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George III

Updated: Wikipedia source

George III

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. He was concurrently duke and prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the first monarch of the House of Hanover who was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover. George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, King George II, as the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became heir apparent and Prince of Wales. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, Britain lost 13 of its North American colonies in the American War of Independence. Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire. In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. The exact nature of George's illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behaviour traits were consistent with either bipolar disorder or porphyria. In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, was named Prince Regent the following year. The King died aged 81, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV. George III reigned during much of the Georgian and Regency eras. At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, having reigned for 59 years and 96 days; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch in British history.

Infobox

Reign
25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820
Coronation
22 September 1761
Predecessor
George II
Successor
George IV
Regent
George, Prince of Wales (1811–1820)
Born
(1738-06-04)4 June 1738 [NS][c]Norfolk House, London, England
Died
29 January 1820(1820-01-29) (aged 81)Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England
Burial
16 February 1820Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse
mw- Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (m. 1761; died 1818)
IssueDetail
George IV Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany William IV Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn Princess Augusta Sophia Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh Princess Sophia Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Princess Amelia
Names
NamesGeorge William Frederick
House
Hanover
Father
Frederick, Prince of Wales
Mother
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Religion
Anglicanism

Tables

· Issue
George IV
George IV
Name
George IV
Birth
12 August 1762
Death
26 June 1830
Notes
Prince of Wales 1762–1820; married 1795, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had one daughter: Princess Charlotte
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Name
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Birth
16 August 1763
Death
5 January 1827
Notes
Married 1791, Princess Frederica of Prussia; no issue
William IV
William IV
Name
William IV
Birth
21 August 1765
Death
20 June 1837
Notes
Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818, Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen; no surviving legitimate issue, but had illegitimate children with Dorothea Jordan
Charlotte, Princess Royal
Charlotte, Princess Royal
Name
Charlotte, Princess Royal
Birth
29 September 1766
Death
6 October 1828
Notes
Married 1797, King Frederick of Württemberg; no surviving issue
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Name
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Birth
2 November 1767
Death
23 January 1820
Notes
Married 1818, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; had one daughter: Queen Victoria
Princess Augusta Sophia
Princess Augusta Sophia
Name
Princess Augusta Sophia
Birth
8 November 1768
Death
22 September 1840
Notes
Never married, no issue
Princess Elizabeth
Princess Elizabeth
Name
Princess Elizabeth
Birth
22 May 1770
Death
10 January 1840
Notes
Married 1818, Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg; no issue
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
Name
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
Birth
5 June 1771
Death
18 November 1851
Notes
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had one son: George V of Hanover
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
Name
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
Birth
27 January 1773
Death
21 April 1843
Notes
(1) Married 1793, in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, Lady Augusta Murray; had issue; marriage annulled 1794(2) Married 1831, Lady Cecilia Buggin (later Duchess of Inverness in her own right); no issue
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Name
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Birth
24 February 1774
Death
8 July 1850
Notes
Married 1818, Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel; had issue
Princess Mary
Princess Mary
Name
Princess Mary
Birth
25 April 1776
Death
30 April 1857
Notes
Married 1816, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh; no issue
Princess Sophia
Princess Sophia
Name
Princess Sophia
Birth
3 November 1777
Death
27 May 1848
Notes
Never married, no issue
Prince Octavius
Prince Octavius
Name
Prince Octavius
Birth
23 February 1779
Death
3 May 1783
Notes
Died in childhood
Prince Alfred
Prince Alfred
Name
Prince Alfred
Birth
22 September 1780
Death
20 August 1782
Notes
Died in childhood
Princess Amelia
Princess Amelia
Name
Princess Amelia
Birth
7 August 1783
Death
2 November 1810
Notes
Never married, no issue
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
George IV
12 August 1762
26 June 1830
Prince of Wales 1762–1820; married 1795, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had one daughter: Princess Charlotte
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
16 August 1763
5 January 1827
Married 1791, Princess Frederica of Prussia; no issue
William IV
21 August 1765
20 June 1837
Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818, Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen; no surviving legitimate issue, but had illegitimate children with Dorothea Jordan
Charlotte, Princess Royal
29 September 1766
6 October 1828
Married 1797, King Frederick of Württemberg; no surviving issue
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
2 November 1767
23 January 1820
Married 1818, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; had one daughter: Queen Victoria
Princess Augusta Sophia
8 November 1768
22 September 1840
Never married, no issue
Princess Elizabeth
22 May 1770
10 January 1840
Married 1818, Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg; no issue
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
5 June 1771
18 November 1851
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had one son: George V of Hanover
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
27 January 1773
21 April 1843
(1) Married 1793, in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, Lady Augusta Murray; had issue; marriage annulled 1794(2) Married 1831, Lady Cecilia Buggin (later Duchess of Inverness in her own right); no issue
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
24 February 1774
8 July 1850
Married 1818, Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel; had issue
Princess Mary
25 April 1776
30 April 1857
Married 1816, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh; no issue
Princess Sophia
3 November 1777
27 May 1848
Never married, no issue
Prince Octavius
23 February 1779
3 May 1783
Died in childhood
Prince Alfred
22 September 1780
20 August 1782
Died in childhood
Princess Amelia
7 August 1783
2 November 1810
Never married, no issue
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Regnal titles
Preceded byGeorge II
Preceded byGeorge II
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Preceded byGeorge II
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
King of Great Britain and Ireland 25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Acts of Union 1800
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Congress of Vienna
Acts of Union 1800
Acts of Union 1800
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Acts of Union 1800
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
King of the United Kingdom 1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Succeeded byGeorge IV
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Congress of Vienna
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
King of Hanover 12 October 1814 – 29 January 1820
British royalty
British royalty
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
British royalty
Preceded byFrederick
Preceded byFrederick
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Preceded byFrederick
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Prince of Wales 1751–1760
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
VacantTitle next held byGeorge (IV)
Peerage of Great Britain
Peerage of Great Britain
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded byPrince Frederick
Preceded byPrince Frederick
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Preceded byPrince Frederick
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Duke of Edinburgh 1st creation1751–1760
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Merged with the Crown
Titles in pretence
Titles in pretence
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Titles in pretence
Preceded byGeorge II
Preceded byGeorge II
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Preceded byGeorge II
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
— TITULAR — King of France 25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738  Died: 29 January 1820
Title abandoned
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738 Died: 29 January 1820
Regnal titles
Preceded byGeorge II
King of Great Britain and Ireland 25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800
Acts of Union 1800
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814
Congress of Vienna
Acts of Union 1800
King of the United Kingdom 1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820
Succeeded byGeorge IV
Congress of Vienna
King of Hanover 12 October 1814 – 29 January 1820
British royalty
Preceded byFrederick
Prince of Wales 1751–1760
VacantTitle next held byGeorge (IV)
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded byPrince Frederick
Duke of Edinburgh 1st creation1751–1760
Merged with the Crown
Titles in pretence
Preceded byGeorge II
— TITULAR — King of France 25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800
Title abandoned

References

  1. King of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801, after the Acts of Union 1800
  2. King from 12 October 1814
  3. All dates in this article are in the New Style Gregorian calendar. George was born on 24 May in the Old Style Julian cal
  4. George was falsely said to have married Hannah Lightfoot, a Quaker, on 17 April 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte
  5. For example, the letters of Horace Walpole written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memo
  6. An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times a
  7. George III: An Essay in Monarchy
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  8. Official website of the British monarchy
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  9. Brooke, p. 314; Fraser, p. 277.
  10. Hibbert, p. 8.
  11. The Third Register Book of the Parish of St James in the Liberty of Westminster For Births & Baptisms. 1723–1741. 24 May
  12. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/7712/page/2
  13. Brooke, pp. 23–41.
  14. Brooke, pp. 42–44, 55.
  15. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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  16. Sedgwick, pp. ix–x.
  17. The London Gazette
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  19. Brooke, pp. 51–52; Hibbert, pp. 24–25.
  20. Bullion, John L. (2004). "Augusta, princess of Wales (1719–1772)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Unive
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  21. Ayling, p. 33.
  22. Ayling, p. 54; Brooke, pp. 71–72.
  23. Ayling, pp. 36–37; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31.
  24. A royal experiment: the private life of King George III
  25. "Documents relating to the case"
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  26. Ayling, pp. 85–87.
  27. Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518.
  28. Watson, p. 549.
  29. Brooke, p. 391: "There can be no doubt that the King wrote 'Britain'."
  30. Brooke, p. 88; Simms and Riotte, p. 58.
  31. Baer, George III (1738–1820), 22 December 2021
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  32. Butterfield, pp. 22, 115–117, 129–130.
  33. Hibbert, p. 86; Watson, pp. 67–79.
  34. The Crown Estate
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  35. The Guardian
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  36. Watson, p. 88; this view is also shared by Brooke (see for example p. 99).
  37. Medley, p. 501.
  38. Ayling, p. 194; Brooke, pp. xv, 214, 301.
  39. Brooke, p. 215.
  40. Ayling, p. 195.
  41. Ayling, pp. 196–198.
  42. Brooke, p. 145; Carretta, pp. 59, 64 ff.; Watson, p. 93.
  43. Brooke, pp. 146–147.
  44. Willcox & Arnstein (1988), pp. 131–132.
  45. Chernow, p. 137.
  46. Watson, pp. 183–184.
  47. Cannon and Griffiths, p. 505; Hibbert, p. 122.
  48. Cannon and Griffiths, p. 505.
  49. Black, p. 82.
  50. Watson, pp. 184–185.
  51. Ayling, pp. 122–133; Hibbert, pp. 107–109; Watson, pp. 106–111.
  52. Ayling, pp. 122–133; Hibbert, pp. 111–113.
  53. Ayling, p. 137; Hibbert, p. 124.
  54. Ayling, pp. 154–160; Brooke, pp. 147–151.
  55. Ayling, pp. 167–168; Hibbert, p. 140.
  56. Brooke, p. 260; Fraser, p. 277.
  57. Brooke, pp. 272–282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498.
  58. Hibbert, p. 141.
  59. Hibbert, p. 143.
  60. Watson, p. 197.
  61. Thomas, p. 31.
  62. Ayling, p. 121.
  63. Chernow, pp. 214–215.
  64. Carretta, pp. 97–98, 367.
  65. The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire
  66. Willcox & Arnstein (1988), p. 162.
  67. O'Shaughnessy, ch 1.
  68. Trevelyan, vol. 1 p. 4.
  69. Trevelyan, vol. 1 p. 5.
  70. Cannon and Griffiths, pp. 510–511.
  71. Brooke, p. 183.
  72. Brooke, pp. 180–182, 192, 223.
  73. Hibbert, pp. 156–157.
  74. Willcox & Arnstein, p. 157.
  75. Willcox & Arnstein, pp. 161, 165.
  76. Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789
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  78. Taylor (2016), p. 287
  79. Taylor (2016), p. 290
  80. Ayling, p. 284.
  81. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 129.
  82. Brooke, p. 221.
  83. U.S. Department of State, Treaty of Paris, 1783. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
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  85. History
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  86. The works of John Adams, second president of the United States
  87. e.g. Ayling, p. 281.
  88. Hibbert, p. 243; Pares, p. 120.
  89. Brooke, pp. 250–251.
  90. Watson, pp. 272–279.
  91. Brooke, p. 316; Carretta, pp. 262, 297.
  92. Brooke, p. 259.
  93. Ayling, p. 218.
  94. Ayling, p. 220.
  95. Ayling, pp. 222–230, 366–376.
  96. British Medical Journal
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  97. The English Historical Review
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  98. Röhl, Warren, and Hunt.
  99. The Lancet
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  100. History of Psychiatry
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  101. Clinical Medicine
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  102. PLOS One
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  104. British History Online
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  105. British History Online
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  106. "Was George III a manic depressive?"
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  107. Ayling, pp. 329–335; Brooke, pp. 322–328; Fraser, pp. 281–282; Hibbert, pp. 262–267.
  108. Ayling, pp. 334–343; Brooke, p. 332; Fraser, p. 282.
  109. Ayling, pp. 338–342; Hibbert, p. 273.
  110. Ayling, p. 345.
  111. Historic Royal Palaces
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  112. Ayling, pp. 349–350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. 301–302; Watson, p. 323.
  113. Carretta, p. 275.
  114. Ayling, pp. 181–182; Fraser, p. 282.
  115. The Making of the English Working Class
  116. Ayling, pp. 395–396; Watson, pp. 360–377.
  117. Ayling, pp. 408–409.
  118. Weir, p. 286.
  119. Ayling, p. 411.
  120. Hibbert, p. 313.
  121. Ayling, p. 414; Brooke, p. 374; Hibbert, p. 315.
  122. Watson, pp. 402–409.
  123. Ayling, p. 423.
  124. Colley, p. 225.
  125. The Times, 27 October 1803, p. 2.
  126. Brooke, p. 597.
  127. Letter of 30 November 1803, quoted in Wheeler and Broadley, p. xiii.
  128. National Archives
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  129. BBC Bitesize
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  130. Pares, p. 139.
  131. Ayling, pp. 441–442.
  132. Brooke, p. 381; Carretta, p. 340.
  133. Hibbert, p. 396.
  134. Hibbert, p. 394.
  135. Brooke, p. 383; Hibbert, pp. 397–398.
  136. Fraser, p. 285; Hibbert, pp. 399–402.
  137. Ayling, pp. 453–455; Brooke, pp. 384–385; Hibbert, p. 405.
  138. Hibbert, p. 408.
  139. Black, p. 410.
  140. Letter from Duke of York to George IV, quoted in Brooke, p. 386.
  141. St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
    https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/royal-burials/royal-burials-chapel-since-1805/
  142. Brooke, p. 387.
  143. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-andrew-roberts-wants-us-to-reconsider-king-george-iii
  144. Slate
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  145. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DXysBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90
  146. George III: An Essay in Monarchy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6n2GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160
  147. History
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  148. "Transatlantic slave trade and abolition"
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  149. Carretta, pp. 92–93, 267–273, 302–305, 317.
  150. Watson, pp. 10–11.
  151. Brooke, p. 90.
  152. Carretta, pp. 99–101, 123–126.
  153. Reitan, p. viii.
  154. Reitan, pp. xii–xiii.
  155. Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard A. (1991) [1969]. George III and the Mad-Business. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-5279-7
  156. Butterfield, p. 152.
  157. Brooke, pp. 175–176.
  158. The London Gazette
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  159. Brooke, p. 390.
  160. Universalgeschichte des Staates: von der vorstaatlichen Gesellschaft zum Staat der Industriegesellschaft
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  161. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 44.
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  162. Shaw, p. ix.
    https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n33/mode/2up
  163. Heraldica
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  164. An introduction to heraldry containing the rudiments of the science
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  165. The Royal Heraldry of England
  166. The London Gazette
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  167. The London Gazette
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  168. George III's Children
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yiwTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT205
  169. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4
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