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Germany

Updated: Wikipedia source

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Western and Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north with the Alps to the south. Its sixteen constituent states have a total population of over 82 million, making it the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany borders Denmark to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; Austria and Switzerland to the south; and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts, and Germanic tribes inhabiting the north. Romans named the area Germania. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. Unification of Germany into the modern nation-state, led by Prussia, established the German Empire in 1871. After World War I and a revolution, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic. The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. In 1949, after the war and Allied occupation, Germany was organised into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany. The FRG was a founding member of the European Economic Community, while the GDR was a communist Eastern Bloc state and a founding member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the FRG on 3 October 1990. Germany is a developed country with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP. As a major force in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, Germany is both the world's third-largest exporter and third-largest importer. Widely considered a great power, Germany is part of multiple international organisations and forums. It has the third-highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: 55, of which 52 are cultural.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Berlin[b].mw- 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E / 52.517; 13.383
Official languages
German[c]
Demonym
German
Government
Federal parliamentary republic
• President
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
• Chancellor
Friedrich Merz
Legislature
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li BundestagBundesrat
• Total
$5.014 trillion (3rd)
• Water (%)
1.27
• Q2 2025 estimate
83,491,249
• 2022 census
82,719,540 (19th)
• Density
233/km2 (603.5/sq mi) (63rd)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$59,925 (19th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2023)
29.4 } }low inequality
HDI (2023)
0.959very high (5th)
Currency
Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone
UTC 1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 2 (CEST)
Date format
Day, month, yearYear, month, day
Calling code
49
ISO 3166 code
DE
Internet TLD
de

Tables

· Politics › Constituent states
km2
km2
State
km2
Capital
mi2
Area
Billions EUR (2023)
Area
Share ofGDP (%)
Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg
State
Baden-Württemberg
Capital
Stuttgart
Area
35,751
Area
13,804
Population(census 2022)
11,104,040
Nominal GDP
615.071
Nominal GDP
14.92
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
54,339
Bavaria
Bavaria
State
Bavaria
Capital
Munich
Area
70,550
Area
27,240
Population(census 2022)
13,038,724
Nominal GDP
768.469
Nominal GDP
18.65
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
57,343
Berlin
Berlin
State
Berlin
Capital
Berlin
Area
892
Area
344
Population(census 2022)
3,596,999
Nominal GDP
193.219
Nominal GDP
4.69
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
51,209
Brandenburg
Brandenburg
State
Brandenburg
Capital
Potsdam
Area
29,654
Area
11,449
Population(census 2022)
2,534,075
Nominal GDP
97.477
Nominal GDP
2.37
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
37,814
Bremen
Bremen
State
Bremen
Capital
Bremen
Area
420
Area
162
Population(census 2022)
693,204
Nominal GDP
39.252
Nominal GDP
0.95
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
56,981
Hamburg
Hamburg
State
Hamburg
Capital
Hamburg
Area
755
Area
292
Population(census 2022)
1,808,846
Nominal GDP
150.575
Nominal GDP
3.65
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
79,176
Hesse
Hesse
State
Hesse
Capital
Wiesbaden
Area
21,115
Area
8,153
Population(census 2022)
6,207,278
Nominal GDP
351.139
Nominal GDP
8.52
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
54,806
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
State
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Capital
Schwerin
Area
23,214
Area
8,963
Population(census 2022)
1,570,817
Nominal GDP
59.217
Nominal GDP
1.44
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
36,335
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony
State
Lower Saxony
Capital
Hanover
Area
47,593
Area
18,376
Population(census 2022)
7,943,265
Nominal GDP
363.109
Nominal GDP
8.81
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
44,531
North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia
State
North Rhine-Westphalia
Capital
Düsseldorf
Area
34,113
Area
13,171
Population(census 2022)
17,890,489
Nominal GDP
839.084
Nominal GDP
20.36
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
46,194
Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate
State
Rhineland-Palatinate
Capital
Mainz
Area
19,854
Area
7,666
Population(census 2022)
4,094,169
Nominal GDP
174.249
Nominal GDP
4.23
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
41,797
Saarland
Saarland
State
Saarland
Capital
Saarbrücken
Area
2,569
Area
992
Population(census 2022)
1,006,864
Nominal GDP
41.348
Nominal GDP
1.00
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
41,617
Saxony
Saxony
State
Saxony
Capital
Dresden
Area
18,416
Area
7,110
Population(census 2022)
4,038,131
Nominal GDP
155.982
Nominal GDP
3.78
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
38,143
Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt
State
Saxony-Anhalt
Capital
Magdeburg
Area
20,452
Area
7,897
Population(census 2022)
2,146,443
Nominal GDP
78.38
Nominal GDP
1.90
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
35,911
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein
State
Schleswig-Holstein
Capital
Kiel
Area
15,802
Area
6,101
Population(census 2022)
2,927,542
Nominal GDP
118.68
Nominal GDP
2.88
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
40,090
Thuringia
Thuringia
State
Thuringia
Capital
Erfurt
Area
16,202
Area
6,256
Population(census 2022)
2,110,396
Nominal GDP
75.909
Nominal GDP
1.84
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
35,715
Germany
Germany
State
Germany
Capital
Berlin
Area
357,386
Area
137,988
Population(census 2022)
82,719,540
Nominal GDP
4,121.16
Nominal GDP
100
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
48,750
State
Capital
Area
Population(census 2022)
Nominal GDP
Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)
km2
mi2
Billions EUR (2023)
Share ofGDP (%)
Baden-Württemberg
Stuttgart
35,751
13,804
11,104,040
615.071
14.92
54,339
Bavaria
Munich
70,550
27,240
13,038,724
768.469
18.65
57,343
Berlin
Berlin
892
344
3,596,999
193.219
4.69
51,209
Brandenburg
Potsdam
29,654
11,449
2,534,075
97.477
2.37
37,814
Bremen
Bremen
420
162
693,204
39.252
0.95
56,981
Hamburg
Hamburg
755
292
1,808,846
150.575
3.65
79,176
Hesse
Wiesbaden
21,115
8,153
6,207,278
351.139
8.52
54,806
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Schwerin
23,214
8,963
1,570,817
59.217
1.44
36,335
Lower Saxony
Hanover
47,593
18,376
7,943,265
363.109
8.81
44,531
North Rhine-Westphalia
Düsseldorf
34,113
13,171
17,890,489
839.084
20.36
46,194
Rhineland-Palatinate
Mainz
19,854
7,666
4,094,169
174.249
4.23
41,797
Saarland
Saarbrücken
2,569
992
1,006,864
41.348
1.00
41,617
Saxony
Dresden
18,416
7,110
4,038,131
155.982
3.78
38,143
Saxony-Anhalt
Magdeburg
20,452
7,897
2,146,443
78.38
1.90
35,911
Schleswig-Holstein
Kiel
15,802
6,101
2,927,542
118.68
2.88
40,090
Thuringia
Erfurt
16,202
6,256
2,110,396
75.909
1.84
35,715
Germany
Berlin
357,386
137,988
82,719,540
4,121.16
100
48,750

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  289. "Berlin as a fashion capital: the improbable rise"
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  290. Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute
  291. A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
    https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0
  292. 100 Contemporary Architects
  293. Western Folklore
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  294. Deutsches Wörterbuch
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  295. Espmark, Kjell
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  297. A History of the Frankfurt Book Fair
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  298. Deutsche Welle
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  299. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
  300. Digitaler Sat-Empfang via ASTRA: Überirdisch fernsehen
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  301. "Germany"
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  302. GamesIndustry.biz
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  303. The Guardian
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  304. A Critical History of German Film
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  305. Historical Dictionary of German Cinema
  306. The World of Wine and Food: A Guide to Varieties, Tastes, History, and Pairings
  307. "Where does our cheese come from?"
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20190119-1
  308. "Guide to German Hams and Sausages"
    http://germanfoods.org/german-food-facts/german-hams-sausages-meats-guide/
  309. The Times of India
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  310. International Business Times
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  311. Spiegel Online
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  312. "German Wine Statistics"
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  313. Statista
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  314. Food and Wine
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  315. DW
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  316. Business Insider
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  317. "FIFA World Cup Timeline"
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  318. "History"
    https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/
  319. "Confederations Cup"
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  320. Autocar
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  321. The Guardian
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  322. Irish Independent
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  323. Success and Failure of Countries at the Olympic Games
  324. Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936
    https://archive.org/details/nazigamesolympic00larg
  325. Large 2007, p. 337.
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