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Go (game)

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Go (game)

Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players in which the aim is to fence off more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation's 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go, and over 20 million current players, the majority of whom live in East Asia. The playing pieces are called stones. One player uses the white stones and the other black stones. The players take turns placing their stones on the vacant intersections (points) on the board. Once placed, stones may not be moved, but captured stones are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is captured when surrounded by the opponent's stones on all orthogonally adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move. When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and komi (points added to the score of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second). Games may also end by resignation. The standard Go board has a 19×19 grid of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 or 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. The 19×19 board had become standard by the time the game reached Korea in the 5th century CE and Japan in the 7th century CE. Go was considered one of the four essential arts of the cultured aristocratic Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal Zuo Zhuan (c. 4th century BCE). Despite its relatively simple rules, Go is extremely complex. Compared to chess, Go has a larger board with more scope for play, longer games, and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately 2.1×10170, which is far greater than the number of atoms in the observable universe, which is estimated to be on the order of 1080.

Infobox

Years active
548 BCE (earliest record) to present
Genres
mw- Board gameAbstract strategy gameMind sport
Players
2
Setup time
Minimal
Playing time
Casual: 20–90 minutesProfessional: 1–6 hours or more [a]
Chance
None
Skills
Strategy, tactics, elementary arithmetic
Synonyms
WeiqiⓘIgoPaduk / Baduk

Tables

· Competitive play › Ranks and ratings
Double-digit kyu
Double-digit kyu
Rank Type
Double-digit kyu
Range
30–21k
Stage
Beginner
Double-digit kyu
Double-digit kyu
Rank Type
Double-digit kyu
Range
20–10k
Stage
Casual player
Single-digit kyu
Single-digit kyu
Rank Type
Single-digit kyu
Range
9–1k
Stage
Intermediate/club player
Amateur dan
Amateur dan
Rank Type
Amateur dan
Range
1–7d (where 8d is a special title)
Stage
Advanced player
Professional dan
Professional dan
Rank Type
Professional dan
Range
1–9p (where 10p is a special title)
Stage
Professionals
Rank Type
Range
Stage
Double-digit kyu
30–21k
Beginner
Double-digit kyu
20–10k
Casual player
Single-digit kyu
9–1k
Intermediate/club player
Amateur dan
1–7d (where 8d is a special title)
Advanced player
Professional dan
1–9p (where 10p is a special title)
Professionals

References

  1. Game complexity can be difficult to estimate. The number of legal positions (state-space complexity) for chess has been
  2. Eyes and other complications may need to be considered when counting liberties
  3. Whether or not a group is weak or strong refers to the ease with which it can be killed or made to live. See this articl
    http://senseis.xmp.net/?BenjaminTeuber%2FGuideToBecomeStrong:v52
  4. Exceptionally, in Japanese and Korean rules, empty points, even those surrounded by stones of a single color, may count
  5. In game theoretical terms, seki positions are an example of a Nash equilibrium.
  6. A full explanation of the eternal life position can be found on Sensei's Library, it also appears in the official text f
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  7. Roughly, one has the time to play the game and then a little time to finish it off. Time-wasting tactics are possible in
  8. Literally in Japanese byōyomi means 'reading of seconds'.
  9. Typically, players stop the clock, and the player in overtime sets his/her clock for the desired interval, counts out th
  10. In other words, Canadian byoyomi is essentially a standard chess-style time control, based on N moves in a time period T
  11. Kaku Takagawa toured Europe around 1970, and reported (Go Review) a general standard of amateur 4 dan. This is a good am
  12. European Go has been documented by Franco Pratesi, Eurogo (Florence 2003) in three volumes, up to 1920, 1920–1950, and 1
  13. See Overshoot in Western typography for similar subtle adjustment to create a uniform appearance.
  14. While chess position evaluation is simpler than Go position evaluation, it is still more complicated than simply calcula
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  16. Lists of Go servers are kept at Sensei's Library and the AGA website
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  191. Transcending the Times:King Hu & Eileen Chan
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  193. "The Rise and Fall of Atari"
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  194. The Dao of Capital: Austrian Investing in a Distorted World
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  210. The Protracted Game: A Wei Ch'i Interpretation of Maoist Revolutionary Strategy
  211. The 48 Laws of Power
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  212. The Go Player's Almanac
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