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Genghis Khan

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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns, conquering large parts of China and Central Asia. Born between 1155 and 1167 and given the name Temüjin, he was the eldest child of Yesugei, a Mongol chieftain of the Borjigin clan, and his wife Hö'elün. When Temüjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, Temüjin killed his older half-brother to secure his familial position. His charismatic personality helped to attract his first followers and to form alliances with two prominent steppe leaders named Jamukha and Toghrul; they worked together to retrieve Temüjin's newlywed wife Börte, who had been kidnapped by raiders. As his reputation grew, his relationship with Jamukha deteriorated into open warfare. Temüjin was badly defeated in c. 1187, and may have spent the following years as a subject of the Jin dynasty; upon reemerging in 1196, he swiftly began gaining power. Toghrul came to view Temüjin as a threat and launched a surprise attack on him in 1203. Temüjin regrouped and overpowered Toghrul; after defeating the Naiman tribe and executing Jamukha, he was left as the sole ruler on the Mongolian steppe. Temüjin formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan", the meaning of which is uncertain, at an assembly in 1206. Carrying out reforms designed to ensure long-term stability, he transformed the Mongols' tribal structure into an integrated meritocracy dedicated to the service of the ruling family. After thwarting a coup attempt from a powerful shaman, Genghis began to consolidate his power. In 1209, he led a large-scale raid into the neighbouring Western Xia, who agreed to Mongol terms the following year. He then launched a campaign against the Jin dynasty, which lasted for four years and ended in 1215 with the capture of the Jin capital Zhongdu. His general Jebe annexed the Central Asian state of Qara Khitai in 1218. Genghis was provoked to invade the Khwarazmian Empire the following year by the execution of his envoys; the campaign toppled the Khwarazmian state and devastated the regions of Transoxiana and Khorasan, while Jebe and his colleague Subutai led an expedition that reached Georgia and Kievan Rus'. In 1227, Genghis died while subduing the rebellious Western Xia; following a two-year interregnum, his third son and heir Ögedei acceded to the throne in 1229. Genghis Khan remains a controversial figure. He was generous and intensely loyal to his followers, but ruthless towards his enemies. He welcomed advice from diverse sources in his quest for world domination, for which he believed the shamanic supreme deity Tengri had destined him. The Mongol army under Genghis killed millions of people, yet his conquests also facilitated unprecedented commercial and cultural exchange over a vast geographical area. He is remembered as a backwards, savage tyrant in Russia and the Arab world, while recent Western scholarship has begun to reassess its previous view of him as a barbarian warlord. He was posthumously deified in Mongolia; modern Mongolians recognise him as the founding father of their nation.

Infobox

Reign
1206 – August 1227
Successor
mw- Tolui (regent)Ögedei Khan
Born
Temüjinc. 1162Khentii Mountains
Died
18 or 25 August 1227 (aged around 65)Xingqing, then part of Western Xia
Burial
Unknown
Spouse
Börte others
Issue
Jochi Chagatai Ögedei Tolui others
Names
NamesTemüjin (.mw- , :lang(mnc-Mong) ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ)Regnal nameChinggis Khaan (ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; 成吉思皇帝)
House
Borjigin
Father
Yesugei
Mother
Hö'elün

Tables

· References › Bibliography
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Genghis Khan House of BorjiginBorn: c. 1162 Died: 1227
Regnal titles
New titleMongol Empire established
New titleMongol Empire established
Genghis Khan House of BorjiginBorn: c. 1162 Died: 1227
New titleMongol Empire established
Genghis Khan House of BorjiginBorn: c. 1162 Died: 1227
Khan of the Mongol Empire 1206–1227
Genghis Khan House of BorjiginBorn: c. 1162 Died: 1227
Succeeded byToluiAs regent
Genghis Khan House of BorjiginBorn: c. 1162 Died: 1227
Regnal titles
New titleMongol Empire established
Khan of the Mongol Empire 1206–1227
Succeeded byToluiAs regent

References

  1. /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/, /ˈɡɛ-/
  2. See § Name and title
  3. Also transliterated as Zhao Gong, his Meng Da beilu [de] (A Complete Record of the Mongol Tartars) is the only surviving
    https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengda_beilu
  4. The Mongolian People's Republic chose to commemorate the 800th anniversary of Temüjin's birth in 1962.
  5. At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast Mongolia; because this
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  7. Herat initially surrendered to Tolui, but later rebelled and was destroyed in 1222; its population was massacred.
  8. Zhao Hong visited Mongolia in 1221, while Genghis was campaigning in Khorasan. Juzjani, writing thirty years after Gengh
  9. Subjects include (top to bottom, left to right): Genghis, Ögedei, Kublai, Temür, Külüg, Buyantu and Rinchinbal.
  10. The word "Mughal" derives from "Mongol", which was used in India for any northern invaders.
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  251. Biran 2012, pp. 121–122; Jackson 2017, pp. 382–384; Jackson 2023, p. 337.
  252. Biran 2012, pp. 122–125; Jackson 2017, pp. 384–387; Jackson 2023, pp. 338, 357–360.
  253. Biran 2012, p. 83.
  254. Biran 2012, p. 83; Jackson 2023, pp. 437–438.
  255. Biran 2012, pp. 106, 127.
  256. Biran 2012, pp. 128–132.
  257. Biran 2012, pp. 153–155; Ratchnevsky 1991, p. 212.
  258. Biran 2012, pp. 132–135.
  259. Biran 2012, pp. 145–153; Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 211–212.
  260. Fogel 2008.
  261. Biran 2012, pp. 156–158; May 2008, p. 146; Rosenfeld 2018, pp. 255, 269.
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