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Great Famine (Ireland)

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Great Famine (Ireland)

The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger (Irish: an Gorta Mór [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]), the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland lasting from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a historical social crisis and had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole. The most severely affected areas were in the western and southern parts of Ireland—where the Irish language was dominant—hence the period was contemporaneously known in Irish as an Drochshaol, which literally translates to "the bad life" and loosely translates to "the hard times". The worst year of the famine was 1847, which became known as "Black '47". The population of Ireland on the eve of the famine was about 8.5 million; by 1901, it was just 4.4 million. During the Great Hunger, roughly one million people died and over one million more fled the country, causing the country's population to fall by 20–25% between 1841 and 1871, with some towns' populations falling by as much as 67%. Between 1845 and 1855, at least 2.1 million people left Ireland, primarily on packet ships but also on steamboats and barques—one of the greatest exoduses from a single island in history. The proximate cause of the famine was the infection of potato crops by blight (Phytophthora infestans) throughout Europe during the 1840s. Impact on food supply by blight infection caused 100,000 deaths outside Ireland, and influenced much of the unrest that culminated in European Revolutions of 1848. Longer-term reasons for the massive impact of this particular famine included the system of absentee landlordism and single-crop dependence. Initial limited but constructive government actions to alleviate famine distress were ended by a new Whig administration in London, which pursued a laissez-faire economic doctrine, but also because some assumed that the famine was divine judgement or that the Irish lacked moral character, with aid only resuming to some degree later. Large amounts of food were exported from Ireland during the famine and the refusal of London to bar such exports, as had been done on previous occasions, was an immediate and continuing source of controversy, contributing to anti-British sentiment and the campaign for independence. Additionally, the famine indirectly resulted in tens of thousands of households being evicted, exacerbated by a provision forbidding access to workhouse aid while in possession of more than one-quarter acre of land. The famine was a defining moment in the history of Ireland, which was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. The famine and its effects permanently changed the island's demographic, political, and cultural landscape, producing an estimated 2 million refugees and spurring a century-long population decline. For both the native Irish and those in the resulting diaspora, the famine entered folk memory. The strained relations between many Irish people and the then ruling British government worsened further because of the famine, heightening ethnic and sectarian tensions and boosting nationalism and republicanism both in Ireland and among Irish emigrants around the world. English documentary maker John Percival said that the famine "became part of the long story of betrayal and exploitation which led to the growing movement in Ireland for independence." Scholar Kirby Miller makes the same point. Debate exists regarding nomenclature for the event, whether to use the term "Famine", "Potato Famine" or "Great Hunger". The potato blight returned to Europe in 1879 but, by this time, the Land War (one of the largest agrarian movements to take place in 19th-century Europe) had begun in Ireland. The movement, organized by the Irish National Land League, continued the political campaign for the Three Fs which was issued in 1850 by the Tenant Right League during the Great Famine. When the potato blight returned to Ireland in the 1879 famine, the League boycotted "notorious landlords" and its members physically blocked the evictions of farmers; the consequent reduction in homelessness and house demolition resulted in a drastic reduction in the number of deaths.

Infobox

Location
Ireland
Period
1845–1852
Total deaths
1 million
Causes
Policy failure, potato blight
Theory
Corn Laws, Gregory clause, Encumbered Estates' Court, Crime and Outrage Bill (Ireland) 1847, Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, Three Fs, Poor Law Amendment Act
Relief
See below
Effect on demographics
Population fell by 20–25% due to death and emigration
Consequences
Permanent change in the country's demographic, political, and cultural landscape
Website
See list of memorials to the Great Famine
Preceded by
Irish Famine (1740–1741) (Bliain an Áir)
Succeeded by
Irish Famine, 1879 (An Gorta Beag)

Tables

Irish grain trade in units of 1,000 quarters[112] · Food exports
1842
1842
Year
1842
Exports
2,538
Imports
280
Surplus
+2,258
Maize imports
20
1843
1843
Year
1843
Exports
3,206
Imports
74
Surplus
+3,132
Maize imports
3
1844
1844
Year
1844
Exports
2,801
Imports
150
Surplus
+2,651
Maize imports
5
1845
1845
Year
1845
Exports
3,252
Imports
147
Surplus
+3,105
Maize imports
34
1846
1846
Year
1846
Exports
1,826
Imports
987
Surplus
+839
Maize imports
614
1847
1847
Year
1847
Exports
970
Imports
4,519
Surplus
-3,549
Maize imports
3,287
1848
1848
Year
1848
Exports
1,953
Imports
2,186
Surplus
-233
Maize imports
1,546
1849
1849
Year
1849
Exports
1,437
Imports
2,908
Surplus
-1,471
Maize imports
1,897
1850
1850
Year
1850
Exports
1,329
Imports
2,357
Surplus
-1,028
Maize imports
1,159
1851
1851
Year
1851
Exports
1,325
Imports
3,158
Surplus
-1,833
Maize imports
1,745
Year
Exports
Imports
Surplus
Maize imports
1842
2,538
280
+2,258
20
1843
3,206
74
+3,132
3
1844
2,801
150
+2,651
5
1845
3,252
147
+3,105
34
1846
1,826
987
+839
614
1847
970
4,519
-3,549
3,287
1848
1,953
2,186
-233
1,546
1849
1,437
2,908
-1,471
1,897
1850
1,329
2,357
-1,028
1,159
1851
1,325
3,158
-1,833
1,745
Donations by region excluding Ireland[121]: 226 · Charity
Britain
Britain
Region
Britain
Contribution
£525,000
US
US
Region
US
Contribution
£170,000
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Region
Indian Ocean
Contribution
£50,000
France
France
Region
France
Contribution
£26,000
Canada
Canada
Region
Canada
Contribution
£22,000
West Indies
West Indies
Region
West Indies
Contribution
£17,000
Italy
Italy
Region
Italy
Contribution
£13,000
Australia
Australia
Region
Australia
Contribution
£9,000
The Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark
The Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark
Region
The Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark
Contribution
£5,000
Germany and Switzerland
Germany and Switzerland
Region
Germany and Switzerland
Contribution
£4,500
South Africa
South Africa
Region
South Africa
Contribution
£4,000
Latin America
Latin America
Region
Latin America
Contribution
£3,500
Russia
Russia
Region
Russia
Contribution
£2,500
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
Region
The Ottoman Empire
Contribution
£2,000
Other British Dependencies
Other British Dependencies
Region
Other British Dependencies
Contribution
£2,000
Spain and Portugal
Spain and Portugal
Region
Spain and Portugal
Contribution
£1,000
Total
Total
Region
Total
Contribution
£856,500
Region
Contribution
Britain
£525,000
US
£170,000
Indian Ocean
£50,000
France
£26,000
Canada
£22,000
West Indies
£17,000
Italy
£13,000
Australia
£9,000
The Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark
£5,000
Germany and Switzerland
£4,500
South Africa
£4,000
Latin America
£3,500
Russia
£2,500
The Ottoman Empire
£2,000
Other British Dependencies
£2,000
Spain and Portugal
£1,000
Total
£856,500
Decline in population 1841–1851 (%)[188] · Death toll
15.3
15.3
Leinster
15.3
Munster
22.5
Ulster
15.7
Connacht
28.8
Ireland
20
Leinster
Munster
Ulster
Connacht
Ireland
15.3
22.5
15.7
28.8
20

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  8. About £710 million in 2023.
  9. equivalent to £1,712,000 in 2023
  10. equivalent to £244,637 in 2023
  11. equivalent to £1,154,312 in 2023
  12. equivalent to £115,431 in 2023
  13. equivalent to $1,687 in 2024
  14. equivalent to $337 in 2024
  15. equivalent to £577 in 2023
  16. equivalent to £20,982,000 in 2023
  17. equivalent to £47,704,000 in 2023
  18. equivalent to $19,078,000 in 2024
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  244. Genocide Watch
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  250. The Irish Times
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  251. The New York Times
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  252. Good News Network
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  257. BBC
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  258. The Guardian
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  259. faroutmagazine.co.uk
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