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Great Pyramid of Giza

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Great Pyramid of Giza

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu ("Cheops"), who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. Built c. 2600 BC over a period of about 26 years, the pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only wonder that has remained largely intact. It is the most famous monument of the Giza pyramid complex, which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Memphis and its Necropolis". It is situated at the northeastern end of the line of the three main pyramids at Giza. Initially standing at 146.6 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the world's tallest human-made structure for more than 3,800 years. Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the current 138.5 metres (454.4 ft); what is seen today is the underlying core structure. The base was measured to be about 230.3 metres (755.6 ft) square, giving a volume of roughly 2.6 million cubic metres (92 million cubic feet), which includes an internal hillock. The dimensions of the pyramid were 280 royal cubits (146.7 m; 481.4 ft) high, a base length of 440 cubits (230.6 m; 756.4 ft), with a seked of ⁠5+1/2⁠ palms (a slope of 51°50'40"). The Great Pyramid was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks, weighing 6 million tonnes in total. The majority of the stones are not uniform in size or shape, and are only roughly dressed. The outside layers were bound together by mortar. Primarily local limestone from the Giza Plateau was used for its construction. Other blocks were imported by boat on the Nile: white limestone from Tura for the casing, and blocks of granite from Aswan, weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the "King's Chamber" structure. There are three known chambers inside of the Great Pyramid. The lowest was cut into the bedrock, upon which the pyramid was built, but remained unfinished. The so-called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber, which contain a granite sarcophagus, are above ground, within the pyramid structure. Hemiunu, Khufu's vizier, is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. Many varying scientific and alternative hypotheses attempt to explain the exact construction techniques, but, as is the case for other such structures, there is no definite consensus. The funerary complex around the pyramid consisted of two mortuary temples connected by a causeway (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile); tombs for the immediate family and court of Khufu, including three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives; an even smaller "satellite pyramid"; and five buried solar barques.

Infobox

Coordinates
mw- 29°58′45″N 31°08′03″E / 29.97917°N 31.13417°E / 29.97917; 31.13417
Ancient name
Akhet KhufuKhufu's Horizon
Architect
Hemiunu (presumed)
Constructed
c. 2600 BC (Old Kingdom)c. 4600 years ago
Type
True pyramid
Material
Limestone, mortar, granite
Height
Original: 146.6 m (481 ft) or 280 cubitsCurrent: 138.5 m (454 ft)
Base
230.33 m (756 ft) or 440 cubits
Volume
2.6 million m3 (92 million cu ft)
Slope
51°50'40" or seked of ⁠5 1/2⁠ palms
Part of
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Criteria
Cultural: i, iii, vi
Reference
86-002
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
Area
Arab states
Preceded by
Red Pyramid (Egypt)
Surpassed by
Lincoln Cathedral (England)[dubious – discuss]

Tables

Modern estimates of dating the Great Pyramid and Khufu's first regnal year · Age
Greaves (1646)
Greaves (1646)
Author (year)
Greaves (1646)
Estimated date
1266 BC
Gardiner (1835)
Gardiner (1835)
Author (year)
Gardiner (1835)
Estimated date
2123 BC
Lepsius (1849)
Lepsius (1849)
Author (year)
Lepsius (1849)
Estimated date
3124 BC
Bunsen (1860)
Bunsen (1860)
Author (year)
Bunsen (1860)
Estimated date
3209 BC
Mariette (1867)
Mariette (1867)
Author (year)
Mariette (1867)
Estimated date
4235 BC
Breasted (1906)
Breasted (1906)
Author (year)
Breasted (1906)
Estimated date
2900 BC
Hassan (1960)
Hassan (1960)
Author (year)
Hassan (1960)
Estimated date
2700 BC
O'Mara (1997)
O'Mara (1997)
Author (year)
O'Mara (1997)
Estimated date
2700 BC
Beckarath (1997)
Beckarath (1997)
Author (year)
Beckarath (1997)
Estimated date
2554 BC
Arnold (1999)
Arnold (1999)
Author (year)
Arnold (1999)
Estimated date
2551 BC
Spence (2000)
Spence (2000)
Author (year)
Spence (2000)
Estimated date
2480 BC
Shaw (2000)
Shaw (2000)
Author (year)
Shaw (2000)
Estimated date
2589 BC
Hornung (2006)
Hornung (2006)
Author (year)
Hornung (2006)
Estimated date
2509 BC
Ramsey et al. (2010)
Ramsey et al. (2010)
Author (year)
Ramsey et al. (2010)
Estimated date
2613–2577 BC
Author (year)
Estimated date
Greaves (1646)
1266 BC
Gardiner (1835)
2123 BC
Lepsius (1849)
3124 BC
Bunsen (1860)
3209 BC
Mariette (1867)
4235 BC
Breasted (1906)
2900 BC
Hassan (1960)
2700 BC
O'Mara (1997)
2700 BC
Beckarath (1997)
2554 BC
Arnold (1999)
2551 BC
Spence (2000)
2480 BC
Shaw (2000)
2589 BC
Hornung (2006)
2509 BC
Ramsey et al. (2010)
2613–2577 BC
· External links
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Records
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Records
World's tallest structure ever built c. 2600 BC − c. 516 AD146.6 m
Records
Succeeded byYongning Pagoda (disputed)
Preceded byYongning Pagoda (disputed)
Preceded byYongning Pagoda (disputed)
Records
Preceded byYongning Pagoda (disputed)
Records
World's tallest existing structure 532-1240
Records
Succeeded byOld St Paul's Cathedral
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Records
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Records
Tallest structure in Egypt c. 2600 BC − 1961
Records
Succeeded byCairo Tower
Records
Preceded byRed Pyramid
World's tallest structure ever built c. 2600 BC − c. 516 AD146.6 m
Succeeded byYongning Pagoda (disputed)
Preceded byYongning Pagoda (disputed)
World's tallest existing structure 532-1240
Succeeded byOld St Paul's Cathedral
Preceded byRed Pyramid
Tallest structure in Egypt c. 2600 BC − 1961
Succeeded byCairo Tower

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