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Georgia (country)

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Georgia (country)

Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region on the coast of the Black Sea. It is located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and West Asia, and is today generally regarded as part of Europe. It is bordered to the north and northeast by Russia; to the west by the Black Sea, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers an area of 69,700 square kilometres (26,900 sq mi). It has a population of 3.9 million, of which over a third live in the capital and largest city, Tbilisi. Ethnic Georgians, who are native to the region, constitute a majority of the country's population and are its titular nation. Georgia has been inhabited since prehistory, hosting the world's earliest known sites of winemaking, gold mining, and textiles. The classical era saw the emergence of several kingdoms, such as Colchis and Iberia, that formed the nucleus of the modern Georgian state. In the early fourth century, Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to their unification under the Kingdom of Georgia. Georgia reached its Golden Age during the High Middle Ages under the reigns of King David IV and Queen Tamar. Beginning in the 15th century, the kingdom declined and disintegrated due to internal discord and pressure from various regional powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia, before being gradually annexed into the Russian Empire starting in 1801. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia briefly emerged as an independent republic under German protection. However, the country was invaded and annexed by the Red Army in 1921; it then became one of the republics of the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, an independence movement grew quickly, leading to Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991. For much of the subsequent decade, the country endured economic crises, political instability, and secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Following the peaceful Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a pro-Western foreign policy, introducing a series of reforms aimed at integration into the European Union and NATO. This Western orientation led to worsening relations with Russia, culminating in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008 and continued Russian occupation of parts of Georgia. Georgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. It is a developing country with a very high Human Development Index and an emerging market economy. Sweeping economic reforms since 2003 have resulted in one of the freest business climates in the world, greater economic freedom and transparency, and among the fastest rates of GDP growth. In 2018, Georgia became the second country to legalize cannabis, and the first former socialist state to do so. Georgia is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, Eurocontrol, BSEC, GUAM, and Energy Community. As part of the Association Trio, Georgia is an official candidate for membership in the European Union. Since October 2024, Georgia has been immersed in a deep political crisis.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Tbilisi 41°43′N 44°47′E / 41.717°N 44.783°E / 41.717; 44.783
Official languages
Georgian
Recognized regional languages
Abkhaz[a]
Ethnic groups (2014 [a])
mw- 86.8% Georgians6.2% Azerbaijanis4.5% Armenians0.7% Russians2.1% other
Religion (2014)
mw- li 87.3% Christianity 83.4% Georgian Orthodoxy 3.9% other Christian 10.7% Islam2% other / none
Demonym
Georgian
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Mikheil Kavelashvili[b]
• Prime Minister
Irakli Kobakhidze[b]
• Chairperson ofthe Parliament
Shalva Papuashvili[b]
Legislature
Parliament
• Colchis and Iberia
13th c. BC – AD 580 (580)
• Kingdom of Abkhazia and Kingdom of the Iberians
786–1008
• Unification of Georgia
1008
• The Tripartite division
1463–1810
• Russian annexation
1801–1858
• Independence from Russia
26 May 1918
• Russian invasion
12 February 1921
• Soviet annexation
25 February 1921
• Independence from the Soviet Union • Declared • Finalized
9 April 199126 December 1991 (1991-12-26)
• Current constitution
24 August 1995
• Total
$35.350 billion (104th)
• 2024 census
3,657,000 (129th)
• Density
56.3/km2 (145.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$9,570 (83rd)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2021)
34.2[a] } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.844[a]very high (57th)
Currency
Georgian lari (₾) (GEL)
Time zone
UTC 4 (GET)
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy
Calling code
995
ISO 3166 code
GE
Internet TLD
ge, .გე

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Abkhazia
Abkhazia
Region
Abkhazia
Centre
Sukhumi
Area (km2)
8,660
Population
242,862est
Density
28.04
Adjara
Adjara
Region
Adjara
Centre
Batumi
Area (km2)
2,880
Population
333,953
Density
115.95
Guria
Guria
Region
Guria
Centre
Ozurgeti
Area (km2)
2,033
Population
113,350
Density
55.75
Imereti
Imereti
Region
Imereti
Centre
Kutaisi
Area (km2)
6,475
Population
533,906
Density
82.45
Kakheti
Kakheti
Region
Kakheti
Centre
Telavi
Area (km2)
11,311
Population
318,583
Density
28.16
Kvemo Kartli
Kvemo Kartli
Region
Kvemo Kartli
Centre
Rustavi
Area (km2)
6,072
Population
423,986
Density
69.82
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Region
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Centre
Mtskheta
Area (km2)
6,786
Population
94,573
Density
13.93
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Region
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Centre
Ambrolauri
Area (km2)
4,990
Population
32,089
Density
6.43
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Region
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Centre
Zugdidi
Area (km2)
7,440
Population
330,761
Density
44.45
Samtskhe-Javakheti
Samtskhe-Javakheti
Region
Samtskhe-Javakheti
Centre
Akhaltsikhe
Area (km2)
6,413
Population
160,504
Density
25.02
Shida Kartli
Shida Kartli
Region
Shida Kartli
Centre
Gori
Area (km2)
5,729
Population
300,382est
Density
52.43
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Region
Tbilisi
Centre
Tbilisi
Area (km2)
720
Population
1,108,717
Density
1,539.88
Region
Centre
Area (km2)
Population
Density
Abkhazia
Sukhumi
8,660
242,862est
28.04
Adjara
Batumi
2,880
333,953
115.95
Guria
Ozurgeti
2,033
113,350
55.75
Imereti
Kutaisi
6,475
533,906
82.45
Kakheti
Telavi
11,311
318,583
28.16
Kvemo Kartli
Rustavi
6,072
423,986
69.82
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Mtskheta
6,786
94,573
13.93
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Ambrolauri
4,990
32,089
6.43
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Zugdidi
7,440
330,761
44.45
Samtskhe-Javakheti
Akhaltsikhe
6,413
160,504
25.02
Shida Kartli
Gori
5,729
300,382est
52.43
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
720
1,108,717
1,539.88

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