Topzle Topzle

Greece

Updated: Wikipedia source

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean basin, spanning thousands of islands and nine traditional geographic regions. It has a population of over 10 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki, Patras and Heraclion. Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation and the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre, and the Olympic Games. The Ancient Greeks were organised into independent city-states, or poleis (singular polis), that spanned the Mediterranean and Black seas. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great conquering much of the known ancient world from the Near East to northwestern India. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC and became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, where Greek culture and language were dominant. The Greek Orthodox Church, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Greece and the rest of the Byzantine empire were fragmented into several Latin and Byzantine successor polities, with most Greek lands finally coming under Ottoman control by the mid-15th century. Following a protracted war of independence in 1821, Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830. The Kingdom of Greece pursued territorial expansion during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918), until its defeat in the Greco-Turkish War in 1922. A short-lived republic was established in 1924 but faced civil strife and the challenge of resettling refugees from Turkey, culminating in a royalist dictatorship in 1936. Greece endured military occupation during World War II, the subsequent Greek Civil War, and prolonged political instability, leading to a military dictatorship in 1967. The country began transitioning to democracy in 1974, leading to the current parliamentary republic. Owing to record economic growth from 1950 to 1973, Greece is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy; its high standard of living has been damaged by a decade-long debt crisis that formed following the 2008 financial crisis. Shipping and tourism are major economic sectors, with Greece being the ninth most-visited country in the world in 2024. Greece is part of multiple international organisations and forums, being the tenth member to join what is today the European Union in 1981. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected partly by its 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Athens 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E / 37.967; 23.717
Official language
Greek
Religion (2017)
mw- li 93% Christianity 90% Greek Orthodoxy (official)[a] 3% other Christian 4% no religion2% Islam1% other
Demonyms
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li GreekHellene
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Konstantinos Tasoulas
• Prime Minister
Kyriakos Mitsotakis
• President of the Parliament
Nikitas Kaklamanis
Legislature
Hellenic Parliament
• Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire
25 March 1821 (traditional starting date)
• Official declaration
1 January 1822
• Recognition
3 February 1830
• Third Hellenic Republic
24 July 1974
• Current constitution
11 June 1975
• Total
$282.019 billion (50th)
• Water (%)
1.51 (2015)
• 2024 estimate
10,400,720 (1 January 2024) (91st)
• 2021 census
10,432,481
• Density
78.9/km2 (204.4/sq mi) (136th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$27,170 (45th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2024)
31.8 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.908very high (34th)
Currency
Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone
UTC 02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 03:00 (EEST)
Calling code
30
ISO 3166 code
GR
Internet TLD
gr.ελ[b]

Tables

· Politics › Administrative divisions
2
2
Map
2
No.
Central Greece
Region
Lamia
Capital
15,549
Area(km2)
6,004
Area(sq mi)
508,254
Population
€8
3
3
Map
3
No.
Central Macedonia
Region
Thessaloniki
Capital
18,811
Area(km2)
7,263
Area(sq mi)
1,795,669
Population
€24
4
4
Map
4
No.
Crete
Region
Heraklion
Capital
8,259
Area(km2)
3,189
Area(sq mi)
624,408
Population
€9
5
5
Map
5
No.
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Region
Komotini
Capital
14,158
Area(km2)
5,466
Area(sq mi)
562,201
Population
€7
6
6
Map
6
No.
Epirus
Region
Ioannina
Capital
9,203
Area(km2)
3,553
Area(sq mi)
319,991
Population
€4
7
7
Map
7
No.
Ionian Islands
Region
Corfu
Capital
2,307
Area(km2)
891
Area(sq mi)
204,532
Population
€3
8
8
Map
8
No.
North Aegean
Region
Mytilene
Capital
3,836
Area(km2)
1,481
Area(sq mi)
194,943
Population
€2
9
9
Map
9
No.
Peloponnese
Region
Tripoli
Capital
15,490
Area(km2)
5,981
Area(sq mi)
539,535
Population
€8
10
10
Map
10
No.
South Aegean
Region
Ermoupoli
Capital
5,286
Area(km2)
2,041
Area(sq mi)
327,820
Population
€6
11
11
Map
11
No.
Thessaly
Region
Larissa
Capital
14,034
Area(km2)
5,420
Area(sq mi)
688,255
Population
€9
12
12
Map
12
No.
Western Greece
Region
Patras
Capital
11,350
Area(km2)
4,382
Area(sq mi)
648,220
Population
€8
13
13
Map
13
No.
Western Macedonia
Region
Kozani
Capital
9,451
Area(km2)
3,649
Area(sq mi)
254,595
Population
€4
(14)
(14)
Map
(14)
No.
Mount Athos
Region
Karyes
Capital
390
Area(km2)
151
Area(sq mi)
1,746
Population
—
Map
No.
Region
Capital
Area(km2)
Area(sq mi)
Population
GDP (bn)
1
Attica
Athens
3,808
1,470
3,814,064
€84
2
Central Greece
Lamia
15,549
6,004
508,254
€8
3
Central Macedonia
Thessaloniki
18,811
7,263
1,795,669
€24
4
Crete
Heraklion
8,259
3,189
624,408
€9
5
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Komotini
14,158
5,466
562,201
€7
6
Epirus
Ioannina
9,203
3,553
319,991
€4
7
Ionian Islands
Corfu
2,307
891
204,532
€3
8
North Aegean
Mytilene
3,836
1,481
194,943
€2
9
Peloponnese
Tripoli
15,490
5,981
539,535
€8
10
South Aegean
Ermoupoli
5,286
2,041
327,820
€6
11
Thessaly
Larissa
14,034
5,420
688,255
€9
12
Western Greece
Patras
11,350
4,382
648,220
€8
13
Western Macedonia
Kozani
9,451
3,649
254,595
€4
(14)
Mount Athos
Karyes
390
151
1,746
—

References

  1. The Church of Greece is recognised by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece, the only country in t
  2. The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states.
  3. Greek: Ελλάδα, romanised: Elláda, .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- IPA: [eˈlaða], or Ελλάς, Ellá
  4. Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, romanised: Ellinikí Dimokratía, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a].
  5. On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupat
  6. See:
  7. For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system, see Pappas 2003, who distinguishes three distinct types of party sy
  8. "The Constitution of Greece: Section II Relations of Church and State: Article 3"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171002214338/http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html#A3
  9. Church and State in Contemporary Europe
  10. "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"
    https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/
  11. "Surface water and surface water change"
    https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER
  12. The World Factbook
    https://web.archive.org/web/20201113204336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=gr&regionCode=eur&rank=97#gr
  13. "Estimated Population and Migration Flows, 2024"
    https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/b248e72c-2917-bdae-1d15-98d22787adb7
  14. Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021
    https://www.statistics.gr/news-announcements/-/asset_publisher/oj6VK3PQ0oCe/content/nws_census_results_booklet_19072022_gr
  15. "World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2025"
    https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)
  16. "Income inequality, 2024"
    https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/5233dcb8-4ef8-16cd-d04f-0577c1caf548
  17. "Human Development Report 2025"
    https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf
  18. WorldStandards
    https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/
  19. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/
  20. Nature
    https://zenodo.org/record/6646855
  21. Marie-Antoinette de Lumley, Gaspard Guipert, Henry de Lumley, Natassa Protopapa, Théodoros Pitsios, Apidima 1 and Apidim
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2019.102743
  22. Antiquity Magazine
    https://www.academia.edu/1129937
  23. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon
    https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA58
  24. The Early Neolithic in Greece: The First Farming Communities in Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=LQQ3tx5_t7QC
  25. Duchesne 2011, p. 297: "The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the "cradle" of the West is endless; two more
  26. Bottici & Challand 2013, p. 88: "The reason why even such a sophisticated historian as Pagden can do it is that the idea
  27. Sansone 2004, pp. xviii–xix; Neer 2019, pp. 25–26; Renfrew 2012, pp. 83–92
  28. Neer 2019, pp. 27–38; Tomkins & Schoep 2012, pp. 66–76
  29. Watrous 2021; McEnroe 2010
  30. Tomas 2012, pp. 340–351.
  31. Salgarella 2022.
  32. Knodell 2021, p. 7.
  33. Sansone 2004, pp. 10–11; Neer 2019, pp. 48–70
  34. Neer 2019, pp. 65–66.
  35. Sansone 2004, pp. 3–4; Neer 2019, p. 58
  36. Chadwick 1990.
  37. An Introduction to Urban Geography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uGE9AAAAIAAJ&q=greek%20dark%20ages%20776%20BC&pg=PA10
  38. Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Le monde d'Homère (The World of Homer), Perrin (2000), p. 19.
  39. D.C.H. Rieu's introduction to The Odyssey (Penguin, 2003), p. xi.
  40. Schuller 2008, pp. 27, 88–89
  41. Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD
  42. Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6qaSHHMaGVkC
  43. Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. "A companion to Ancient Macedonia" Archived 30 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine John W
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345
  44. Creators, Conquerors, and Citizens: A History of Ancient Greece
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lLNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148
  45. The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NjeM0kcp8swC&pg=PA297
  46. The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC
  47. Worthington 2015, pp. 42–43.
  48. Walbank 1993, pp. 13–14, 29–30, Schuller 2008, pp. 49–51, 52–53, Hornblower 2011, pp. 268–270, 285–9.
  49. Walbank 1993, pp. 31–2, 34–5, 36–7, Gehrke 1995, pp. 10–3, 16–7, 21, 24–5, 28–9
  50. Walbank 1993, pp. 46–48, 59, 74–75, Gehrke 1995, pp. 30, 32, 45–48, 54–55
  51. Walbank 1993, pp. 62–3, 133–9, Gehrke 1995, pp. 63–65, 73, 75–6.
  52. The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&pg=PA51
  53. Walbank 1993, pp. 79–80, 91–2, 141–2, 151–2, Gehrke 1995, pp. 68–70.
  54. The Roman Republic
    https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2
  55. Britannica
  56. A history of the Roman people
    https://archive.org/details/historyofromanpe00alle
  57. Ancient Rome: An Introductory History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&pg=PA136
  58. Backgrounds of Early Christianity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC&pg=PA617
  59. Ancient Rome
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&pg=PA500
  60. Early Christian Art and Architecture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&q=early%20christianity%20greece&pg=PA158
  61. Theodosius: The Empire at Bay
    https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ
  62. The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games
    https://books.google.com/books?id=B2VPMUBAxUUC&pg=PA190
  63. The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC
  64. Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C
  65. Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC&q=10th%20century&pg=PA17
  66. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
    https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4
  67. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West
  68. Fine 1991, pp. 35–36.
  69. Fine 1991, pp. 63–66.
  70. A History of Byzantium
  71. Corinth, the First City of Greece: An Urban History of Late Antique Cult and Religion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAhrDO1XQIC
  72. Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes
    https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&pg=PA203
  73. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26387/Byzantine-recovery
  74. Fine 1991, pp. 79–83.
  75. The Byzantine Empire
    https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow
  76. Encyclopædia Britannica
  77. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453
  78. The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500–1492
  79. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade
  80. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HJhOAAAAIAAJ
  81. The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC&pg=PA120
  82. History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Volume 1
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EXiWAwAAQBAJ
  83. The Web of Modern Greek Politics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ
  84. Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline
    https://books.google.com/books?id=t7GkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8
  85. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions
  86. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions
  87. Clogg 1992, p. 10.
  88. Clogg 1992, p. 23.
  89. A profile of modern Greece: in search of identity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ePwcAAAAYAAJ&q=Greece+chiflik+serfs
  90. Clogg 1992, pp. 3.
  91. Clogg 1992, p. 14.
  92. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
    https://www.metmuseum.org/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-seven/chapter-two/venice-and-the-ottomans
  93. "The Ottoman-Venetian Border (15th-18th Centuries)"
    https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-138-6/978-88-6969-138-6.pdf
  94. Clogg 1992, p. 15.
  95. SSRN Electronic Journal
    https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2436332
  96. Greece and the Greeks
    https://books.google.com/books?id=d7BAAAAAIAAJ&q=greece+revolts+ottoman+rule+bloodshed
  97. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
    https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=greece%20ottoman%20rule%20revolts%20orlov&pg=PA256
  98. Clogg 1992, pp. 21, 23.
  99. Clogg 1992, p. 25, 26, 27.
  100. Hatzopoulos 2009, pp. 81–3.
  101. Hatzopoulos 2009. For the crisis of maritime trade from 1815 onwards, see Kremmydas 1977 and Kremmydas 2002.
  102. Brewer, D. The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern G
  103. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
    https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140
  104. Queens Gazette
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173817/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html
  105. The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice...
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175
  106. The New Ottoman Greece in History and Fiction
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction
  107. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibrahim_Pasha
  108. The Battle of Navarino
  109. Η αντιπολίτευση κατά του κυβερνήτη Ιωάννη Καποδίστρια
  110. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-king-of-Greece
  111. The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transplantation: Experiences with the Transfer of Policy Institutions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fXfatJ1aQq0C&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA71
  112. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5zTkGKy4wEC&q=king%2520otto%2520german%2520language%2520administration%2520greece&pg=PA291
  113. Great Greek Encyclopedia, p. 50–51.
  114. Roudometof 2001, pp. 101–113.
  115. Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vb2xAAAAIAAJ&q=otto+move+capital+athens
  116. Great Greek Encyclopedia, p. 239, "Διὰ τοῦ Συντάγματος τοῦ 1864 καθιερώθει ὡς πολίτευμα διὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἡ κοινοβουλευτικὴ
  117. "Constitutional History"
    https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagmatiki-Istoria/
  118. Greece Country Study Guide: Strategic Information and Developments
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RekVT4GnyYIC&q=crowned%2520republic%2520greece&pg=PA132
  119. "Constitutional History"
    https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagmatiki-Istoria/
  120. Διώρυγα Κορίνθου
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120328044804/http://www.aedik.gr/frontend/articles.php?cid=44&scid=51
  121. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602000903411408
  122. Le Monde
    http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/07/16/quand-la-france-et-l-allemagne-mirent-la-grece-sous-tutelle-en-1898_4685561_3234.html
  123. Livanios 1999, pp. 195–196, Koliopoulos & Veremis 2002, pp. 280–281, Kostopoulos 2011.
  124. Mazower 1992, pp. 886, 890–893, 895–900, 904.
  125. Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present, Volume 3
    https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/377
  126. Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey
  127. Journal of Genocide Research
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820
  128. "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament"
    http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html
  129. Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Pisc
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140102130735/http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC
  130. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html
  131. Idea Journal of Social Issues
  132. Der Spiegel
    http://www.spiegel.de/international/christians-in-turkey-the-diaspora-welcomes-the-pope-a-451140.html
  133. Howland, Charles P. "Greece and Her Refugees" Archived 7 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign Affairs, The Council
    http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68710/charles-p-howland/greece-and-her-refugees
  134. Government Newspaper of the Hellenic State
    http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFDWqVnkvhsTndtvSoClrL8BI7vRxXKg8ztIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIfmAIHno4xZaiebsKTXkZGFzZyd4dunA0LfOa-Yg4kaY.
  135. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century
  136. Fafalios & Hadjipateras 1995, p. 157.
  137. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26430/Greek-history-since-World-War-IGreece
  138. Mazower 2001, p. 155.
  139. Die Wehrmacht eine Bilanz
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423851310
  140. Chomsky, Noam (1994). World Orders, Old And New. Pluto Press London.
  141. Mazower 2016, p. [page needed].
  142. A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
  143. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2012.741848
  144. uca.edu
    https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/cyprus-1960-present/
  145. History, Editorial Consultant: Adam Hart-Davis. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-85613-062-2.
  146. EUROPP
    https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2019/02/05/the-ideal-greek-everyman-andreas-papandreou-at-100/
  147. "Greece"
    http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/greece/index_en.htm
  148. A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
  149. Greece@LSE
    https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/greeceatlse/2012/06/28/elections-2012-the-greek-political-system-in-flux/
  150. amp.theguardian.com
    https://theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/25/syriza-historic-win-greece-european-union-austerity
  151. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-greece-bailout/greece-exits-final-bailout-successfully-esm-idUSKCN1L40OG
  152. www.iir.cz
    https://www.iir.cz/after-the-prespa-agreement-why-north-macedonia-s-accession-to-eu-won-t-happen-in-the-near-future
  153. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/8/kyriakos-mitsotakis-sworn-in-as-greeces-new-prime-minister
  154. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/13/greeces-first-female-president-sworn-in
  155. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/15/greece-becomes-first-orthodox-christian-country-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage
  156. Wójcik, P. (2024). New in and for the Three Seas Initiative: The Importance of Greece in the CEE and SEE Format for Tran
    https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2837-8.ch008
  157. cia.gov
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/
  158. "UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES: Working Paper No. 48"
    http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp48.pdf
  159. Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation: a Political Economy Perspective
    https://books.google.com/books?id=E_e4CT57tZYC&pg=PA10
  160. The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication
    https://books.google.com/books?id=L2_JtZV7ZIYC&pg=PA292
  161. Transport Issues And Problems in Southeastern Europe
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MO33_NB5sWcC&pg=PA114
  162. European Migration: What Do We Know?
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0droTivyVUgC&pg=PA337
  163. Youth policy in Greece: Council of Europe international review
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4HTpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT48
  164. "The World Fact Book – Field Listing :: Coastline"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090613164558/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html?countryName=Greece&countryCode=GR&regionCode=eu&#gr
  165. "Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2009 & 2010"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131213192314/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_01_0002_00061.pdf
  166. Ancient Greek civilization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YJONdN0dNYQC&q=cycladic%20civilization&pg=PT27
  167. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC
    https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&q=greece%20bronze%20age%20collapse
  168. "Olympus the First National Park"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170114094456/http://www.olympusfd.gr/us/Infos.asp
  169. Guinness World Records 2005: Special 50th Anniversary Edition
    https://books.google.com/books?id=D4wYAAAAIAAJ
  170. Sofianos, D.Z.: "Metéora". Holy Monastery of Great Meteoro, 1991.
  171. Frommer's Greek Islands
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wvlP7D9C_7gC&pg=PA12
  172. Hellenic National Meteorological Service
    http://www.hnms.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology
  173. "Climate Atlas of Greece"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170921184739/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/greek/pdf/Climate_Atlas_Of_Greece.pdf
  174. www.summitpost.org
    https://www.summitpost.org/mountain-weather-in-greece/1002640
  175. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece
  176. BioScience
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287
  177. Nature Communications
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057
  178. "Greece becomes the first country in Europe to ban bottom trawling in marine protected areas"
    https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/16/greece-to-become-first-in-europe-to-ban-bottom-trawling-in-all-marine-protected-areas
  179. "Syntagma"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070925181747/http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/syntagma.pdf
  180. Dagtoglou 1991, p. 21.
  181. Venizelos 2002, pp. 131–32, 165–72.
  182. Mavrias 2002, pp. 477–78, 486–87
  183. www.ekathimerini.com
    http://www.ekathimerini.com/248820/article/ekathimerini/news/parliament-votes-to-change-election-law
  184. Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic
    http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8NXGWS3cU8Kt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQT0KQWhles74cYXM24iMng4dV6SZbxmK4oRQd575yNXQ.
  185. www.idea.int
    https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/greece
  186. www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org
    http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/greece/
  187. "Πολιτική Συγκυρία & Διακυβέρνηση"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120425150133/http://www.vprc.gr/uplds/File/teleytaia%20nea/Epikaira/Political%20Climate%20and%20Governance_December2011.pdf
  188. VPRC
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235341/http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/Political_Conjuncture_and_Governance_Jan2012.pdf
  189. To The Point
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010522/http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/ToThePoint-Ert3_30-1-12.pdf
  190. "Ερευνα της Pulse RC για το Ποντικι"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235437/http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/PulseRC-ToPontiki_2-2-2012.pdf
  191. Public Issue
    http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/varometro_2_12.pdf
  192. "June 2012 Greek legislative election"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150628235938/http://www.ypes.gr/UserFiles/f0ff9297-f516-40ff-a70e-eca84e2ec9b9/egk42_19062012.pdf
  193. Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EYQgDQAAQBAJ&q=syriza%2520pasok%2520centre-left&pg=PA94
  194. "Mitsotakis sworn in as Greek PM, promises more jobs and 'big changes'"
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mitsotakis-be-sworn-greek-pm-after-landslide-victory-2023-06-26/
  195. Αρχές του Εξωτερικού
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110521050219/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Services/Directory/GreekAuthoritiesAbroad/
  196. "Mission and Competences"
    http://www.mfa.gr/en/the-ministry/structure/mission-and-competences.html
  197. France 24
    http://www.france24.com/en/20151022-greece-hails-special-relationship-france-hollande-visit
  198. Documento
    http://www.documentonews.gr/article/paylopoylos-kai-matarela-epibebaiwsan-th-makroxronh-ellhnoitalikh-filia
  199. news247
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170306131743/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/paylopoylos-matarela-dynath-filia-kai-koinh-optikh-metaksu-elladas-kai-italias.4482614.html
  200. makthes.gr
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170306134643/http://makthes.gr/%CE%B5-%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1/
  201. enet.gr
    http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=400223
  202. washingtonmonthly.com
    https://washingtonmonthly.com/2019/06/18/how-greece-became-one-of-americas-and-israels-closest-allies/
  203. "Foreign Policy Issues"
    http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy-issues/
  204. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-threatens-greece-over-disputed-mediterranean-territorial-claims/a-54828554
  205. Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    http://www.mfa.gr/en/foreign-policy/regional-policy/
  206. Thanos Veremēs (1997) The Military in Greek Politics Archived 4 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine "Black Rose Books"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ
  207. The CIA World Factbook 2014
    https://books.google.com/books?id=aFuCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT991
  208. "EU and NATO Look on at Greece's Pampered Armed Forces"
    http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/49185
  209. Law 1481/1 October 1984, Official Journal of the Hellenic Republic, A-152
  210. Hellenicparliament.gr
    http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn15.pdf
  211. National Geographic
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023226/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/athos/draper-text
  212. "Census 2021 GR"
    https://elstat-outsourcers.statistics.gr/Census2022_GR.pdf
  213. "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 29% to 611% of the EU average in 2016"
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8700651/1-28022018-BP-EN/15f5fd90-ce8b-4927-9a3b-07dc255dc42a
  214. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025"
    https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=174,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2024&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1
  215. "Gross domestic product at market prices (tec00001)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120814000208/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/national_accounts/data/main_tables
  216. "World Economic Outlook"
    http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/pdf/text.pdf
  217. World Economic Outlook Database
    http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae
  218. The World Factbook
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070613023714/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html
  219. "Country and Lending Groups – Data"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups
  220. World Economic Outlook Database
    http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae
  221. "Country and Lending Groups"
    http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#OECD_members
  222. The world's best countries: 2010 index Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Newsweek. Accessed on line 15 Augus
    http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/15/interactive-infographic-of-the-worlds-best-countries.html
  223. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/news/21566430-where-be-born-2013-lottery-life
  224. Human Development Report 2014
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151120074644/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-human-development-index-and-its-components
  225. "Gross Added Value by Industry (A17; Years 2000–2011)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121113221602/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A0702&r_param=SEL12&y_param=2011_00&mytabs=0
  226. "World Tourism Barometer"
    https://pre-webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024-06/Barom_PPT_May_2024.pdf?VersionId=U7O62HatlG4eNAj.wcmuQG1PMCjK.Yss
  227. "Handbook of Statistics 2022 - Fact sheet #14: Merchant Fleet"
    https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_FS14_en.pdf#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial
  228. "Euro area unemployment at 7.3%"
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11563391/3-02122021-AP-EN.pdf/6ebfe4d6-d2e1-372b-1556-3bf4174422dc
  229. Balkan Insight
    http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-businesses-seek-new-markets-as-greek-crisis-hits-home
  230. "Greece and the Balkans: From Stabilization to Growth"
    http://users.uom.gr/~keridis/files/article/article10.doc
  231. "The Greek and EU Crisis for non-economists"
    http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/Economides_Greek_and_EU_Crisis_Sacramento_04262013.pdf
  232. Turkish-Greek Relations: The Security Dilemma in the Aegean
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NuyWdJfQf4kC&pg=PA267
  233. Western Europe 2012
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lKCMvYFQCCMC&pg=PA283
  234. Central and South-Eastern Europe: 2003
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4CrpzRJCbckC&pg=PA282
  235. "Fixed Euro conversion rates"
    http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/index.en.html
  236. Academia.edu
    https://www.academia.edu/37583185
  237. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/21/is-the-greek-financial-crisis-over-at-last
  238. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html
  239. "Goldman Secret Greece Loan Shows Two Sinners as Client Unravels"
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-06/goldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels.html
  240. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/16/greek-debt-goldman-sachs
  241. Der Spiegel
    http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html
  242. Restoring public finances
    https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/47840787.pdf
  243. Eurostat
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=teina225&language=en
  244. "Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens, Workers Strike"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110623231800/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aUi3XLUwIIVA
  245. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/7269629/Britains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html
  246. "Greece Faces 'Unprecedented' Cuts as $159B Rescue Nears"
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-02/greece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html
  247. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a
  248. US News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111104005053/http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2011/11/03/lessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece
  249. BBC News Online
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13798000
  250. Kathimerini
    http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_04/11/2014_544283
  251. MarketWatch
    http://www.marketwatch.com/story/greek-growth-rates-put-germany-eurozone-to-shame-2014-11-14
  252. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33407742
  253. Eurostat
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8824854/2-24042018-AP-EN.pdf/2e4cce59-7d36-4894-b21e-9f2c14b81630
  254. "IMF 'to admit mistakes' in handling Greek debt crisis and bailout (The Guardian)"
    https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/05/imf-admit-mistakes-greek-crisis-austerity
  255. "For hard-hit Greeks, IMF mea culpa comes too late (Reuters)"
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-greece/for-hard-hit-greeks-imf-mea-culpa-comes-too-late-idUSBRE9550M320130606
  256. "Should other Eurozone programme countries worry about a reduced Greek primary surplus target?"
    http://bruegel.org/2015/02/should-other-eurozone-programme-countries-worry-about-a-reduced-greek-primary-surplus-target/
  257. "Why Three Rescues Didn't Solve Greece's Debt Problem (Bloomberg)"
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-18/why-three-rescues-didn-t-solve-greece-s-debt-problem-quicktake
  258. "Will the IMF Apologize to Greece ? (WSJ)"
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/will-the-imf-apologize-to-greece-1402863715
  259. "Pavlopoulos to Moscovici: the mistakes that led to painful sacrifices for the Greek people should not be repeated (Kathimerini, in Greek))"
    http://www.kathimerini.gr/972843/gallery/epikairothta/politikh/paylopoylos-se-moskovisi-na-mhn-epanalhf8oyn-la8h-poy-odhghsan-se-odynhres-8ysies-ton-lao
  260. "Tsipras says Greece won't go back to old spending ways"
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2018-06-27/tsipras-says-greece-won-t-go-back-to-old-spending-ways-video
  261. reuters.com
    https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/greek-economy-surges-after-decade-pain-2024-04-18/
  262. "Cotton - European Commission"
    https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/crop-productions-and-plant-based-products/cotton_en#:~:text=Although%20cotton%20represents%20less%20than,1%25%20of%20world%20cotton%20production
  263. "3 Top pistachio producing countries"
    https://nazari-pistachio.com/articles/top-pistachio-producers/#:~:text=Pistachio%20Production%20Worldwide%20Market%20Share&text=The%20remaining%205%25%20belongs%20to,of%20the%20global%20market%20share
  264. www.fao.org
    https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
  265. energypress.gr
    http://energypress.gr/news/eftasan-15-ekat-oi-pelates-ton-enallaktikon-promitheyton-reymatos-ti-deihnoyn-ta-stoiheia-toy
  266. "Public Power Corporation S.A. Financial Report (January 1, 2010 – December 31, 2010)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110927180029/http://www.dei.gr/Images/ENG%20REPORT%202010%20FINAL.pdf
  267. IEA
    https://www.iea.org/countries/greece/renewables
  268. "Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption %"
    http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdcc110&plugin=0
  269. IEA
    https://www.iea.org/countries/greece/electricity
  270. "The History of Greek Shipping"
    http://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/articles/polemis_one.html
  271. "Greek Shipping Is Modernized To Remain a Global Leader and Expand Its Contribution to the Greek Economy"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070831114031/http://www.nbg.gr/en/pr_release_resb.asp?P_ID=463
  272. "Top 15 Ranking of World Merchant Fleet by Country of Owner, Year-End 2006"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205740/http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/maritime_trade_and_transportation/2007/html/table_02_01.html
  273. Slate
    http://www.slate.com/?id=2124542&
  274. Greece
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DVzthRVC_SMC&pg=PA42
  275. ekathimerini.com
    http://www.ekathimerini.com/216308/article/ekathimerini/business/mega-yacht-owners-choose-greece-for-construction-and-maintenance
  276. Travel+Leisure
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110712204603/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/islands/top-10-islands/237
  277. "World's Best Islands"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111201185032/http://www.bbc.com/travel/slideshow/20111123-worlds-best-islands
  278. WTTC
    https://www.wttc.org/about/media-centre/press-releases/press-releases/2019/greek-tourism-sector-growing-over-three-times-faster-than-wider-economy-says-new-wttc-research/
  279. webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230802171252/https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD
  280. "Tourism"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110516161713/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-11/EN/KS-HA-10-001-11-EN.PDF
  281. 02. Αφίξεις αλλοδαπών από το εξωτερικό κατά υπηκοότητα και μέσο ταξιδίου ( Δεκέμβριος 2007 )
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101114095907/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A2001/Other/A2001_STO03_TB_MM_12_2007_02_F_GR.pdf
  282. "Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments – regional – annual data"
    http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupModifyTableLayout.do
  283. Travel + Leisure
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110712230838/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/islands/europe-islands/242
  284. "Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17)"
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr
  285. "Αυτοκινητόδρομοι: Δίκτυο 2.500 χιλιόμετρα μέχρι το 2017 - ypodomes.com"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185609/https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/35705-aftokinitodromoi-diktyo-2500-xiliometra-mexri-to-2017
  286. ΕΡΓΟΣΕ
    https://www.ergose.gr/
  287. European Commission
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Maritime_passenger_statistics#Messina_remained_the_largest_EU_passenger_port_in_2021
  288. Υπηρεσία Πολιτικής Αεροπορίας - Αρχική
    http://www.ypa.gr/en/our-airports
  289. aia.gr
    https://www.aia.gr/company-and-business/the-company/facts-and-figures/
  290. Το 20% του πληθυσμού πλησιάζει η διείσδυση της ευρυζωνικότητας στην Ελλάδα
    http://news.in.gr/science-technology/article/?aid=1231106170
  291. "Το 81,8 των Ελληνων σερφαρει στο ιντερνετ"
    http://www.kathimerini.gr/922914/article/texnologia/diadiktyo/to--818-twn-ellhnwn-serfarei-sto-diadiktyo
  292. "Finding Free WiFi Internet in the Greek Islands"
    http://www.openjourney.com/blogs/josh/free-wifi-internet-greek-islands-47.html
  293. "ICT Development Index (IDI), 2010 and 2008"
    http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/backgrounders/general/pdf/5.pdf
  294. www.greeknewsagenda.gr
    http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6889-r-d-spending-2017
  295. WIPO
    https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/greece
  296. Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads
    https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html
  297. "Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State"
    http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Business_with_ESA/Greece_becomes_16th_ESA_Member_State
  298. EuroCC@Greece
    https://eurocc-greece.gr/demokritos/
  299. indexmundi.com
    https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/SE.TER.ENRR/rankings
  300. The Economist
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061901/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ
  301. greeknewsagenda.gr
    https://greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/topics/business-r-d/6869-scientific-publications-increase-impact
  302. Eurostat
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_pjan/default/table?lang=en
  303. Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155725/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GRC
  304. Statista
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/429117/crude-birth-rate-in-greece/
  305. "Greece in Numbers"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20040707190604/http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/hellas_in_numbers_eng.pdf
  306. datadot
    https://data.who.int/countries/300
  307. DATA ON VITAL STATISTICS: 2022 Hellenic Statistical Authority (26 Oct. 2023).
    https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/dfad21dd-7c31-de8b-e264-c94d650c880b
  308. Financial Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/24866436-9f9f-11e8-85da-eeb7a9ce36e4
  309. CNBC
    https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/11/ghost-towns-show-greeces-battle-with-falling-birth-rate-depopulation.html
  310. Regional analysis and policy: the Greek experience
    https://books.google.com/books?id=x9TG0Q0xKJYC&q=Thessaloniki%20co-capital&pg=PA19
  311. "Athena 2001 Census"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080117231653/http://www.statistics.gr/Athena2001/Athena2001.ASP?wcu=%24cmd%3D0%24id%3D5200712142356520314915
  312. statistics.gr
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230421094051/https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/APOF_APOT_MON_DHM_KOIN.pdf/41ae8e6c-5860-b58e-84f7-b64f9bc53ec4
  313. Ethnologue
    http://www.ethnologue.com/country/GR/languages
  314. www.uoc.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044656/http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/macedoni/fr/i1/i1.html
  315. www.uoc.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190702205628/https://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/albanes/fr/i2/i2.html
  316. www.uoc.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170314/http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/valac/fr/i1/i1.html
  317. mercator-research.eu
    https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/turkish_in_greece.pdf
  318. Trudgill 2000.
  319. commission.europa.eu
    https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/greece_en
  320. "Minority Rights Group, Greece, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120111161345/http://www.cilevics.eu/minelres/reports/greece/greece_NGO.htm
  321. Roudometof 2001, p. 186.
  322. Triandafyllidou, Anna. "Migration and Migration Policy in Greece" Archived 23 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Cri
    http://www.idea6fp.uw.edu.pl/pliki/POES_Greece_PB_3.pdf
  323. Kasimis, Charalambos; Kassimi, Chryssa (June 2004). "Greece: A History of Migration" Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayb
    http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/greece-history-migration/
  324. Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation. By Philip L. Martin, Susan Forbes Martin, Patrick Weil
  325. "Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131225192921/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF
  326. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10403249
  327. "Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean, Greece"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160217181157/http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/country.php?id=83
  328. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911
  329. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-35091772
  330. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/9/greece-to-halt-migrant-asylum-processing-from-north-africa
  331. "The Constitution of Greece"
    http://www.hri.org/docs/syntagma/artcl25.html
  332. International Religious Freedom Report 2007
    https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90178.htm
  333. "Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology; Fieldwork: January–February 2010"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf
  334. "Dagens ESS: Religiøsitet og kirkebesøk"
    http://forskning.no/2008/02/dagens-ess-religiositet-og-kirkebesok
  335. "Executive Summary Discrimination on the Grounds of Religion and Belief Greece"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070605013415/http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/aneval/religion_el.pdf
  336. "Greece"
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm
  337. Countrystudies.us
    http://countrystudies.us/turkey/24.htm
  338. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/30/thessalonikis-jews-we-cant-let-this-be-forgotten-if-its-forgotten-it-will-die
  339. Leustean, Lucian N. (2014). "Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century: an Overview" in Lucian N. Le
  340. "Synod of Apostolic Church of Christ"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20041216225859/http://www.pentecost.gr/English/history%20keim.htm
  341. "Christianity Ministries"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20050530005647/http://www.christianity.gr/church/addresses.php
  342. Ελευθέρα Αποστολική Εκκλησία της Πεντηκοστής
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081202062529/http://www.egolpio.com/PENTECOSTAL/freechurpentecost.htm
  343. "2014 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141231060621/http://download.jw.org/files/media_books/26/yb14_E.pdf
  344. "Hellenism legally recognized as religion in Greece"
    http://wildhunt.org/2017/04/greek-paganism-legally-recognized-as-known-religion-in-greece.html
  345. "Newstatesman – The ancient Gods of Greece are not extinct"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081202123343/http://www.newstatesman.com/200703200001
  346. The Daily Telegraph
    https://web.archive.org/web/20040901020310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2004%2F05%2F08%2Fwgods08.xml
  347. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/01/religion.uk
  348. The Origin of Universities
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090220164836/http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html
  349. Byzantine Philosophy
  350. Nuffic
    https://www.nuffic.nl/en/education-systems/greece/educational-institutions-and-study-programmes
  351. Eurydice Network
    https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/greece/national-reforms-higher-education
  352. oecdbetterlifeindex.org
    http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/greece/
  353. World Health Report
    https://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf
  354. "State of the World's Mothers 2013"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130505125839/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.8585863/k.9F31/State_of_the_Worlds_Mothers.htm
  355. Hellenic Statistical Authority, 2018
  356. Health Data
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090902163839/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf
  357. Economou C, Kaitelidou D, Karanikolos M, Maresso A. Greece: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2017; 19
  358. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103744881
  359. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html
  360. Mazlish, Bruce. Civilization And Its Contents. Stanford University Press, 2004. p. 3. Web. 25 June 2012.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AmacbFXUTEoC&pg=PA3
  361. The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8Oi_sVWIXLAC&pg=PA120
  362. Myres, John. Herodotus, Father of History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. Web. 25 June 2012.
  363. Copleston, Frederick. History of Philosophy, Volume 1.
  364. A History of Greek Mathematics
    https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians
  365. World Book Advanced
  366. digital.library.upenn.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180915055454/http://www.digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-5.html
  367. Smithsonian
    http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/true-colors.html
  368. Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
  369. Παύλος Κυριαζής, «Σταμάτης Βούλγαρης. Ο αγωνιστής, ο πολεοδόμος, ο άνθρωπος», στο: Συλλογικό, Πρώτοι Έλληνες τεχνικοί επ
  370. "23 Best Examples of Cycladic Architecture"
    https://travelaway.me/cycladic-architecture/
  371. Greekacom
    https://www.greeka.com/epirus/architecture/
  372. California Italian Studies
    https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hm1p6m5#page-1
  373. Internet Archaeology
    https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.60.8
  374. Brockett, Oscar G. (1991) History of the Theatre (sixth edition). Boston; London: Allyn & Bacon.
  375. "Culture e-Magazine – Free eBooks – WebTV " Το Θέατρο στο Βυζάντιο και την Οθωμανική περίοδο"
    http://www.24grammata.com/?p=32749
  376. n-t.gr
    https://www.n-t.gr/el/knowus
  377. Encyclopædia Britannica – "Greek literature: Byzantine literature"
  378. The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw_7eINO_NcC&pg=PA2
  379. "The Modern Greek language in its relation to Ancient Greek", E. M. Geldart
  380. "Ancient Greek Philosophy"
    http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/
  381. Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture
  382. A Short History of Byzantium
  383. Patiniotis M. (2015) "Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment: In Search of a European Identity," in Arabatzis T., Renn J., Simões A.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14553-2_9
  384. Douris and the Painters of Greek Vases
    https://archive.org/details/dourisandpainte00harrgoog/page/n144
  385. ich.unesco.org
    https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/byzantine-chant-01508
  386. Greek Poetry: From Homer to Seferis
  387. www.folkworld.de
    http://www.folkworld.de/44/e/greece.html
  388. Xinhua
    http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/29/c_136858286.htm
  389. Academia
    https://www.academia.edu/36757754
  390. www.musicweb-international.com
    https://www.musicweb-international.com/mark_morris/Greece.htm
  391. Academia
    https://www.academia.edu/36786451
  392. The Encyclopedia of Film Composers
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz99CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA664
  393. "Kostas Tournas"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130311170321/http://www.europopmusic.eu/Greece_pages/Kostas_Tournas.html#about
  394. "Greece"
    https://eurovision.tv/country/greece
  395. "Greece in Eurovision: Voting & Points"
    https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/greece
  396. Δάφνις και Χλόη
    http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=60015
  397. Δάφνις και Χλόη
    http://www.tovima.gr/culture/article/?aid=276816
  398. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
    http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1944
  399. The Film Encyclopedia
  400. The New York Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090928030245/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/56204/Zorba-the-Greek/awards
  401. Cinema-francais.fr
    http://www.cinema-francais.fr/cannes/cannes_1998.htm
  402. Cannes-fest.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220127061850/http://www.cannes-fest.com/1998/index.html
  403. Urbancinefile.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130907173822/http://urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=1148&s=Features
  404. Variety
    https://variety.com/2019/film/news/2019-oscars-winners-list-academy-awards-1203145638/
  405. Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals
    https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA147
  406. Global Cuisine 2: Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia
    https://textbooks.restaurant.org/Textbooks/media/fmrca/FRMCA_GlobalCuisine2_1.pdf
  407. Angelfoods
    https://angelfoods.gr/greek-food/greek-food-ingredients/
  408. Mediterranean clay pot cooking : traditional and modern recipes to savor and share
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298538015
  409. "Men's Rankings"
    https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men
  410. News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3860105.stm
  411. "Ranking Men after Olympic Games: Tournament Men (2008)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070607092902/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/even/rank/rankMen.asp
  412. "Greece Tops Germany for Euro Title"
    https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id=2172612
  413. "Greek Name Days for the Year 2018"
    http://www.eortologio.gr/index_uk.php
  414. Διεθνές Φεστιβάλ Κινηματογράφου Θεσσαλονίκης – Προφίλ
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090357/http://www.filmfestival.gr/default.aspx?lang=el-GR&loc=1&page=586
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.