Topzle Topzle

George Washington

Updated: Wikipedia source

George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War against the British Empire. He is commonly known as the Father of the Nation for his role in bringing about American independence. Born in the Colony of Virginia, Washington became the commander of the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War (1754–1763). He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and opposed the perceived oppression of the American colonists by the British Crown. When the American Revolutionary War against the British began in 1775, Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. He directed a poorly organized and equipped force against disciplined British troops. Washington and his army achieved an early victory at the Siege of Boston in March 1776 but were forced to retreat from New York City in November. Washington crossed the Delaware River and won the battles of Trenton in late 1776 and of Princeton in early 1777, then lost the battles of Brandywine and of Germantown later that year. He faced criticism of his command, low troop morale, and a lack of provisions for his forces as the war continued. Ultimately Washington led a combined French and American force to a decisive victory over the British at Yorktown in 1781. In the resulting Treaty of Paris in 1783, the British acknowledged the sovereign independence of the United States. Washington then served as president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which drafted the current Constitution of the United States. Washington was unanimously elected the first U.S. president by the Electoral College in 1788 and 1792. He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in the fierce rivalry that emerged within his cabinet between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while supporting the Jay Treaty with Britain. Washington set enduring precedents for the office of president, including republicanism, a peaceful transfer of power, the use of the title "Mr. President", and the two-term tradition. His 1796 farewell address became a preeminent statement on republicanism: Washington wrote about the importance of national unity and the dangers that regionalism, partisanship, and foreign influence pose to it. As a planter of tobacco and wheat at Mount Vernon, Washington owned many slaves. He began opposing slavery near the end of his life, and provided in his will for the eventual manumission of his slaves. Washington's image is an icon of American culture and he has been extensively memorialized. His namesakes include the national capital and the State of Washington. In both popular and scholarly polls, he is consistently considered one of the greatest presidents in American history.

Infobox

Vice President
John Adams
Preceded by
Richard Terrick
Succeeded by
John Tyler
Appointed by
Continental Congress
Other positions
Other positions Delegate from Virginia to the Continental CongressIn officeSeptember 5, 1774 – June 16, 1775Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byThomas JeffersonMember of the Virginia House of BurgessesIn officeJuly 24, 1758 – June 24, 1775Preceded byHugh WestSucceeded byOffice abolishedConstituency Frederick County (1758–1765) Fairfax County (1765–1775) 14th Chancellor of the College of William & MaryIn officeApril 30, 1788 – December 14, 1799Preceded byRichard TerrickSucceeded byJohn Tyler
Constituency
mw- Frederick County (1758–1765) Fairfax County (1765–1775)
Born
February 22, 1732[a]Popes Creek, Virginia, British America
Died
December 14, 1799(1799-12-14) (aged 67)Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.
Resting place
Mount Vernon
Political party
Independent
Spouse
mw- Martha Dandridge Custis (m. 1759)
Relatives
Washington family
Occupation
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Military officerpoliticiansurveyorplanter
Awards
Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress
Branch/service
Virginia Militia Continental Army United States Army
Years of service
1752–1758 (Virginia Militia) 1775–1783 (Continental Army) 1798–1799 (U.S. Army)
Rank
Colonel (1st Virginia Regiment) Colonel (Virginia Militia) General and Commander-in-chief (Continental Army) Lieutenant General (U.S. Army) General of the Armies (appointed posthumously)
Commands
Virginia Regiment Continental Army United States Army
Battles/wars
mw- See list li French and Indian War Battle of Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Battle of the Monongahela Forbes Expedition American Revolutionary War Boston campaign New York and New Jersey campaign Philadelphia campaign Yorktown campaign Northwest Indian War Whiskey Rebellion
Party
Independent

Tables

· External links
New office
New office
Military offices
New office
Military offices
Commander in Chief of the Continental Army 1775–1783
Military offices
Succeeded byHenry Knoxas Senior Officer
Preceded byJames Wilkinson
Preceded byJames Wilkinson
Military offices
Preceded byJames Wilkinson
Military offices
Senior Officer of the United States Army 1798–1799
Military offices
Succeeded byAlexander Hamilton
Political offices
Political offices
Military offices
Political offices
New office
New office
Military offices
New office
Military offices
Delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress 1774–1775
Military offices
Succeeded byThomas Jefferson
President of the United States 1789–1797
President of the United States 1789–1797
Military offices
President of the United States 1789–1797
Military offices
Succeeded byJohn Adams
Academic offices
Academic offices
Military offices
Academic offices
Preceded byRichard Terrick
Preceded byRichard Terrick
Military offices
Preceded byRichard Terrick
Military offices
Chancellor of the College of William & Mary 1788–1799
Military offices
Succeeded byJohn Tyler
Military offices
New office
Commander in Chief of the Continental Army 1775–1783
Succeeded byHenry Knoxas Senior Officer
Preceded byJames Wilkinson
Senior Officer of the United States Army 1798–1799
Succeeded byAlexander Hamilton
Political offices
Preceded byHugh West
Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses 1758–1775
Office abolished
New office
Delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress 1774–1775
Succeeded byThomas Jefferson
President of the United States 1789–1797
Succeeded byJohn Adams
Academic offices
Preceded byRichard Terrick
Chancellor of the College of William & Mary 1788–1799
Succeeded byJohn Tyler

References

  1. Contemporaneous records used the Old Style Julian calendar and the Annunciation Style of enumerating years, recording hi
  2. The college's charter gave it the authority to appoint Virginia county surveyors. There is no evidence that Washington a
  3. The word "Indian" was used at the time to describe the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
  4. He had been defeated in his campaigns for the seat in 1755 and 1757.
  5. In a letter of September 20, 1765, Washington protested to "Robert Cary & Co." regarding the low prices he received for
  6. Other reasons Washington was perceived as the best choice for the commander role, according to Chernow, included his "su
  7. On January 24, 1776, Congressional delegate Edward Rutledge, echoing General George Washington's own concerns, suggested
  8. See, for example, Todd W. Braisted, Grand Forage 1778, Westholme Publishing, 2016.
  9. Thomas Jefferson praised Washington for his "moderation and virtue" in relinquishing command. Reportedly, upon being inf
  10. There has been debate over whether Washington added "so help me God" to the end of the oath.
  11. The first account of Washington's death was written by doctors Craik and Brown, published in The Times of Alexandria fiv
  12. Modern medical experts who blamed medical malpractice include Morens and Wallenborn in 1999, and Cheatham in 2008.
  13. In Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer, William Gardner Bell states that Washin
  14. Randall 1997, p. 303.
  15. BBC History
    https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/history-calendar-julian-gregorian-when-why/
  16. Chernow 2010, pp. 3–6.
  17. Ferling 2002, p. 3; Chernow 2010, pp. 5–7.
  18. Ferling 2009, p. 9; Chernow 2010, pp. 6–8.
  19. Ferling 2010, pp. 6–7; Rhodehamel 2017, 2: Powerful Ambitions, Powerful Friends.
  20. Lengel 2005, p. 7.
  21. Levy 2013, pp. 39, 55, 56; Morgan 2005, p. 407.
  22. Chernow 2010, pp. 10–12; Ferling 2002, p. 14; Ferling 2010, pp. 5–6.
  23. Harrison 2015, p. 19.
  24. Chernow 2010, pp. 10, 19; Ferling 2002, pp. 14–15; Randall 1997, p. 36.
  25. Founders Online
    https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0004#document_page
  26. Fitzpatrick 1936, v. 19, p. 510; Chernow 2010, pp. 22–23.
  27. Chernow 2010, p. 24; Rhodehamel 2017, 2: Powerful Ambitions, Powerful Friends.
  28. Rhodehamel 2017, 2: Powerful Ambitions, Powerful Friends.
  29. Chernow 2010, pp. 26, 52, 98.
  30. Anderson 2007, pp. 31–32; Chernow 2010, pp. 26–27, 31.
  31. Ferling 2009, pp. 15–16.
  32. Rhodehamel 2017, 3: War for North America.
  33. Calloway 2018, pp. 25, 69.
  34. Ferling 2009, pp. 15–18; Lengel 2005, pp. 23–24; Randall 1997, p. 74; Chernow 2010, pp. 26–27, 31.
  35. Harrison 2015, pp. 25–26; Ferling 2009, pp. 15–18.
  36. Chernow 2010, pp. 31–32; Ferling 2009, pp. 18–19.
  37. Chernow 2010, pp. 41–42.
  38. Cresswell 2010, p. 222.
  39. Chernow 2010, p. 42.
  40. Ferling 2009, pp. 24–25; Rhodehamel 2017, 3: War for North America.
  41. Ferling 2009, pp. 23–25; Ellis 2004, pp. 15–17.
  42. Ferling 2009, pp. 24–25; Chernow 2010, pp. 42–45.
  43. Ferling 2009, p. 26.
  44. American National Biography
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0200332
  45. Ferling 2009, pp. 19–24; Ellis 2004, p. 13; Coe 2020, p. 19.
  46. Chernow 2010, p. 53.
  47. Alden 1996, p. 37; Ferling 2010, pp. 35–36.
  48. Alden 1996, pp. 37–46; Ferling 2010, pp. 35–36; Chernow 2010, pp. 57–58.
  49. Rhodehamel 2017, 4: The Rise of George Washington.
  50. Ferling 2009, pp. 28–30.
  51. Alden 1996, pp. 37–46.
  52. Ellis 2004, p. 24; Ferling 2009, pp. 30–31.
  53. Ferling 2009, pp. 31–32, 38–39.
  54. Flexner 1965, p. 194.
  55. Ellis 2004, pp. 31–32; Misencik 2014, p. 176.
  56. Ferling 2009, p. 43; Chernow 2010, pp. 90–91; Lengel 2005, pp. 75–76, 81.
  57. Fitzpatrick 1936, pp. 511–512; Flexner 1965, p. 138; Fischer 2004, pp. 15–16; Ellis 2004, p. 38.
  58. Chernow 2010, pp. 92–93; Ferling 2002, pp. 32–33.
  59. Ferling 2002, pp. 33–34; Wiencek 2003, p. 69.
  60. Chernow 2010, pp. 97–98; Fischer 2004, p. 14.
  61. Wiencek 2003, pp. 9–10, 67–69, 80–81.
  62. Rasmussen & Tilton 1999, p. 100; Chernow 2010, p. 184.
  63. Ferling 2002, pp. 44–45; Grizzard 2002, pp. 135–137.
  64. Ellis 2004, pp. 41–42, 48.
  65. Misencik 2014, p. 176.
  66. Ferling 2009, pp. 49–54, 68.
  67. Ellis 2004, pp. 49–50.
  68. Chernow 2010, p. 138; Ferling 2009, p. 68.
  69. Ellis 2004, p. 51.
  70. Chernow 2010, p. 141; Ragsdale 2021, pp. 23, 41–42.
  71. Chernow 2010, p. 161; Gardner 2013.
  72. Chernow 2010, p. 136.
  73. Glover 2014, pp. 42–46; Taylor 2016, p. 75.
  74. Chernow 2010, pp. 137, 148; Taylor 2016, pp. 61, 75.
  75. Calloway 2018, p. 184.
  76. Randall 1997, p. 262; Chernow 2010, p. 166; Taylor 2016, p. 119.
  77. Chernow 2010, p. 167.
  78. Ferling 2010, p. 100; Glenn 2014, p. 82.
  79. Ferling 2010, p. 108; Taylor 2016, pp. 126–127.
  80. Taylor 2016, p. 132.
  81. Chernow 2010, p. 182.
  82. Chernow 2010, p. 185.
  83. Taylor 2016, pp. 132–133; Ellis 2004, pp. 67–68; Chernow 2010, pp. 185–186; Cogliano 2024, pp. 94–95.
  84. Rasmussen & Tilton 1999, p. 294; Rhodehamel 2017, 5: "Because We Are Americans"; Taylor 2016, pp. 141–142; Ferling 2009,
  85. Chernow 2010, pp. 190–191; Ferling 2002, p. 108.
  86. Ferling 2002, pp. 109–110; Puls 2008, p. 31.
  87. Morgan 2000, pp. 290–291.
  88. Painter 2006, p. 65; Hirschfeld 1997.
  89. Taylor 2016, p. 231.
  90. Taylor 2016, pp. 121–123.
  91. Taylor 2016, pp. 121–122, 143.
  92. Chernow 2010, p. 193.
  93. Taylor 2016, p. 143.
  94. Isaacson 2003, p. 303; Ferling 2002, p. 112; Taylor 2016, p. 143; Fitzpatrick 1936, p. 514.
  95. Ferling 2002, pp. 112–113, 116.
  96. Chernow 2010, p. 208; Taylor 2016, pp. 133–135.
  97. Ferling 2009, p. 100.
  98. McCullough 2005, pp. 105–107.
  99. Wright 1983, p. 89.
  100. Wright 1983, p. 121f.
  101. Chernow 2010, pp. 227–228; Lengel 2005, pp. 124–126; Ferling 2002, pp. 116–119; Taylor 2016, pp. 144, 153–154.
  102. Chernow 2010, pp. 229–230.
  103. Fischer 2004, pp. 32–33; Taylor 2016, pp. 162–163.
  104. Chernow 2010, pp. 244–245; Taylor 2016, pp. 162–163.
  105. Ellis 2004, pp. 95–96; Chernow 2010, p. 244.
  106. Taylor 2016, p. 164.
  107. McCullough 2005, pp. 186–195.
  108. Chernow 2010, p. 240; Pearson 2009, pp. 157–158; Taylor 2016, p. 164.
  109. McCullough 2005, pp. 236–237; Chernow 2010, pp. 257–262; Rhodehamel 2017, 6: Winter Soldier.
  110. Alden 1996, p. 137; Taylor 2016, p. 165.
  111. Fischer 2004, pp. 224–226; Taylor 2016, pp. 166–169.
  112. Taylor 2016, pp. 166–167, 169.
  113. Ketchum 1999, p. 235; Chernow 2010, p. 264.
  114. Taylor 2016, p. 169.
  115. Chernow 2010, pp. 270, 275–276; Ferling 2002, pp. 146–147; Fischer 2004, pp. 170, 232–234, 254, 405.
  116. Fischer 2004, p. 254; Ketchum 1999, pp. 306–307; Alden 1996, p. 146.
  117. Taylor 2016, p. 172.
  118. Patterson 2004, p. 101.
  119. Taylor 2016, p. 172; Fischer 2004, p. 367; Willcox & Arnstein 1988, p. 164.
  120. Chernow 2010, pp. 300–301.
  121. Randall 1997, pp. 340–341; Chernow 2010, pp. 301–304.
  122. Chernow 2010, pp. 312–313.
  123. Alden 1996, p. 163.
  124. Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 36–37.
  125. Ferling 2002, p. 186; Alden 1996, pp. 165, 167.
  126. Alden 1996, p. 165.
  127. Heydt 2005.
  128. Stewart 2021, pp. 242–244.
  129. Carp 2017, pp. 44–47; Herrera 2022, p. 2; Bodle 2004, pp. 36–40, 215–216.
  130. Randall 1997, pp. 342, 356, 359; Ferling 2009, p. 172; Alden 1996, p. 168.
  131. Lengel 2005, p. 281.
  132. Taylor 2016, p. 188.
  133. Ferling 2007, p. 296.
  134. Alden 1996, pp. 176–177; Ferling 2002, pp. 195–198.
  135. Rhodehamel 2017, 7: Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth.
  136. Taylor 2016, p. 230.
  137. Rhodehamel 2017, 8: The Great Man.
  138. Nagy 2016, p. 274.
  139. Rose 2006, pp. 75, 224, 258–261.
  140. Rose 2006, n207.
    https://archive.org/details/washingtonsspies00alex/page/n207/mode/2up
  141. Chernow 2010, pp. 378–387; Philbrick 2016, p. 35.
  142. Philbrick 2016, pp. 250–251, 269.
  143. Palmer 2006.
  144. Rhodehamel 2017, 8: The Great Man; Palmer 2006, p. 410.
  145. Palmer 2006, pp. 370–371; Middlekauff 2015, p. 232.
  146. Taylor 2016, p. 234; Alden 1996, pp. 187–188.
  147. Lancaster & Plumb 1985, p. 311.
  148. Chernow 2010, p. 403.
  149. Alden 1996, pp. 198–199; Chernow 2010, pp. 403–404.
  150. Lengel 2005, p. 335.
  151. Chernow 2010, p. 413.
  152. Alden 1996, pp. 198, 201; Chernow 2010, pp. 372–373, 418; Lengel 2005, p. 337.
  153. Mann 2008, p. 38; Lancaster & Plumb 1985, p. 254; Chernow 2010, p. 419.
  154. Fleming 2007, pp. 194, 312.
  155. Taylor 2016, pp. 313–315.
  156. Browne 2016, pp. 11–16.
  157. Alden 1996, p. 209.
  158. Lengel 2005, p. 350.
  159. Chernow 2010, pp. 446, 448–449, 451; Puls 2008, pp. 184–186.
  160. Taylor 2016, p. 319.
  161. Alden 1996, p. 210; Chernow 2010, pp. 451–452, 455.
  162. Larson 2014, p. 10; Wood 1992, p. 206.
  163. Chernow 2010, p. 454; Taylor 2016, pp. 319–320.
  164. Chernow 2010, p. 444.
  165. Randall 1997, p. 410; Flexner 1974, pp. 182–183; Dalzell & Dalzell 1998, p. 112.
  166. Ferling 2009, p. 246.
  167. Chernow 2010, p. 462; Ferling 2009, pp. 255–256.
  168. Ferling 2010, pp. 332–334.
  169. Ferling 2009, pp. 247–255.
  170. Ferling 2009, pp. 246–247; Chernow 2010, pp. 552–553; Ellis 2004, p. 167.
  171. Wulf 2011, p. 52; Subak 2018, pp. 43–44.
  172. Coe 2020, p. xxii.
  173. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-saw-future-america-mules-180974182/
  174. Alden 1996, p. 221; Chernow 2010, p. 518; Ferling 2009, p. 266.
  175. Chernow 2010, pp. 517–519.
  176. Taylor 2016, pp. 373–374; Ferling 2009, p. 266.
  177. Chernow 2010, p. 523; Taylor 2016, pp. 373–374.
  178. Chernow 2010, pp. 220–221; Ferling 2009, p. 266.
  179. Chernow 2010, pp. 520–521, 523, 526, 529; Unger 2013, p. 33.
  180. Ferling 2010, pp. 359–360.
  181. Chernow 2010, p. 553.
  182. Alden 1996, pp. 226–227.
  183. Alden 1996, p. 229.
  184. "The Constitution"
    https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/
  185. Morrison 2009, p. 6.
  186. "Duties and History"
    https://www.wm.edu/about/administration/chancellor/duties/index.php
  187. Chernow 2010, pp. 559–560; Ferling 2009, p. 361.
  188. Chernow 2010, p. 551.
  189. Ferling 2009, p. 274.
  190. Ferling 2009, pp. 274–275; Chernow 2010, pp. 559–561; Rhodehamel 2017, 10: "On Untrodden Ground".
  191. Henriques 2020, 3: "I Cannot Tell a Lie"; Alden 1996, p. 236.
  192. Cooke 2002, p. 4; Chernow 2010, pp. 550–551; Rhodehamel 2017, 10: "On Untrodden Ground".
  193. Chernow 2010, pp. 566–567; Randall 1997, p. 448.
  194. Cooke 2002, p. 4; Chernow 2010, p. 568.
  195. Randall 1997, p. 448; Alden 1996, p. 236.
  196. Chernow 2010, p. 552; Rhodehamel 2017, 10: "On Untrodden Ground".
  197. Unger 2013, p. 76.
  198. Bartoloni-Tuazon 2014, pp. 1, 9; Unger 2013, p. 80.
  199. Unger 2013, pp. 236–237.
  200. Banner 2024, p. 13.
  201. Ellis 2004, pp. 197–198; Unger 2013, pp. 236–237.
  202. Cooke 2002, p. 5.
  203. Ferling 2009, pp. 281–282; Cooke 2002, pp. 4–5; Chervinsky 2020, pp. 4–5.
  204. Ellis 1999, p. 133.
  205. Chernow 2010, pp. 696–698; Randall 1997, p. 478.
  206. Cooke 2002, p. 7.
  207. Bordewich 2016, pp. 150–157.
  208. Bordewich 2016, pp. 198–206, 213–220.
  209. Genovese & Landry 2021, pp. 34–38.
  210. Chernow 2010, pp. 585, 609; Henriques 2006, p. 65; Novak & Novak 2007, pp. 144–146.
  211. Chernow 2010, pp. 674–675, 678; Ferling 2009, p. 362; Randall 1997, p. 484.
  212. Chernow 2010, p. 687.
  213. Ferling 2010, p. 421; Randall 1997, p. 482; Chernow 2010, pp. 675, 678.
  214. Chernow 2005, p. 403.
  215. Cooke 2002, p. 10.
  216. Chernow 2010, p. 687; Cooke 2002, pp. 10–11.
  217. Ferling 2009, pp. 299, 304, 308–311; Banning 1974, p. 2; Cooke 2002, pp. 11–12.
  218. Cooke 2002, pp. 12–13.
  219. Chernow 2010, p. 692; Cooke 2002, p. 12.
  220. Ellis 2004, p. 225.
  221. Benn 1993, p. 17.
  222. Elkins & McKitrick 1995, ch. 9.
  223. Chernow 2010, p. 730.
  224. Ferling 2009, p. 340.
  225. Estes 2000, pp. 409–420; Estes 2001, p. 127.
  226. Ferling 2009, p. 344.
  227. Ferling 2009, p. 343.
  228. Akers 2002, p. 27.
  229. Grizzard 2005, p. 263; Lengel 2005, p. 357.
  230. Nowlan 2014, p. 55.
  231. Cooke 2002, p. 13.
  232. Chernow 2010, p. 713.
  233. Chernow 2010, pp. 726–727; Cooke 2002, p. 15.
  234. Randall 1997, pp. 491–492; Chernow 2010, pp. 752–754.
  235. Peabody 2001, pp. 440–446.
  236. Spalding & Garrity 1996, pp. 46–47.
  237. Flexner 1972, p. 292; Chernow 2010, pp. 752–753; Spalding & Garrity 1996, p. 4744; Hayes 2017, pp. 287–298.
  238. Chernow 2010, p. 754; Avlon 2017, pp. 89–90.
  239. Chernow 2010, p. 755; Nowlan 2014, pp. 55–56.
  240. Randall 1997, p. 492; Spalding & Garrity 1996, pp. 48, 72.
  241. Fishman, Pederson & Rozell 2001, pp. 119–120; Gregg & Spalding 1999, pp. 199–216.
  242. Chernow 2010, p. 133.
  243. Avlon 2017, p. 280.
  244. Spalding & Garrity 1996, p. 143.
  245. Flexner 1972, p. 292; Spalding & Garrity 1996, p. 142.
  246. Chernow 2010, pp. 752–754.
  247. Ragsdale 2021, pp. 5–6.
  248. Hirschfeld 1997, pp. 44–45; Ferling 2009, p. 351.
  249. Chernow 2010, pp. 663, 704–705.
  250. Ellis 2004, pp. 255–261.
  251. Lengel 2015, p. 246.
  252. Flexner 1974, p. 386.
  253. Randall 1997, p. 497.
  254. Flexner 1974, pp. 376–377; Bell 1992, p. 64.
  255. Bell 1992, p. 64.
  256. Kohn 1975, pp. 225–242; Grizzard 2005, p. 264.
  257. Chernow 2010, p. 806.
  258. Ferling 2010, p. 505.
  259. Chernow 2010, pp. 806–810; Morens 1999.
  260. Chernow 2010, pp. 806–807; Flexner 1974, p. 399.
  261. Chernow 2010, pp. 806–810.
  262. Ellis 2004, p. 269.
  263. Chernow 2010, p. 808.
  264. Flexner 1974, pp. 401–402; Chernow 2010, pp. 808–809.
  265. Newton, Freeman & Bickley 1858, pp. 273–274.
  266. Morens 1999, pp. 1845–1849; Chernow 2010, p. 809.
  267. The Papers of George Washington
    https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/illness/
  268. Cheatham 2008.
  269. Chernow 2010, pp. 808–810.
  270. Randall 1997, p. 67; Chernow 2010, p. 27.
  271. Tabbert 2022, pp. 196–197.
  272. Chernow 2010, pp. 810–811.
  273. Chernow 2010, p. 814.
  274. Lengel 2005, p. vii.
  275. Nowlan 2014, p. 59; Costello 2021, pp. 77–78.
  276. Boorstin 2010, pp. 349–350.
  277. Costello 2021, p. 182; Carlson 2016, chapter 1.
  278. George Washington's Mount Vernon
    https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/the-growth-of-mount-vernons-enslaved-community/
  279. Morgan 2000, p. 279; Ellis 2004, p. 45.
  280. Morgan 2000, pp. 279–280; Morgan 2005, pp. 405, 407 n7; Hirschfeld 1997, p. 12.
  281. Hirschfeld 1997, p. 19.
  282. Henriques 2006, p. 146.
  283. Willcox & Arnstein 1988, pp. 41–42.
  284. Twohig 2001, p. 116.
  285. Morgan 2005, p. 413.
  286. Morgan 2005, pp. 416–417.
  287. Twohig 2001, p. 121; Morgan 2005, p. 426.
  288. Furstenberg 2011, p. 260.
  289. Morgan 2000, p. 299.
  290. Ellis 2004, p. 202; Twohig 2001, p. 126.
  291. Twohig 2001.
  292. Morgan 2000, p. 292.
  293. Morgan 2005, pp. 418–419; Furstenberg 2011, pp. 273–274, 284–285.
  294. Morgan 2005, pp. 1404–405; Wiencek 2003, pp. 352–35; Hirschfeld 1997, p. 20.
  295. Twohig 2001, pp. 122–123; Morgan 2000, pp. 283, 289.
  296. Hirschfeld 1997, pp. 3, 108, 209; Morgan 2000, p. 29.
  297. Chernow 2010, p. 802.
  298. Chernow 2010, p. 815.
  299. Chernow 2010, p. 6; Morrison 2009, p. 136; Alden 1996, pp. 2, 26; Randall 1997, p. 17.
  300. Chernow 2010, p. 130; Thompson 2008, p. 40.
  301. Frazer 2012, pp. 198–199; Chernow 2010, pp. 119, 132; Vicchio 2019, p. 27; Novak & Novak 2007, p. xvi.
  302. Chernow 2010, pp. 131, 470; Holmes 2006, p. 62; Frazer 2012, pp. 201–203.
  303. Randall 1997; Vicchio 2019, p. 101.
  304. Chernow 2010; Novak & Novak 2007, p. 152.
  305. Chernow 2010, pp. 131–132.
  306. Chernow 2010, pp. 131–132; Morrison 2009, p. 136.
  307. Chernow 2010, p. 131; Vicchio 2019, p. 60.
  308. Wood 2001, p. 313.
  309. Novak & Novak 2007, p. 117, n. 52.
  310. Chernow 2010, pp. 132, 500; Morrison 2009, p. 136; Stavish 2007, pp. XIX, XXI; Tabbert 2022, pp. 2–3.
  311. Chernow 2010, pp. 27, 704.
  312. Tabbert 2022, pp. 58–59.
  313. Tabbert 2022, p. 103.
  314. Chernow 2010, p. 103.
  315. Chernow 2010, p. 103; Flexner 1974, pp. 42–43.
  316. Chernow 2010, pp. 101, 463.
  317. Chernow 2010, pp. 492–493; Wiencek 2003, pp. 291–310.
  318. Ferling 2002, p. 16; Randall 1997, pp. 34, 436; Chernow 2010, pp. 29–30.
  319. Chernow 2010, p. 134.
  320. Ferling 2002, p. 16.
  321. Chernow 2010, p. 29.
  322. Chernow 2010, pp. 123–125.
  323. Nowlan 2014, p. 26.
  324. Chernow 2010, p. 30.
  325. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-george-washington-did-his-hair-180955547/
  326. Mackowiak 2021.
  327. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-washington-didnt-have-wooden-teeth-they-were-ivory-180953273/
  328. Chernow 2010, pp. 30, 290, 437–439, 642–643.
  329. Rhodehamel 2017, 10: "On Untrodden Ground".
  330. Chernow 2010, p. 124.
  331. Chernow 2010, pp. 124, 469.
  332. Smithsonian
    https://web.archive.org/web/20241211102804/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonianmag/meet-100-most-significant-americans-all-time-180953341/
  333. Murray & Blessing 1994, pp. 7–9, 15.
  334. "Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018"
    https://scri.siena.edu/2019/02/13/sienas-6th-presidential-expert-poll-1982-2018/
  335. C-SPAN
    https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?personid=39784
  336. Cunliffe 1958, pp. 24–26.
  337. Ferling 2009, p. 4.
  338. Bell 1992, pp. 52, 66.
  339. "How Many U.S. Army Five-star Generals Have There Been and Who Were They?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210529123258/https://history.army.mil/html/faq/5star.html
  340. Kleber 1978.
  341. Weems 1918, p. 22.
  342. Chernow 2010, pp. 813–814; Levy 2013, pp. 6, 217; Weems 1918, p. 22.
  343. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/04/books/bookend-life-literature-and-the-pursuit-of-happiness.html
  344. Levy 2013, p. 6.
  345. Ferling 2009, pp. xviii–xix.
  346. Fischer 2004, p. 446.
  347. Chernow 2010, p. 666.
  348. Calloway 2018, p. 38.
  349. "Sitting down with author and historian Colin G. Calloway"
    https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/author-historian-colin-g-calloway/
  350. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/24/america-statues-monuments-washington-jefferson/
  351. Morgan 2005, pp. 419, 422; Twohig 2001.
  352. NPR
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240815054422/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/09/27/226957591/200-years-later-george-washington-gets-a-presidential-library
  353. "Mount Vernon Place Historic District"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20241130132458/https://www.nps.gov/places/mount-vernon-place-historic-district.htm
  354. Nowlan 2014, p. 56.
  355. Face to Face
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220503033922/https://npg.si.edu/blog/george-washington-first-face-america
  356. "Washington Monument"
    https://www.nps.gov/wamo/index.htm
  357. Nowlan 2014, p. 62.
  358. "Mount Rushmore National Memorial"
    https://www.nps.gov/moru/index.htm
  359. Rockland 2020, p. 71.
  360. "A Brief History of GW"
    https://library.gwu.edu/scrc/university-archives/gw-history/a-brief-history-of-gw
  361. "History and Traditions"
    https://wustl.edu/about/history-traditions/
  362. Tschachler 2020.
  363. "The History of Presidents on Our Coins"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240907135412/https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/history-of-presidents-on-our-coins
  364. West 2014, p. 8.
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.