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Ghaznavids

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Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty (Persian: غزنویان Ġaznaviyān) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. It ruled the Ghaznavid Empire or the Empire of Ghazni from 977 to 1186, which at its greatest extent, extended from the Oxus to the Indus Valley. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh. Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the Ghurid sultan Ala al-Din Husayn. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik, imprisoned and later executed.

Infobox

Status
Empire
Capital
Ghazni(977–1163)Lahore(1163–1186)
Common languages
Persian[a] (official and court language; lingua franca)Sanskrit(coinage) Arabic (coinage and theology) Turkic (military)
Religion
Sunni Islam (official)Hinduism (majority in India)
Government
Hereditary monarchy
• 977–997
Sabuktigin (first)
• 1160–1186
Khusrau Malik (last)
• 998–1013
Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini (first mentioned)
• 12th century
Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah (last mentioned)
Historical era
Medieval
• Established
977
• Disestablished
1186
1029 est.
3,400,000 km2 (1,300,000 sq mi)

Tables

· List of rulers
Sabuktigin
Sabuktigin
#
1
Laqab
Nasir-ud-din نصر الدينDefender of the Faith
Personal Name
Sabuktigin
Reign
977–997
Ismail
Ismail
#
2
Laqab
No title
Personal Name
Ismail
Reign
997–998
Succession right
son of Sabuktigin
Mahmud
Mahmud
#
3
Laqab
Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasimیمین الدولہ ابو لقاسمRight-hand man of the State
Personal Name
Mahmud
Reign
998–1030
Succession right
first son of Sabuktigin
Muhammad
Muhammad
#
4
Laqab
Jalal ad-Dawlahجلال الدولہDignity of the State
Personal Name
Muhammad
Reign
10301st reign
Succession right
second son of Mahmud
Masud I
Masud I
#
5
Laqab
Shihab ad-Dawlahشھاب الدولہStar of the State
Personal Name
Masud I
Reign
1030–1041
Succession right
first son of Mahmud
Notes
Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
Muhammad
Muhammad
#
Laqab
Jalal ad-Dawlahجلال الدولہDignity of the State
Personal Name
Muhammad
Reign
10412nd reign
Succession right
second son of Mahmud
Notes
Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
Mawdud
Mawdud
#
6
Laqab
Shihab ad-Dawlahشھاب الدولہStar of the State
Personal Name
Mawdud
Reign
1041–1048
Succession right
son of Masud I
Notes
Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.
Masud II
Masud II
#
7
Laqab
??
Personal Name
Masud II
Reign
1048
Succession right
son of Mawdud
Ali
Ali
#
8
Laqab
Baha ad-Dawlahبھاء الدولہ Splendor of the State
Personal Name
Ali
Reign
1048–1049
Succession right
son of Masud I
Abd al-Rashid
Abd al-Rashid
#
9
Laqab
Izz ad-Dawlahعز الدولہGlory of the State
Personal Name
Abd al-Rashid
Reign
1049–1052
Succession right
fifth son of Mahmud
Toghrul
Toghrul
#
10
Laqab
Qiwam ad-Dawlahقوام الدولہSupport of the State
Personal Name
Toghrul
Reign
1052–1053
Succession right
Turkish mamluk general
Notes
Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.
Farrukh-Zad
Farrukh-Zad
#
11
Laqab
Jamal ad-Dawlahجمال الدولہBeauty of the state
Personal Name
Farrukh-Zad
Reign
1053–1059
Succession right
son of Masud I
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
#
12
Laqab
Zahir ad-Dawlahظھیر الدولہHelp of the State
Personal Name
Ibrahim
Reign
1059–1099
Succession right
son of Masud I
Mas'ūd III
Mas'ūd III
#
13
Laqab
Ala ad-Dawlahعلاء الدولہBlessing of the State
Personal Name
Mas'ūd III
Reign
1099–1115
Succession right
son of Ibrahim
Shir-Zad
Shir-Zad
#
14
Laqab
Kamal ad-Dawlahکمال الدولہPerfection of the State
Personal Name
Shir-Zad
Reign
1115–1116
Succession right
son of Masud III
Notes
Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.
Arslan-Shah
Arslan-Shah
#
15
Laqab
Sultan ad-Dawlahسلطان الدولہSultan of the state
Personal Name
Arslan-Shah
Reign
1116–1117
Succession right
son of Masud III
Notes
Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar.
Bahram Shah
Bahram Shah
#
16
Laqab
Yamin ad-Dawlahیمین الدولہ Right-hand man of the state
Personal Name
Bahram Shah
Reign
1117–1157
Succession right
son of Masud III
Notes
Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.
Khusrau Shah
Khusrau Shah
#
17
Laqab
Muizz ad-Dawlahمعزالدولہ Honor of the State
Personal Name
Khusrau Shah
Reign
1157–1160
Succession right
son of Bahram-Shah
Khusrau Malik
Khusrau Malik
#
18
Laqab
Taj ad-Dawlahتاج الدولہCrown of the state
Personal Name
Khusrau Malik
Reign
1160–1186
Succession right
son of Khusrau-Shah
#
Laqab
Personal Name
Reign
Succession right
Notes
1
Nasir-ud-din نصر الدينDefender of the Faith
Sabuktigin
977–997
2
No title
Ismail
997–998
son of Sabuktigin
3
Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasimیمین الدولہ ابو لقاسمRight-hand man of the State
Mahmud
998–1030
first son of Sabuktigin
4
Jalal ad-Dawlahجلال الدولہDignity of the State
Muhammad
10301st reign
second son of Mahmud
5
Shihab ad-Dawlahشھاب الدولہStar of the State
Masud I
1030–1041
first son of Mahmud
Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
Jalal ad-Dawlahجلال الدولہDignity of the State
Muhammad
10412nd reign
second son of Mahmud
Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
6
Shihab ad-Dawlahشھاب الدولہStar of the State
Mawdud
1041–1048
son of Masud I
Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.
7
??
Masud II
1048
son of Mawdud
8
Baha ad-Dawlahبھاء الدولہ Splendor of the State
Ali
1048–1049
son of Masud I
9
Izz ad-Dawlahعز الدولہGlory of the State
Abd al-Rashid
1049–1052
fifth son of Mahmud
10
Qiwam ad-Dawlahقوام الدولہSupport of the State
Toghrul
1052–1053
Turkish mamluk general
Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.
11
Jamal ad-Dawlahجمال الدولہBeauty of the state
Farrukh-Zad
1053–1059
son of Masud I
12
Zahir ad-Dawlahظھیر الدولہHelp of the State
Ibrahim
1059–1099
son of Masud I
13
Ala ad-Dawlahعلاء الدولہBlessing of the State
Mas'ūd III
1099–1115
son of Ibrahim
14
Kamal ad-Dawlahکمال الدولہPerfection of the State
Shir-Zad
1115–1116
son of Masud III
Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.
15
Sultan ad-Dawlahسلطان الدولہSultan of the state
Arslan-Shah
1116–1117
son of Masud III
Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar.
16
Yamin ad-Dawlahیمین الدولہ Right-hand man of the state
Bahram Shah
1117–1157
son of Masud III
Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.
17
Muizz ad-Dawlahمعزالدولہ Honor of the State
Khusrau Shah
1157–1160
son of Bahram-Shah
18
Taj ad-Dawlahتاج الدولہCrown of the state
Khusrau Malik
1160–1186
son of Khusrau-Shah

References

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  2. The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last Sasanian Shah, Yazdgerd III, but this was "a fictitious genealogy" th
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  4. Kaushik Roy states Turkic nobles at Balkh chose Ismail as Emir.
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