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Government shutdowns in the United States

Updated: 12/11/2025, 5:56:43 PM Wikipedia source

In the United States, a government shutdown, officially known as a lapse in appropriations, occurs when funding legislation required to finance the federal government is not enacted before the next fiscal year begins. During a shutdown, the federal government curtails agency activities and services, ceases non-essential operations, furloughs non-essential workers, and retains only essential employees in departments that protect human life or property. Shutdowns can also disrupt state, territorial, and local levels of government. Funding gaps have led to shutdowns since 1980, when Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued a legal opinion requiring it. This opinion was not consistently adhered to throughout the 1980s, but since 1990, all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours have resulted in shutdowns. As of November 2025, 11 funding gaps have led to federal employees being furloughed. The most significant historical shutdowns include the shutdown under Donald Trump's second presidency, which began on October 1, 2025, and lasted for 43 days; the 35-day shutdown of 2018–2019 during the first presidency of Donald Trump, over expanding barriers on the U.S.–Mexico border; the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996 during the Bill Clinton administration, over opposition to major spending cuts; and the 16-day shutdown in 2013 during the Barack Obama administration, over implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The other seven shutdowns lasted five or fewer days. Shutdowns disrupt many government services and programs. They close national parks and other public institutions (such as Washington, D.C.'s federally managed museums), reduce government revenue, and reduce economic growth by disrupting major services. During the 2013 shutdown, financial-rating institution Standard & Poor's said that the shutdown had "to date taken $24 billion out of the economy" and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth".

Tables

Overview of shutdowns involving furloughs · Federal government › List of federal shutdowns
Senate
Senate
Year
Senate
Days
House
1980
1980
Year
1980
Days
1
Agencies affected
FTC
Employees furloughed
1,600
Cost to government
$700,000
President
Jimmy Carter
Congress
96th
Majority
Democratic(58 – 41 – 1)
Majority
Democratic(277 – 157 – 1)
1981
1981
Year
1981
Days
4
Agencies affected
All (except Legislative Branch)
Employees furloughed
241,000
Cost to government
$80–90 million
President
Ronald Reagan
Congress
97th
Majority
Democratic(53 – 46 – 1)
Majority
Democratic(242 – 192 – 1)
1984
1984
Year
1984
Days
1
Agencies affected
Some
Employees furloughed
500,000
Cost to government
$65 million
President
98th
Congress
Republican(55 – 45)
Majority
Democratic(269 – 165 – 1)
1986
1986
Year
1986
Days
1
Agencies affected
All
Employees furloughed
500,000
Cost to government
$62.2 million
President
99th
Congress
Republican(53 – 47)
Majority
Democratic(253 – 181 – 1)
1990
1990
Year
1990
Days
3
Agencies affected
All
Employees furloughed
2,800
Cost to government
$2.57 million
President
George H. W. Bush
Congress
101st
Majority
Democratic(55 – 45)
Majority
Democratic(267 – 167 – 1)
1995 (Nov)
1995 (Nov)
Year
1995 (Nov)
Days
6
Agencies affected
Some
Employees furloughed
800,000
Cost to government
$400 million
President
Bill Clinton
Congress
104th
Majority
Republican(53 – 47)
Majority
Republican(232 – 202 – 1)
1995–96
1995–96
Year
1995–96
Days
21
Agencies affected
Some
Employees furloughed
284,000
2013
2013
Year
2013
Days
16
Agencies affected
All
Employees furloughed
800,000
Cost to government
$2.1 billion
President
Barack Obama
Congress
113th
Majority
Democratic(53 – 45 – 2)
Majority
Republican(234 – 201)
2018 (Jan)
2018 (Jan)
Year
2018 (Jan)
Days
3
Agencies affected
All
Employees furloughed
692,900
Cost to government
Unknown
President
Donald Trump(1st term)
Congress
115th
Majority
Republican(51 – 47 – 2)
Majority
Republican(241 – 194)
2018–19
2018–19
Year
2018–19
Days
35
Agencies affected
Some
Employees furloughed
380,000
Cost to government
$5 billion
President
Republican(51 – 47 – 2)
Congress
Republican(241 – 194)
Republican(50 – 47 – 2)
Republican(50 – 47 – 2)
Year
Republican(50 – 47 – 2)
116th
116th
Year
116th
Days
Republican(53 – 45 – 2)
Agencies affected
Democratic(235 – 199)
2025
2025
Year
2025
Days
43
Agencies affected
All
Employees furloughed
900,000
Cost to government
$11 billion
President
Donald Trump(2nd term)
Congress
119th
Majority
Republican(53 – 45 – 2)
Majority
Republican(219 – 213)
Year
Days
Agencies affected
Employees furloughed
Cost to government
President
Congress
Majority
Ref.
Senate
House
1980
1
FTC
1,600
$700,000
Jimmy Carter
96th
Democratic(58 – 41 – 1)
Democratic(277 – 157 – 1)
1981
4
All (except Legislative Branch)
241,000
$80–90 million
Ronald Reagan
97th
Democratic(53 – 46 – 1)
Democratic(242 – 192 – 1)
1984
1
Some
500,000
$65 million
98th
Republican(55 – 45)
Democratic(269 – 165 – 1)
1986
1
All
500,000
million
99th
Republican(53 – 47)
Democratic(253 – 181 – 1)
1990
3
All
2,800
million
George H. W. Bush
101st
Democratic(55 – 45)
Democratic(267 – 167 – 1)
1995 (Nov)
6
Some
800,000
$400 million
Bill Clinton
104th
Republican(53 – 47)
Republican(232 – 202 – 1)
1995–96
21
Some
284,000
2013
16
All
800,000
billion
Barack Obama
113th
Democratic(53 – 45 – 2)
Republican(234 – 201)
2018 (Jan)
3
All
692,900
Unknown
Donald Trump(1st term)
115th
Republican(51 – 47 – 2)
Republican(241 – 194)
2018–19
35
Some
380,000
$5 billion
Republican(51 – 47 – 2)
Republican(241 – 194)
Republican(50 – 47 – 2)
116th
Republican(53 – 45 – 2)
Democratic(235 – 199)
2025
43
All
900,000
$11 billion
Donald Trump(2nd term)
119th
Republican(53 – 45 – 2)
Republican(219 – 213)
· State and territorial governments
1991
1991
Year
1991
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 17
Total days
17
Location
Maine
1991
1991
Year
1991
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Aug 23
Total days
54
Location
Connecticut
1991
1991
Year
1991
Start date
Jul 2
End date
Aug 3
Total days
34
Location
Pennsylvania
1992
1992
Year
1992
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Sep 1
Total days
63
Location
California
2002
2002
Year
2002
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 3
Total days
3
Location
Tennessee
2005
2005
Year
2005
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 9
Total days
9
Location
Minnesota
2006
2006
Year
2006
Start date
May 1
End date
May 13
Total days
13
Location
Puerto Rico
2006
2006
Year
2006
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 8
Total days
8
Location
New Jersey
2007
2007
Year
2007
Start date
Oct 1
End date
Oct 1
Total days
1 (approx. 4 hrs)
Location
Michigan
2007
2007
Year
2007
Start date
Jul 11
End date
Jul 12
Total days
1 (approx. 6 hrs)
Location
Pennsylvania
2009
2009
Year
2009
Start date
Oct 1
End date
Oct 1
Total days
1 (approx. 6 hrs)
Location
Michigan
2011
2011
Year
2011
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 20
Total days
20
Location
Minnesota
2015
2015
Year
2015
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 6
Total days
6
Location
Illinois
2017
2017
Year
2017
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 4
Total days
3
Location
New Jersey
2017
2017
Year
2017
Start date
Jul 1
End date
Jul 4
Total days
4
Location
Maine
Year
Start date
End date
Total days
Location
References
1991
Jul 1
Jul 17
17
Maine
1991
Jul 1
Aug 23
54
Connecticut
1991
Jul 2
Aug 3
34
Pennsylvania
1992
Jul 1
Sep 1
63
California
2002
Jul 1
Jul 3
3
Tennessee
2005
Jul 1
Jul 9
9
Minnesota
2006
May 1
May 13
13
Puerto Rico
2006
Jul 1
Jul 8
8
New Jersey
2007
Oct 1
Oct 1
1 (approx. 4 hrs)
Michigan
2007
Jul 11
Jul 12
1 (approx. 6 hrs)
Pennsylvania
2009
Oct 1
Oct 1
1 (approx. 6 hrs)
Michigan
2011
Jul 1
Jul 20
20
Minnesota
2015
Jul 1
Jul 6
6
Illinois
2017
Jul 1
Jul 4
3
New Jersey
2017
Jul 1
Jul 4
4
Maine
· County governments
2005
2005
Year
2005
Start date
Feb 7
End date
Feb 7
Total days
1
Location
Erie County, New York
Year
Start date
End date
Total days
Location
References
2005
Feb 7
Feb 7
1
Erie County, New York

References

  1. ~4 hours
  2. In Arizona, senator John McCain (R) died August 25, 2018. Jon Kyl (R) was appointed September 4, 2018, to continue the t
  3. The first session of the 116th Congress began on January 3, 2019.
  4. United States Government Accountability Office
    https://www.gao.gov/legal/appropriations-law/lapses-in-appropriations
  5. The Atlantic
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  6. theweek
    https://theweek.com/articles/819015/make-government-shutdowns-impossible-again
  7. Reuters
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  8. Reuters
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  9. NBC News
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  10. ABC News
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  12. "Government Shutdowns Q&A: Everything You Should Know"
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  13. The Guardian
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  14. Washington Post
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  20. Government Shutdowns and Executive Branch Operations
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  21. "Government Shutdowns and Higher Education"
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  22. Brookings Institution
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  23. Washington Post
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  24. CNN Money
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  25. The Economist
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  26. www.randstadusa.com
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  27. "Employee Confidence Rebounds in Month Following Shutdown"
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  28. Politifact
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  30. The Economist
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  31. The Economist
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  32. The Washington Post
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  33. "Plan for Orderly Shutdown Due to Lapse of Congressional Appropriations"
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  34. "Operations in lapse of appropriation guidance"
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  35. "Operations and furloughs under a government shutdown"
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  38. The Washington Post
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  39. Bloomberg Law
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  40. DCist
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  41. "CBO's Plans in the Event of a Government Shutdown"
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  42. CNN Money
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  43. The Wall Street Journal
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  48. The New York Times
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  49. Huffington Post
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  53. The Washington Post
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  54. Business Insider
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  55. The New York Times
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  56. U.S. General Accounting Office
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    https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/30/absolutely-everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-government-shutdown-will-work
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  61. NPR
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  63. NBC News
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  66. The Washington Post
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  69. The New York Times
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  70. U.S. Senate
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  71. The New York Times
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  72. The New York Times
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  73. The New York Times
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  74. The Washington Post
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  75. The Washington Post
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  76. The Seattle Times
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  77. My Life
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  79. "Gingrich as Speaker: Remembering When"
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  80. All Too Human
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  82. Yahoo! News
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  83. The Hill
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  84. Time
    https://swampland.time.com/2013/09/30/hidden-hand-how-heritage-action-drove-dc-to-shut-down/
  85. The Washington Times
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  86. CNN
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  87. Huffington Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031213/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/30/republicans-government-sh_n_4019692.html
  88. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/184638-monday-government-shutdown-enters-second-week/
  89. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/184672-gop-warns-house-of-third-weekend-of-work/
  90. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/congress-votes-to-end-shutdown/senate.html?hpid=z2
  91. "Boehner says House will take up Senate budget plan"
    https://www.foxnews.com/politics/boehner-says-house-will-take-up-senate-budget-plan/
  92. CNN
    http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/politics/shutdown-showdown/index.html
  93. CNN Money
    https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/30/news/economy/shutdown-economic-impact
  94. Minnesota Star-Tribune
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221051/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/226131551.html?page=1&c=y
  95. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/us/pulling-aid-away-shutdown-deepens-indians-distress.html
  96. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/government-shutdown-leaves-19000-children-without-head-start-services/2013/10/01/c39c4f92-2aa4-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html
  97. "Government Shutdown Jeopardizes SAFE Funding"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131212224620/http://dcsafe.org/2013/10/urgent-need-government-shutdown-jeopardizes-safe-funding/
  98. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/immigration-courts-remain-partly-openbut-political-asylum-cases-delayed/2013/10/01/29ce8bac-2ab1-11e3-b139-029811dbb57f_story.html
  99. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24540482
  100. MSNBC
    http://www.msnbc.com/the-last-word/shutdown-pauses-sexual-assault-investigations
  101. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/shutdown-damages-republicans-with-plenty-of-pain-to-go-around/2013/10/21/e3770fc2-3abd-11e3-b7ba-503fb5822c3e_graphic.html
  102. Washington Examiner
    http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/democrats-under-pressure-to-block-spending-bill-over-dreamers/article/2646012
  103. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/19/us/politics/government-shutdown.html
  104. WLUK
    http://fox11online.com/news/nation-world/senate-republicans-plan-monday-1-am-vote-aimed-at-ending-shutdown
  105. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/01/20/amid-government-shutdown-the-military-becomes-a-centerpiece-to-make-political-jabs/
  106. Senator McConnell Objects to Military Pay Protection
    https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4710181/senator-mcconnell-objects-military-pay-protection
  107. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/22/politics/senate-shutdown-vote-congress/index.html
  108. Federal News Radio
    https://federalnewsradio.com/government-shutdown/2018/01/epa-energy-department-intend-to-stay-open-past-shutdown-deadline/
  109. Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-19/under-trump-parks-to-stay-open-even-if-government-shuts-down
  110. IndraStra
    https://www.indrastra.com/2018/12/US-Embraces-Partial-Gov-Shutdown-004-12-2018-0064.html
  111. Time
    https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
  112. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/conservative-media-trump-border-wall-1071391
  113. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/trump-budget-reversal-1071388
  114. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-leans-on-mcconnell-to-pass-spending-bill-with-border-funding-in-senate/2018/12/21/31bb453a-0517-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html
  115. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2018/12/21/679073393/trump-warns-of-very-long-shutdown-unless-senate-approves-border-wall-funds
  116. New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/trump-shutdown-border-wall.html
  117. "Trump to visit border, make prime-time speech in PR blitz for border wall"
    https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/shutdown-negotiations-reach-standstill-trump-continues-floating-national/story?id=60211952
  118. "Major networks will carry Democratic response to Trump immigration speech"
    https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/major-networks-will-carry-democratic-response-trump-immigration-speech-n956051
  119. "US shutdown: Senate rejects bills to reopen government"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46995694
  120. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2019/01/22/687516967/the-border-wall-isnt-the-only-reason-democrats-oppose-plan-to-end-the-shutdown
  121. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/22/republican-spending-bill-asylum-restrictions-1103837
  122. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190112052220/http://time.com/5499397/shutdown-longest-history/
  123. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/tensions-rise-in-federal-prisons-during-shutdown-as-weary-guards-go-without-pay-and-work-double-shifts/2019/01/10/fc1042e8-136a-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html
  124. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/2019/1/10/18177004/fbi-agents-association-union-shutdown-letter
  125. CBS News
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/government-shutdown-affect-snap-food-stamps-wic-millions-could-face-severe-cuts-in-2019-funding-usda/
  126. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/millions-face-delayed-tax-refunds-cuts-to-food-aid-as-white-house-scrambles-to-deal-with-shutdown/2019/01/04/b5b58616-0fa3-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html
  127. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/whats-affected-government-shutdown.html
  128. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/22/politics/fbi-operations-shutdown-report/index.html
  129. CNBC
    https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/01/15/white-house-doubles-its-estimate-of-shutdown-impact-on-gdp.html
  130. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/us/politics/government-shutdown-economy.html
  131. Hassett: Shutdown could mean zero growth this quarter
    https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2019/01/23/kevin-hassett-shutdown-economic-growth.cnn-business
  132. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/united-states/2019/01/17/americas-government-shutdown-is-an-act-of-economic-self-harm
  133. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-47007081
  134. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/427041-senate-votes-to-reopen-government-after-trump-agrees-to-end-shutdown/
  135. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats
  136. CNN
    https://archive.today/20230928231409/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/06/politics/ten-air-traffic-controllers-shutdown/index.html
  137. "Congress Passes Spending Bill in Wee Hours to Fend Off Shutdown"
    https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/22/us/politics/congress-spending-bill-government-shutdown.html
  138. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2024/03/22/1240148684/house-government-shutdown
  139. ABC7 Los Angeles
    https://abc7.com/live-updates/government-shutdown-live-updates-donald-trump-calls-congress-get-rid-ceiling/15680852/entry/15686504
  140. reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-democrats-trump-set-face-off-budget-battle-that-could-trigger-govt-shutdowns-2025-09-29/
  141. www.bbc.com
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2kn3n315lko
  142. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/10/politics/government-shutdown-federal-worker-firings
  143. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/10/10/trump-federal-workers-layoffs-government-shutdown/
  144. CNBC
    https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/10/trump-russ-vought-layoffs-government-shutdown.html
  145. The Hill via Yahoo News
    https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/senate-democrats-block-government-funding-161442530.html
  146. subscriber.politicopro.com
    https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2025/10/28/democrats-still-not-supporting-gop-bill-to-end-the-shutdown-00625433
  147. www.cbsnews.com
    https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/government-shutdown-latest-senate-republicans-vance/
  148. USA TODAY
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/10/30/government-shutdown-trump-bipartisan-talks-live-updates/86860027007/
  149. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/government-shutdown-update-80ef7cada7b3c0559aca38886efd8f90
  150. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-vote-bill-end-government-shutdown-longest-ever-snap-flights-rcna243438
  151. Credlocity
    https://www.credlocity.com/post/government-shutdown-2025-day-20-snap-crisis-42-million-americans
  152. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/15/politics/federal-worker-layoffs-shutdown-judge-unlawful
  153. www.bbc.com
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2056ynn2ppo
  154. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/31/economy/us-government-shutdown-economy-snowball
  155. Michigan Public
    https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2025-10-28/judge-indefinitely-halts-shutdown-layoffs-noting-human-toll
  156. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/04/government-shutdown-airspace-flight-delays
  157. "US Airports Hit by Major Delays from Record-Breaking Government Shutdown"
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/4/us-airports-hit-by-major-delays-from-record-breaking-government-shutdown
  158. "Wisconsin Statutes Sec. 20.002: General appropriation provisions"
    https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/20/i/002/1
  159. "R.I.Gen.Laws Sec. 35-3-19. Availability of funds on failure of general assembly to pass appropriation bill"
    https://webserver.rilegislature.gov//Statutes/TITLE35/35-3/35-3-19.htm
  160. "North Carolina General Statutes Sec. 143C‑5‑4. Enactment deadline, procedures to be followed when the Current Operations Appropriations Act does not become law prior to the end of certain fiscal years"
    https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_143C/GS_143C-5-4.pdf
  161. "SB 14: Providing for continuous state budgets until amended, lapsed or eliminated by the legislature, temporary reallocations and establishing conditions and limitations"
    https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb14/
  162. Minnesota Public Radio
    http://blogs.mprnews.org/capitol-view/2011/07/shutdown_day_8/
  163. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-30-mn-8555-story.html
  164. Free Republic
    http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/709084/posts
  165. "Minnesota Experiences Unprecedented Government Shutdown Due to a Budget Deadlock"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110213111528/http://www.ombwatch.org/node/2491
  166. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4962762.stm
  167. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/nyregion/07budget.html
  168. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/us/01cnd-michigan.html
  169. Insurance Journal
    http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2007/07/12/81571.htm
  170. M-Live
    http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/10/government_shutdown_michigan_h.html
  171. WTTW
    https://news.wttw.com/2015/07/02/impact-state-shutdown
  172. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/nyregion/chris-christie-new-jersey-budget.html
  173. "It's a done deal: Christie will end state shutdown in time for July 4, sources say"
    http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/07/christie_likely_to_approve_deal_to_end_shutdown_so.html#incart_big-photo
  174. Boston Globe
    https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/06/30/maine-senate-gives-initial-budget/omGsdYeYyjoGTse6aPlNXM/story.html
  175. The Buffalo News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131009214902/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22781595.html
  176. The Buffalo News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131009220645/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22784109.html
  177. The Buffalo News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131009214001/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22806513.html
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