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Gutenberg Bible

Updated: Wikipedia source

Gutenberg Bible

The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42, was the earliest major book printed in Europe using mass-produced metal movable type. It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of printed books in the West. The book is valued and revered for its high aesthetic and artistic qualities and its historical significance. The Gutenberg Bible is an edition of the Latin Vulgate printed in the 1450s by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz (Holy Roman Empire), in present-day Germany. Out of either 158 or 180 copies that were originally printed, 49 survive in at least substantial portion, 21 of them in entirety; of these, the copy with the earliest visible print date is marked as 15 August 1456. They are thought to be among the world's most valuable books, although no complete copy has been sold since 1978. In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible, displayed in Frankfurt to promote the edition. The 36-line Bible, said to be the second printed Bible, is also sometimes referred to as a Gutenberg Bible, but may be the work of another printer.

Tables

Austria (1)
Austria (1)
Country
Austria (1)
Holding institution
Austrian National Library, Vienna
Hubay no.
27
Length
complete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
One of only two copies to contain the "tabula rubricarum" (index of rubrics) on four leaves at the end. Obtained from Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal in 1793.Online images (in German)
Belgium (1)
Belgium (1)
Country
Belgium (1)
Holding institution
Library of the University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons
Hubay no.
1
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
Vol. I, 104 leaves missing, bequeathed by Edmond Puissant to the city of Mons in 1934, but not identified until 1950. Part of the same copy as the volume in Indiana (see below).
Denmark (1)
Denmark (1)
Country
Denmark (1)
Holding institution
Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen
Hubay no.
13
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
Vol. II, first leaf missing. Acquired in 1749.
France (4)
France (4)
Country
France (4)
Holding institution
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
Hubay no.
15
Length
complete
Material
vellum
Notes and external links
Sold to the library in 1788 by Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, and rebound in four volumes.Online images of vol. 1 vol. 2 vol. 3 vol. 4
17
17
Country
17
Holding institution
incomplete
Hubay no.
paper
Length
Is distinguished by being inscribed with the earliest date that appears on any copy — 24 August 1456 on the first volume and 15 August 1456 on the second volume, the dates on which the rubricator and binder (Henricus Cremer) completed his work.Online images of vol. 1
Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris
Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris
Country
Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris
Holding institution
16
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
The first copy to be discovered around 1760 in the Bibliothèque Mazarine (hence the name Mazarin Bible) by Guillaume-François Debure and described in the first volume of his Bibliographie instructive: ou Traite de la connoissance des livres rares et singuliers devoted to theology, which was published in Paris in 1763.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2 (in French)
Bibliothèque Municipale, Saint-Omer
Bibliothèque Municipale, Saint-Omer
Country
Bibliothèque Municipale, Saint-Omer
Holding institution
18
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Material
Vol. I, one missing leaf. Acquired from the Abbey of Saint Bertin.Online images (in French)
Germany (13)
Germany (13)
Country
Germany (13)
Holding institution
Gutenberg Museum, Mainz
Hubay no.
8
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
The Shuckburgh copy, two volumes but imperfect, sold by Hans P. Kraus for $1.8 million in March 1978.Online images (in German)
9
9
Country
9
Holding institution
incomplete
Hubay no.
paper
Length
Vol. II, the Solms-Laubach copy acquired in 1925.
Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek Fulda (de), Fulda
Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek Fulda (de), Fulda
Country
Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek Fulda (de), Fulda
Holding institution
4
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
vellum
Material
Vol. I. Two individual leaves from Vol. II survive in other libraries.
Leipzig University Library, Leipzig
Leipzig University Library, Leipzig
Country
Leipzig University Library, Leipzig
Holding institution
14
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
vellum
Material
Vol. I through IV.
Göttingen State and University Library, Göttingen
Göttingen State and University Library, Göttingen
Country
Göttingen State and University Library, Göttingen
Holding institution
2
Hubay no.
complete
Length
vellum
Material
Inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World International Register since 2001.Online images
Berlin State Library, Berlin
Berlin State Library, Berlin
Country
Berlin State Library, Berlin
Holding institution
3
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
vellum
Material
Online images
Bavarian State Library, Munich
Bavarian State Library, Munich
Country
Bavarian State Library, Munich
Holding institution
5
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
One of only two copies to contain the "tabula rubricarum" (index of rubrics) on four leaves at the end. Also one of three existing copies in its original binding.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2 (in German)
Frankfurt University Library, Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt University Library, Frankfurt am Main
Country
Frankfurt University Library, Frankfurt am Main
Holding institution
6
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Online images
Hofbibliothek, Aschaffenburg
Hofbibliothek, Aschaffenburg
Country
Hofbibliothek, Aschaffenburg
Holding institution
7
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart
Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart
Country
Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart
Holding institution
10
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Material
Purchased in April 1978 for US$2.2 million from the General Theological Seminary.Online images
Stadtbibliothek, Trier
Stadtbibliothek, Trier
Country
Stadtbibliothek, Trier
Holding institution
11
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Material
Vol. I
Landesbibliothek, Kassel
Landesbibliothek, Kassel
Country
Landesbibliothek, Kassel
Holding institution
12
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Material
Vol. I
Gottorf Castle, Schleswig
Gottorf Castle, Schleswig
Country
Gottorf Castle, Schleswig
Holding institution
47
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Material
The Rendsburg Fragment
Japan (1)
Japan (1)
Country
Japan (1)
Holding institution
Keio University Library, Tokyo
Hubay no.
45
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
Originally part of the Estelle Doheny bequest to St. John's Seminary in Camarillo, California. Vol. I, sold in October 1987 to Maruzen booksellers for US$4.9 million (plus an auction house commission of $490,000) for a total of $5.4 million. Purchased by Keio University in 1996.Online images
Poland (1)
Poland (1)
Country
Poland (1)
Holding institution
Diocesan Museum in Pelplin
Hubay no.
28
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
It has a blot on page 46 and it lacks a page 217 in Volume Two.
Portugal (1)
Portugal (1)
Country
Portugal (1)
Holding institution
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Lisbon
Hubay no.
29
Length
complete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
Formerly owned by Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne. Online images.
Russia (2)
Russia (2)
Country
Russia (2)
Holding institution
Moscow State University, Moscow
Hubay no.
49
Length
complete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
Looted in 1945 from the library of the University of Leipzig.
Russian State Library, Moscow
Russian State Library, Moscow
Country
Russian State Library, Moscow
Holding institution
48
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
vellum
Material
Acquired in 1886 by the German Museum of Books and Writing, Leipzig, as part of the book collection of Heinrich Klemm (de). At the end of World War II, it was taken as war booty and transferred to the Russian State Library in Moscow, where it remains today.
Spain (2)
Spain (2)
Country
Spain (2)
Holding institution
Biblioteca Universitaria y Provincial, Seville
Hubay no.
32
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
Notes and external links
New Testament onlyOnline images (in Spanish)
Biblioteca Pública Provincial, Burgos
Biblioteca Pública Provincial, Burgos
Country
Biblioteca Pública Provincial, Burgos
Holding institution
31
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Online images
Switzerland (1)
Switzerland (1)
Country
Switzerland (1)
Holding institution
Bodmer Library, Cologny
Hubay no.
30
Length
incomplete
Material
paper
United Kingdom (8)
United Kingdom (8)
Country
United Kingdom (8)
Holding institution
British Library, London
Hubay no.
19
Length
complete
Material
vellum
Notes and external links
The Grenville copy. Bought for 6260 francs in 1817 by Thomas Grenville, who bequeathed his collection to the British Museum in 1846.Online images Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
21
21
Country
21
Holding institution
complete
Hubay no.
paper
Length
Online images Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
Country
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
Holding institution
26
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Online images
Lambeth Palace Library, London
Lambeth Palace Library, London
Country
Lambeth Palace Library, London
Holding institution
20
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
vellum
Material
New Testament only
Eton College Library, Eton College
Eton College Library, Eton College
Country
Eton College Library, Eton College
Holding institution
23
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Printed in Mainz with the original 15th Century Erfurt binding, stamped calfskin, signed by Johannes Vogel. Donated by John Fuller (1757–1834). Belonged in the 15th century to the Carthusians at Erfurt. Only copy to retain the original binding in both volumes and is complete. Also one of three existing copies in its original binding. Also the only copy with the original binding to be signed with the binders mark. Illuminated copy, probably in Erfurt.
John Rylands Library, Manchester
John Rylands Library, Manchester
Country
John Rylands Library, Manchester
Holding institution
25
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Acquired for £80 by George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer some time before 1814, Enriqueta Augustina Rylands bought it in 1892 for the John Rylands Library.Online images of 11 pages
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Country
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Holding institution
24
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Bought in 1793 for £100 from Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge
Country
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge
Holding institution
22
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Acquired as part of a gift in 1933.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
United States (11)
United States (11)
Country
United States (11)
Holding institution
The Morgan Library & Museum, New York
Hubay no.
37
Length
complete
Material
vellum
Notes and external links
PML 13 & PML 818. Acquired in 1815 by Mark Masterman-Sykes.
38
38
Country
38
Holding institution
complete
Hubay no.
paper
Length
PML 19206–7
44
44
Country
44
Holding institution
incomplete
Hubay no.
paper
Length
PML 1. Old Testament onlyOnline images
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Country
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Holding institution
35
Hubay no.
complete
Length
vellum
Material
Online images Printed on vellum and bound in three alum-tawed pigskin-covered volumes. On permanent display. Purchased in 1930 with government funds for the Library of Congress. It is the centerpiece of a larger book collection acquired from Dr. Otto Vollbehr.
New York Public Library
New York Public Library
Country
New York Public Library
Holding institution
42
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Widener Library, Harvard University
Widener Library, Harvard University
Country
Widener Library, Harvard University
Holding institution
40
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Online images of selected pages
Beinecke Library, Yale University
Beinecke Library, Yale University
Country
Beinecke Library, Yale University
Holding institution
41
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
The Melk copy, a gift from Mrs. Edward Harkness in 1926.
Scheide Library, Princeton University
Scheide Library, Princeton University
Country
Scheide Library, Princeton University
Holding institution
43
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
The Brinley-Cole-Ives-Ellsworth-Scheide copy, one of three existing copies in its original binding.Online images
Lilly Library, Indiana University
Lilly Library, Indiana University
Country
Lilly Library, Indiana University
Holding institution
46
Hubay no.
incomplete
Length
paper
Material
New Testament only, 12 leaves missing. Part of the same copy as the volume in Mons, Belgium (see above). Online images
Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Country
Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Holding institution
36
Hubay no.
complete
Length
vellum
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
Country
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
Holding institution
39
Hubay no.
complete
Length
paper
Material
Purchased in 1978 for US$2.4 million.Online images
Vatican City (2)
Vatican City (2)
Country
Vatican City (2)
Holding institution
Vatican Library
Hubay no.
33
Length
incomplete
Material
vellum
Notes and external links
Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
34
34
Country
34
Holding institution
incomplete
Hubay no.
paper
Length
Vol. I.
Country
Holding institution
Hubay no.
Length
Material
Notes and external links
Austria (1)
Austrian National Library, Vienna
27
complete
paper
One of only two copies to contain the "tabula rubricarum" (index of rubrics) on four leaves at the end. Obtained from Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal in 1793.Online images (in German)
Belgium (1)
Library of the University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons
1
incomplete
paper
Vol. I, 104 leaves missing, bequeathed by Edmond Puissant to the city of Mons in 1934, but not identified until 1950. Part of the same copy as the volume in Indiana (see below).
Denmark (1)
Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen
13
incomplete
paper
Vol. II, first leaf missing. Acquired in 1749.
France (4)
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
15
complete
vellum
Sold to the library in 1788 by Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, and rebound in four volumes.Online images of vol. 1 vol. 2 vol. 3 vol. 4
17
incomplete
paper
Is distinguished by being inscribed with the earliest date that appears on any copy — 24 August 1456 on the first volume and 15 August 1456 on the second volume, the dates on which the rubricator and binder (Henricus Cremer) completed his work.Online images of vol. 1
Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris
16
complete
paper
The first copy to be discovered around 1760 in the Bibliothèque Mazarine (hence the name Mazarin Bible) by Guillaume-François Debure and described in the first volume of his Bibliographie instructive: ou Traite de la connoissance des livres rares et singuliers devoted to theology, which was published in Paris in 1763.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2 (in French)
Bibliothèque Municipale, Saint-Omer
18
incomplete
paper
Vol. I, one missing leaf. Acquired from the Abbey of Saint Bertin.Online images (in French)
Germany (13)
Gutenberg Museum, Mainz
8
incomplete
paper
The Shuckburgh copy, two volumes but imperfect, sold by Hans P. Kraus for $1.8 million in March 1978.Online images (in German)
9
incomplete
paper
Vol. II, the Solms-Laubach copy acquired in 1925.
Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek Fulda (de), Fulda
4
incomplete
vellum
Vol. I. Two individual leaves from Vol. II survive in other libraries.
Leipzig University Library, Leipzig
14
incomplete
vellum
Vol. I through IV.
Göttingen State and University Library, Göttingen
2
complete
vellum
Inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World International Register since 2001.Online images
Berlin State Library, Berlin
3
incomplete
vellum
Online images
Bavarian State Library, Munich
5
complete
paper
One of only two copies to contain the "tabula rubricarum" (index of rubrics) on four leaves at the end. Also one of three existing copies in its original binding.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2 (in German)
Frankfurt University Library, Frankfurt am Main
6
complete
paper
Online images
Hofbibliothek, Aschaffenburg
7
incomplete
paper
Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart
10
incomplete
paper
Purchased in April 1978 for US$2.2 million from the General Theological Seminary.Online images
Stadtbibliothek, Trier
11
incomplete
paper
Vol. I
Landesbibliothek, Kassel
12
incomplete
paper
Vol. I
Gottorf Castle, Schleswig
47
incomplete
paper
The Rendsburg Fragment
Japan (1)
Keio University Library, Tokyo
45
incomplete
paper
Originally part of the Estelle Doheny bequest to St. John's Seminary in Camarillo, California. Vol. I, sold in October 1987 to Maruzen booksellers for US$4.9 million (plus an auction house commission of $490,000) for a total of $5.4 million. Purchased by Keio University in 1996.Online images
Poland (1)
Diocesan Museum in Pelplin
28
incomplete
paper
It has a blot on page 46 and it lacks a page 217 in Volume Two.
Portugal (1)
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Lisbon
29
complete
paper
Formerly owned by Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne. Online images.
Russia (2)
Moscow State University, Moscow
49
complete
paper
Looted in 1945 from the library of the University of Leipzig.
Russian State Library, Moscow
48
incomplete
vellum
Acquired in 1886 by the German Museum of Books and Writing, Leipzig, as part of the book collection of Heinrich Klemm (de). At the end of World War II, it was taken as war booty and transferred to the Russian State Library in Moscow, where it remains today.
Spain (2)
Biblioteca Universitaria y Provincial, Seville
32
incomplete
paper
New Testament onlyOnline images (in Spanish)
Biblioteca Pública Provincial, Burgos
31
complete
paper
Online images
Switzerland (1)
Bodmer Library, Cologny
30
incomplete
paper
United Kingdom (8)
British Library, London
19
complete
vellum
The Grenville copy. Bought for 6260 francs in 1817 by Thomas Grenville, who bequeathed his collection to the British Museum in 1846.Online images Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
21
complete
paper
Online images Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
26
complete
paper
Online images
Lambeth Palace Library, London
20
incomplete
vellum
New Testament only
Eton College Library, Eton College
23
complete
paper
Printed in Mainz with the original 15th Century Erfurt binding, stamped calfskin, signed by Johannes Vogel. Donated by John Fuller (1757–1834). Belonged in the 15th century to the Carthusians at Erfurt. Only copy to retain the original binding in both volumes and is complete. Also one of three existing copies in its original binding. Also the only copy with the original binding to be signed with the binders mark. Illuminated copy, probably in Erfurt.
John Rylands Library, Manchester
25
complete
paper
Acquired for £80 by George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer some time before 1814, Enriqueta Augustina Rylands bought it in 1892 for the John Rylands Library.Online images of 11 pages
Bodleian Library, Oxford
24
complete
paper
Bought in 1793 for £100 from Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge
22
complete
paper
Acquired as part of a gift in 1933.Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
United States (11)
The Morgan Library & Museum, New York
37
complete
vellum
PML 13 & PML 818. Acquired in 1815 by Mark Masterman-Sykes.
38
complete
paper
PML 19206–7
44
incomplete
paper
PML 1. Old Testament onlyOnline images
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
35
complete
vellum
Online images Printed on vellum and bound in three alum-tawed pigskin-covered volumes. On permanent display. Purchased in 1930 with government funds for the Library of Congress. It is the centerpiece of a larger book collection acquired from Dr. Otto Vollbehr.
New York Public Library
42
complete
paper
Widener Library, Harvard University
40
complete
paper
Online images of selected pages
Beinecke Library, Yale University
41
complete
paper
The Melk copy, a gift from Mrs. Edward Harkness in 1926.
Scheide Library, Princeton University
43
complete
paper
The Brinley-Cole-Ives-Ellsworth-Scheide copy, one of three existing copies in its original binding.Online images
Lilly Library, Indiana University
46
incomplete
paper
New Testament only, 12 leaves missing. Part of the same copy as the volume in Mons, Belgium (see above). Online images
Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California
36
complete
vellum
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
39
complete
paper
Purchased in 1978 for US$2.4 million.Online images
Vatican City (2)
Vatican Library
33
incomplete
vellum
Online images of vol. 1 and vol. 2
34
incomplete
paper
Vol. I.

References

  1. The Gutenberg Bible
  2. Das Antiquariat ...
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wOziAAAAMAAJ
  3. In the book world, the rarest of the rare
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050204103238/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6124643/
  4. The World of Rare Books: The Gutenberg Bible, First and Most Valuable Archived 2013-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.luxist.com/2008/01/31/the-world-of-rare-books-the-gutenberg-bible-first-and-most-val/
  5. British Library, "Early Printed Bibles - In Latin 1454 onwards"
    http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prbooks/earprintbib/earlyprintedbiblesinlatin/earlyprintedbibleslatin.html
  6. bl.uk
    http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/textbible.html
  7. Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words
    https://archive.org/details/gutenberghowonem00john
  8. Icons of invention : the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647903993
  9. Design Issues
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1511549
  10. Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions
    https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/type_to_print/gutenberg/donatus
  11. CiRCE Institute
    https://circeinstitute.org/blog/the-grammar-and-the-bible/#:~:text=The%20first%20book%20printed%20by%20metal%20movable,and%20commentaries%20on%20Latin%20texts%2C%20particularly%20those
  12. utexas.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130128035330/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/4.html
  13. Early Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19–21 August 2009
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rXSAvawdIZIC&pg=PA11
  14. British Library, Three phases in the printing process Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine accessed 4 July 2009
    http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/threephases.html
  15. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association
    https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2021.1875793
  16. British Library, The differences in line lengths per page Archived 2009-09-07 at the Wayback Machine: pictures showing d
    http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/flash4.html
  17. British Library, Gutenberg's life: the years of the Bible Archived 2020-09-18 at the Wayback Machine accessed 10 July 20
    http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/bibleyears.html
  18. Gutenberg Jahrbuch
  19. Early Printed Books as Material Objects: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Ifla Rare Books and Manuscripts Section Munich, 19–21 August 2009
  20. British Library, Gutenberg Bible: background Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine accessed 10 July 2009
    http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/background.html
  21. British Library, Making the Bible: the gatherings Archived 2008-06-07 at the Wayback Machine accessed 10 July 2009
    http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/gatherings.html
  22. Paul Needham, 'Format and Paper Size in Fifteenth-century Printing', In: Materielle Aspekte in der Inkunabelforschung, W
  23. George Gordon and William Noel, 'The Needham Calculator', 2017: http://www.needhamcalculator.net/needham_calculator1.pdf
    http://www.needhamcalculator.net/needham_calculator1.pdf
  24. Man, John (2002). Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-218
  25. "Accessed 26 August 2018"
    http://incunables.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/record/B-237.
  26. Paul Needham, 'Format and Paper Size in Fifteenth-century Printing', In: Materielle Aspekte in der Inkunabelforschung, W
  27. Neil Harris, 'The Shape of Paper', subsection 'Sheet-size and the Bologna Stone', in: Paper and Watermarks as Bibliograp
    http://ihl.enssib.fr/en/paper-and-watermarks-as-bibliographical-evidence
  28. utexas.edu
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  29. www.bl.uk
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  38. Incunabula and their readers: printing, selling and using books in the fifteenth century
  39. Fifteenth Century Engravings of Northern Europe
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  40. The Art Bulletin
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  42. In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture
  43. A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility
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  69. While this Gutenberg Bible copy is technically complete, the leaf carrying part of Chapter 14, all of Chapter 15, and pa
  70. Publishing Research Quarterly
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  74. The Seattle Times
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  75. Russia Beyond
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  106. British Librarianship and Information Work 1991–2000: Rare book librarianship and historical bibliography
  107. BBC News
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  108. Solanus
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