃ)
t͈ (ㄸ)
k͈ (ㄲ)
Aspirated
pʰ (ㅍ)
tʰ (ㅌ)
kʰ (ㅋ)
Fricative
Lax
s (ㅅ)
h (ㅎ)
Tense
s͈ (ㅆ)
Affricate
Lax
t͡ɕ (ㅈ)
Tense
t͈͡ɕ͈ (ㅉ)
Aspirated
t͡ɕʰ (ㅊ)
Sonorant
Nasal
m (ㅁ)
n (ㄴ)
ŋ (ㅇ)
Liquid
l (ㄹ)
Hangul vowels · Letters › Vowels
RR
RR
Hangul
RR
ㅏ
a
ㅐ
ae
ㅑ
ya
ㅒ
yae
ㅓ
eo
ㅔ
e
ㅕ
yeo
ㅖ
ye
ㅗ
o
ㅘ
wa
ㅙ
wae
ㅚ
oe
ㅛ
yo
ㅜ
u
ㅝ
wo
ㅞ
we
ㅟ
wi
ㅠ
yu
ㅡ
eu
ㅢ
ui
ㅣ
i
IPA[citation needed]
IPA[citation needed]
Hangul
IPA[citation needed]
ㅏ
/a/
ㅐ
/ɛ/
ㅑ
/ja/
ㅒ
/jɛ/
ㅓ
/ʌ/
ㅔ
/e/
ㅕ
/jʌ/
ㅖ
/je/
ㅗ
/o/
ㅘ
/wa/
ㅙ
/wɛ/
ㅚ
/ø/
ㅛ
/jo/
ㅜ
/u/
ㅝ
/wʌ/
ㅞ
/we/
ㅟ
/y/
ㅠ
/ju/
ㅡ
/ɯ/
ㅢ
/ɰi/
ㅣ
/i/
IPA values here are for traditional Standard Korean (Seoul dialect). Current Standard South Korean has diverged from these practices. Recent speakers pronounce both ㅐ and ㅔ as /ɛ/ and ㅒ and ㅖ as /jɛ/. Recent speakers pronounce ㅚ, ㅞ, and ㅙ as /wɛ/. ㅟ is now commonly pronounced /wi/.
IPA values here are for traditional Standard Korean (Seoul dialect). Current Standard South Korean has diverged from these practices. Recent speakers pronounce both ㅐ and ㅔ as /ɛ/ and ㅒ and ㅖ as /jɛ/. Recent speakers pronounce ㅚ, ㅞ, and ㅙ as /wɛ/. ㅟ is now commonly pronounced /wi/.
Hangul
IPA values here are for traditional Standard Korean (Seoul dialect). Current Standard South Korean has diverged from these practices. Recent speakers pronounce both ㅐ and ㅔ as /ɛ/ and ㅒ and ㅖ as /jɛ/. Recent speakers pronounce ㅚ, ㅞ, and ㅙ as /wɛ/. ㅟ is now commonly pronounced /wi/.
Hangul
ㅏ
ㅐ
ㅑ
ㅒ
ㅓ
ㅔ
ㅕ
ㅖ
ㅗ
ㅘ
ㅙ
ㅚ
ㅛ
ㅜ
ㅝ
ㅞ
ㅟ
ㅠ
ㅡ
ㅢ
ㅣ
RR
a
ae
ya
yae
eo
e
yeo
ye
o
wa
wae
oe
yo
u
wo
we
wi
yu
eu
ui
i
IPA[citation needed]
/a/
/ɛ/
/ja/
/jɛ/
/ʌ/
/e/
/jʌ/
/je/
/o/
/wa/
/wɛ/
/ø/
/jo/
/u/
/wʌ/
/we/
/y/
/ju/
/ɯ/
/ɰi/
/i/
IPA values here are for traditional Standard Korean (Seoul dialect). Current Standard South Korean has diverged from these practices. Recent speakers pronounce both ㅐ and ㅔ as /ɛ/ and ㅒ and ㅖ as /jɛ/. Recent speakers pronounce ㅚ, ㅞ, and ㅙ as /wɛ/. ㅟ is now commonly pronounced /wi/.
Hangul-related blocks in Unicode[178] · Hangul and computers › Encoding methods
Hangul Syllables
Hangul Syllables
Block
Hangul Syllables
Range
U+AC00–U+D7AF
Description
Pre-composed 11,172 Hangul syllable blocks using letters for modern Korean
Hangul Jamo
Hangul Jamo
Block
Hangul Jamo
Range
U+1100–U+11FF
Description
Letters that can be combined into syllables, including many archaic letters
Hangul Jamo Extended-A
Hangul Jamo Extended-A
Block
Hangul Jamo Extended-A
Range
U+A960–U+A97F
Description
Contains 29 archaic consonant clusters for composing syllables
Hangul Jamo Extended-B
Hangul Jamo Extended-B
Block
Hangul Jamo Extended-B
Range
U+D7B0–U+D7FF
Description
Contains 72 archaic vowel and consonant clusters for composing syllables
Hangul Compatibility Jamo
Hangul Compatibility Jamo
Block
Hangul Compatibility Jamo
Range
U+3130–U+318F
Description
Solely for compatibility with KS X 1001:1998. Standalone letters that cannot be joined
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
Block
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
Range
U+3200–U+321EU+3260–U+327E
Description
Selection of 62 parenthesized (e.g. ㈝) and circled (e.g. ㉨) Hangul letters and words
Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
Block
Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
Range
U+FFA0–U+FFDC
Description
Halfwidth forms for Hangul letters
CJK Symbols and Punctuation
CJK Symbols and Punctuation
Block
CJK Symbols and Punctuation
Range
U+302E, U+302F
Description
Tone markings for archaic Hangul [ko] (〮, 〯)
Block
Range
Description
Hangul Syllables
U+AC00–U+D7AF
Pre-composed 11,172 Hangul syllable blocks using letters for modern Korean
Hangul Jamo
U+1100–U+11FF
Letters that can be combined into syllables, including many archaic letters
Hangul Jamo Extended-A
U+A960–U+A97F
Contains 29 archaic consonant clusters for composing syllables
Hangul Jamo Extended-B
U+D7B0–U+D7FF
Contains 72 archaic vowel and consonant clusters for composing syllables
Hangul Compatibility Jamo
U+3130–U+318F
Solely for compatibility with KS X 1001:1998. Standalone letters that cannot be joined
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
U+3200–U+321EU+3260–U+327E
Selection of 62 parenthesized (e.g. ㈝) and circled (e.g. ㉨) Hangul letters and words
Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
U+FFA0–U+FFDC
Halfwidth forms for Hangul letters
CJK Symbols and Punctuation
U+302E, U+302F
Tone markings for archaic Hangul [ko] (〮, 〯)

References

  1. ㅇ, when used as an initial consonant, is silent. It is used as a placeholder. In RR, it is typically not transcribed. In
  2. This letter is not used as a final.
  3. IPA values here are for traditional Standard Korean (Seoul dialect). Current Standard South Korean has diverged from the
  4. Recent speakers pronounce both ㅐ and ㅔ as /ɛ/ and ㅒ and ㅖ as /jɛ/.
  5. Recent speakers pronounce ㅚ, ㅞ, and ㅙ as /wɛ/.
  6. ㅟ is now commonly pronounced /wi/.
  7. Korean: 조선글; .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- pronounced [tsʰo.sʰɔn.ɡɯɭ]
  8. 한글; English: /ˈhɑːnɡuːl/ ⓘ HAHN-gool
  9. 훈민정음; 訓民正音
  10. 24 is the letter count used by international and South Korean scholars. North Korea considers the alphabet to have 40 le
  11. Idu and Kugyŏl sometimes match single Chinese characters to multisyllabic Korean words.
  12. In general, horizontal consonant clusters are called byeongseo (병서; 竝書). Digraphs that are composed of duplicate consona
  13. The initial ㅇ is introduced in North Korea's official Compendium of Korean Language Norms [ko] after ㅅ. Some non–North K
    https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%A7%90%EA%B7%9C%EB%B2%94%EC%A7%91
  14. This is derived from multiplying the number of initial consonants, vowels, and final consonants together. Of the total,
  15. There is no need to spell it 한을, as 하늘 is already a whole word and not a stem with particle.
  16. 홍윤표 2019, pp. 63–64.
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