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Hamas

Updated: Wikipedia source

Hamas

The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas (an acronym from the Arabic: حركة المقاومة الإسلامية, romanized: Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah), is a Sunni Islamist Palestinian nationalist political organisation with a military wing known as the al-Qassam Brigades. It has governed the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007. The Hamas movement was founded by Palestinian Islamic scholar Ahmed Yassin in 1987, as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, after the outbreak of the First Intifada against the Israeli occupation, notably through the use of insurgent methods, including suicide bombings and rocket fire. It emerged from his 1973 Mujama al-Islamiya Islamic charity affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Initially, Hamas was discreetly supported by Israel, as a counter-balance to the secular Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) to prevent the creation of an independent Palestinian state. In the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Hamas secured a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council by campaigning on promises of a corruption-free government and advocating for resistance as a means to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation. In the 2007 Battle of Gaza, Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip from rival Palestinian faction Fatah. It has since governed the territory separately from the Palestinian National Authority, and has been criticized for human rights violations. After Hamas's takeover, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete blockade of the Gaza Strip. Egypt also began its blockade of Gaza at this time. This was followed by multiple wars with Israel, including those in 2008–09, 2012, 2014, 2021, and an ongoing one since 2023, which began with the October 7 attacks. Hamas has promoted Palestinian nationalism in an Islamic context and initially sought a state in all of former Mandatory Palestine. It began acquiescing to 1967 borders in the agreements it signed with Fatah in 2005, 2006 and 2007. In 2017, Hamas released a new charter that supported a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders without recognizing Israel. Hamas's repeated offers of a truce (for a period of 10–100 years) based on the 1967 borders are seen by many as consistent with a two-state solution, while others state that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former Mandatory Palestine. While the 1988 Hamas charter was widely described as antisemitic, Hamas's 2017 charter removed the antisemitic language and declared Zionists, not Jews, the targets of their struggle. It has been debated whether the charter has reflected an actual change in policy. In terms of foreign policy, Hamas has historically sought out relations with Egypt, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey; some of its relations have been impacted by the Arab Spring. Hamas and Israel have engaged in the protracted Gaza–Israel conflict, as part of the broader Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Hamas has attacked Israeli civilians, including through suicide bombings as well as launching rockets at Israeli cities. Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Paraguay, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union have designated Hamas as a terrorist organization. In 2018 and 2023, motions at the United Nations to condemn Hamas failed to meet the two-thirds threshold.

Infobox

Chairman of the Political Bureau
Hamas temporary committee
Deputy Chairman of the Political Bureau
Vacant
Chairman of the Shura Council
Muhammad Ismail Darwish
Leader in the Gaza Strip
Izz al-Din al-Haddad
Military commander
Izz al-Din al-Haddad
Founders
mw- Ahmed Yassin XAbdel Aziz al-Rantisi X ... and others Mahmoud al-Zahar Mohammad Taha # Imad al-Alami Abdul Fatah Dukhan # Ibrahim Fares Al-Yazouri 'Isa al-Nashshar Ibrahim Quqa Mohammed Hassan Shama'a Hassan Yousef
Founded
10 December 1987
Headquarters
Gaza City, Gaza Strip
Armed wing
Al-Qassam Brigades
Ideology
Sunni IslamismIslamic fundamentalismPalestinian nationalismIslamic nationalismAnti-Zionism
Political position
Right-wing
Religion
Sunni Islam
International affiliation
Axis of Resistance (informal)
Political alliance
Alliance of Palestinian ForcesPalestinian Joint Operations Room
Colours
mw- Green
Palestinian Legislative Council
74 / 132
Palestinian Legislative Council (2007)
74 / 132

Tables

· Electoral performance › Legislative Council
2006
2006
Election
2006
Leading candidate
Ismail Haniyeh
Votes
440,409
%
44.45
Seats
74 / 132
+/–
New
Position
1st
Election
Leading candidate
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Position
2006
Ismail Haniyeh
440,409
44.45
74 / 132
New
1st

References

  1. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /həˈmæs/ hə-MASS, US: /həˈmɑːs/ ⓘ hə-MAHSS; Arabic: حماس, ro
  2. commonly Arabic: حركة حماس, romanized: Haraka Hamas, lit. 'Hamas Movement'.
  3. A two-thirds majority was required for the motion to pass. 87 voted in favour, 58 against, 32 abstained and 16 did not v
  4. Haniyeh at the time was the (overall) Prime Minister of the State of Palestine but as such was dismissed by President Ab
  5. His name has been spelled: Hussam al-Tawil, Hossam Al-Tawil, or Hosam al-Taweel.
  6. 'In a 1995 lecture, Sheikh Jamil Hamami, a party to the foundation of Hamas and a senior member of its West Bank leaders
  7. 'Consistent attacks on army units by Hamas activists are as new as the use of anti-tank missiles against civilian homes
  8. Matthew Levitt on the other hand claims that Hamas's welfare institutions act as a mere façade or front for the financin
  9. 'This ceasefire ended when Israel started targeting Hamas leaders for assassination in July 2003. Hamas retaliated with
  10. "In 2006, Norway explicitly distanced itself from the EU proscription regime, claiming that it was causing problems for
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  361. Policing
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  363. "Indiscriminate Fire, Palestinian Rocket Attacks on Israel and Israeli Artillery Shelling in the Gaza Strip"
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  365. "Mashaal offers to cease civilian attacks"
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  366. "Israeli hostage crisis in Hamas-ruled Gaza becomes a political trap for Netanyahu"
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  367. "Hamas captures hostages as Israelis share photos of those missing"
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  368. Human Rights Watch
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  369. The Times of Israel
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  370. The Washington Post
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  371. "Bodies of residents and militants lie in the grounds of ravaged Israeli kibbutz"
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  372. Haaretz
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  373. maariv
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  374. The Guardian
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  375. BBC News
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  376. Washington Post
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  377. Haaretz
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  378. Reuters
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  379. Haaretz
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  380. Haaretz
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  381. Forensic Science International
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  382. The Intercept
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  383. The Intercept
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  384. AP News
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  385. "Mission report - Official visit of the Office of the SRSG-SVC to Israel and the occupied West Bank 29 January – 14 February 2024"
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  386. Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel
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  387. The Times
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  388. HRW report 11 April 2010
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  389. "Hamas "regrets" civilian deaths, Israel unmoved"
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  390. "Israel says it found Hamas training manual in Gaza"
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  391. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs
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  392. Steven Lee Myers and Helene Cooper, Obama Defers to Bush, for Now, on Gaza Crisis, New York Times 28 December 2009
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  393. U.S. Condemns Hamas in Midst of Israeli Strikes Archived 25 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Fox News 28 December 2008
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  394. Clinton calls for 'durable' Gaza truce, condemns rockets, AFP 2 March 2009
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  395. "'We are at war': Palestinian militants launch new military operation, Israel strikes targets in Gaza"
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  396. Ynetnews
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  397. "Hamas and Palestinian Nationalism"
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  398. Corey Flintoff
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  399. Toronto Star
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  400. Voice of America
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  401. Alleged Palestinian Collaborators with Israel and Their Families: A Study of Victims of Internal Political Violence
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  403. B'Tselem – Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians – Severe human rights violations in inter-Pale
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  404. San Francisco Chronicle
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  405. "Hamas militants kill 6 suspected informers, witnesses say"
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  406. The Times of Israel
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  407. The Washington Post
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  408. "Large number of alleged Israeli informers killed in Gaza"
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  409. The Times of Israel
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  410. "Middle East | Unrest erupts in Gaza Strip"
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  411. The Daily Telegraph
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  412. "Gaza: Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes"
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  413. Taipei Times
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  414. "Mosque gun battle rages in Gaza"
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  415. "Gaza Islamist leader dies in raid"
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  416. The Jerusalem Post
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  417. Vox
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  419. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: What Everyone Needs to Know
  420. Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities
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  422. The Times of Israel
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  423. Reuters
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  424. genocidewatch
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  425. CNN
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  426. Incitement to Terrorism
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  427. Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
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  428. The New Yorker
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  429. The Atlantic
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  430. Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy
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  435. "Anti-semitic motifs in Hamas leaflets, 1987–1992"
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  437. Current Psychology
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  439. Patterson, David. Anti-Semitism and Its Metaphysical Origins. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Page 184.
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  441. The Guardian
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  442. The Guardian
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  443. Middle East Eye
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  444. The Jerusalem Post
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  445. Al Jazeera
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  451. The Washington Post
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  452. "Recent Saudi Poll: Increased Support for Moderate Islam, Hamas, and Ties with Arab Partners"
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  453. "New Public Opinion Poll: Jordanians Favor De-escalation in the Region, But Sentiment Against Israel Remains"
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  455. The New York Times
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  456. Middle East Eye
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  457. Seurat 2022, p. 69.
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  460. The Atlantic
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  461. Time
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  462. "Hamas Ties to Qatar Have Cost"
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  466. Middle East Eye
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  467. Seurat 2022, p. 84-85.
  468. Seurat 2022, p. 185.
  469. Seurat 2022, p. x.
  470. The New York Times
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  471. Kyiv Post
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  474. Radio Free Asia
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  477. Seurat 2022, p. 224-225.
  478. Times of Israel
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  479. Al Jazeera
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  480. The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014, American Foreign Policy Council/Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, p. 15.
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  483. Gunning 2004, p. 234.
  484. Levitt 2006, pp. 50–51.
  485. Statement by High Representative/Vice-president Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hama
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  486. "EU court keeps Hamas on terrorism list, removes Tamil Tigers"
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  487. According to Michael Penn, (Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Allian
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  488. "Lists associated with Resolution 1373"
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  489. David Sobek,The Causes of War, John Wiley & Sons, 2013 p. 45.
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  490. Levitt 2006, p. 49.
  491. Beehive.govt.nz
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  492. SWI swissinfo
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  493. The Jerusalem Post
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  494. United Press International
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  495. WANA
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  496. Drop Site News
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  497. The Guardian
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  498. Alethia H. Cook, "The Subtle Impact of Iran on the Flotilla Incident", in Thomas E. Copeland (ed.), Drawing a Line in th
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  499. Robert O. Freedman, 'Russia,' in Joel Peters, David Newman (eds.), The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Con
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  501. David J. Whittaker (ed.), The Terrorism Reader, Routledge (2001), 2012, p. 84.
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  502. Samuel Feldberg,'Israel and Brazil:An Emerging Power and its Quest for Influence in the Middle East,' in Colin Shindler
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  505. Brenner 2017, p. 203, n.27.
  506. Financial Times
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  507. Krista E. Wiegand, Bombs and Ballots: Governance by Islamist Terrorist and Guerrilla Groups, Ashgate Publishing, Revised
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  510. Foreign Policy
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  511. Vox
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  512. The Telegraph
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  513. CBS News
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  514. The Jerusalem Post, 12 March 2019 "Netanyahu: Money to Hamas Part of Strategy to Keep Palestinians Divided: 'Now that we
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  515. "What is Hamas and who supports it?"
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  516. Los Angeles Times
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  517. Financial Times
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  518. Der Spiegel
    https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-partner-and-hamas-host-a-39579533-e4a2-400a-a78e-9a8836606ccc
  519. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/23/qatari-emir-welcome-gaza-visit
  520. "Which Mideast power brokers support Hamas?"
    http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/06/world/meast/mideast-hamas-support/index.html
  521. "Why Israel Lets Qatar Give Millions To Hamas"
    https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/06/18/414693807/why-israel-lets-qatar-give-millions-to-hamas
  522. Hamas supports military operation for political legitimacy in Yemen Archived 7 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Arab
    http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/725241
  523. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/11/middleeast/qatar-hamas-funds-israel-backing-intl/index.html
  524. Israel National News
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  525. trendsresearch
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220516150904/https://trendsresearch.org/research/turkish-militias-and-proxies/
  526. VOA News
    https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_us-criticizes-turkey-hosting-hamas-leaders/6194990.html
  527. The Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/erdogan-hosts-pas-abbas-hamas-head-haniyeh-to-prepare-for-detente-talks/
  528. The Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-hamas-chiefs-were-asked-to-leave-turkey-after-october-7-attacks/
  529. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-discussed-gaza-with-hamas-leader-turkish-presidency-2023-10-21/
  530. Ynetnews
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  531. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/10/us-envoy-secret-talks-hamas-anger-netanyahu-administration
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