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Garni Temple

Updated: Wikipedia source

Garni Temple

The Garni Temple is a classical colonnaded structure in the village of Garni, in central Armenia, around 30 km (19 mi) east of Yerevan. Built in the Ionic order, it is the best-known structure and symbol of pre-Christian Armenia. Considered an eastern outpost of the Greco-Roman world, it is the only largely preserved Hellenistic building in the former Soviet Union. It is conventionally identified as a pagan temple built by King Tiridates I in the first century AD as a temple to the sun god Mihr (Mithra). A competing hypothesis sees it as a second century tomb. It collapsed in a 1679 earthquake, but much of its fragments remained on the site. Renewed interest in the 19th century led to excavations in the early and mid-20th century. It was reconstructed in 1969–75, using the anastylosis technique. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Armenia and the central shrine of Armenian neopaganism.

Infobox

Status
Museum (part of a larger protected area),occasional neopagan (Hetanist) shrine
Type
Pagan temple or tomb
Architectural style
Ancient Greek/Roman
Location
Garni, Kotayk Province, Armenia
Coordinates
mw- 40°06′45″N 44°43′49″E / 40.112421°N 44.730277°E / 40.112421; 44.730277
Completed
1st or 2nd century AD
Destroyed
1679 earthquake
Management
Armenian Ministry of Culture
Height
10.7 metres (35 ft)[a]
Material
Basalt
Floor area
15.7 by 11.5 m (52 by 38 ft)
Architects
Alexander Sahinian (reconstruction, 1969–75)

Tables

reading and translation of the inscription
Ἥλιος Τιριδάτης [ὁ μέγας]μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας ἄνα[κτος]ὡς δεσπότης. Αἴκτισε ναΐ[διον]βασιλίσ[σ]α τὸν ἀνίκητον κασ[ιν ἐνι]-\αιτούς. Αι. Τῆς βασιλεί[ας αὐτου]με[γαλείας]. Ὑπὸ ἐξουσίᾳ στεγάν[ου]λίτουργος τῷ μεγάλῳ σπ[ῆι εὔχεσθε]μετὰ ματήμι καὶ εὐχαρ[ιστίαν εὐχὴν]τοῦ μαρτυρίου.
Ἥλιος Τιριδάτης [ὁ μέγας]μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας ἄνα[κτος]ὡς δεσπότης. Αἴκτισε ναΐ[διον]βασιλίσ[σ]α τὸν ἀνίκητον κασ[ιν ἐνι]-\αιτούς. Αι. Τῆς βασιλεί[ας αὐτου]με[γαλείας]. Ὑπὸ ἐξουσίᾳ στεγάν[ου]λίτουργος τῷ μεγάλῳ σπ[ῆι εὔχεσθε]μετὰ ματήμι καὶ εὐχαρ[ιστίαν εὐχὴν]τοῦ μαρτυρίου.
Greek text
Ἥλιος Τιριδάτης [ὁ μέγας]μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας ἄνα[κτος]ὡς δεσπότης. Αἴκτισε ναΐ[διον]βασιλίσ[σ]α τὸν ἀνίκητον κασ[ιν ἐνι]-\αιτούς. Αι. Τῆς βασιλεί[ας αὐτου]με[γαλείας]. Ὑπὸ ἐξουσίᾳ στεγάν[ου]λίτουργος τῷ μεγάλῳ σπ[ῆι εὔχεσθε]μετὰ ματήμι καὶ εὐχαρ[ιστίαν εὐχὴν]τοῦ μαρτυρίου.
Translation
The Sun Tiridatēsof Greater Armenia, lordas despot, built a templefor the queen; the invincible...in the eleventh year of his reign....Under the protection of the...may the priest to the great cave (?)in the vain (?) of the witness and thanks.
Greek text
Translation
Ἥλιος Τιριδάτης [ὁ μέγας]μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας ἄνα[κτος]ὡς δεσπότης. Αἴκτισε ναΐ[διον]βασιλίσ[σ]α τὸν ἀνίκητον κασ[ιν ἐνι]-\αιτούς. Αι. Τῆς βασιλεί[ας αὐτου]με[γαλείας]. Ὑπὸ ἐξουσίᾳ στεγάν[ου]λίτουργος τῷ μεγάλῳ σπ[ῆι εὔχεσθε]μετὰ ματήμι καὶ εὐχαρ[ιστίαν εὐχὴν]τοῦ μαρτυρίου.
The Sun Tiridatēsof Greater Armenia, lordas despot, built a templefor the queen; the invincible...in the eleventh year of his reign....Under the protection of the...may the priest to the great cave (?)in the vain (?) of the witness and thanks.

References

  1. base: 2.8 metres (9.2 ft); cella: 7.9 metres (26 ft)
  2. Armenian: Գառնիի տաճար, Gaṙnii tač̣ar; often called Գառնիի or Գառնու հեթանոսական տաճար, Gaṙnii or Gaṙnu het'anosakan tač
  3. after the reconstruction: Adam T. Smith: "the only Greco-Roman colonnaded building anywhere in the Soviet Union" Dickran
    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB)
  4. Armenian: Գառնիի or Գառնու ամրոց, Gařnii or Gařnu amrots
  5. "...now reconstructed as a temple, though this identification has been challenged."
  6. It is nearly universally accepted in mainstream Armenian historiography. Brady Kiesling stated that this view has been a
  7. The inscription is "on a block of basalt 165 cm long, 50 cm high, and 79–80 cm thick; the letters are about 5 x 5.5 cm i
  8. "most commonly regarded as a temple to the god Mihr or Mithras"
  9. The traditional date is 301 AD, but the "scholarly consensus is to prefer c. 314."
  10. pagan "The monuments of Garni are the only vestiges of the pagan architecture of Armenia known to us. [...] The most imp
  11. Hellenistic/Greco-Roman "the only known surviving classical temple in Armenia." "The pagan temple of Garni, dedicated to
  12. Other pre-Christian Hellenistic and pagan structures have been unearthed in Vagharshapat (underneath Saint Hripsime Chur
  13. The inscription was first published, with some errors, by Garegin Hovsepian 1910.
  14. 19th century European visitors Robert Ker Porter and DuBois de Montpereux attested that the site was called "Takh Terdat
    https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_DuBois_de_Montperreux
  15. Entitled: «Ողբանք ի վերայ թախթին Տրդատայ թագաւորին». Translated into English by Agop Jack Hacikyan et al in 2002.
  16. It was displayed at the Royal Society of Arts in 1891.
  17. A well-preserved capital, gifted by Soviet Armenia to the Hermitage Museum in 1940 was replaced with a replica, while th
  18. Of the 24 plinths of the columns, ten had been preserved almost completely, eight were partly preserved (between a third
  19. John A. C. Greppin: "quite an impressive job"Yves Thoraval: "perfectly restored" Jean-Michel Thierry: "very well restore
    https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Thoraval
  20. Tim Cornell and John Frederick Matthews classify Garni, with its classical building, as "the most easterly point reached
  21. Its reconstruction was specifically called to attention by Armenia's Communist leader (First Secretary) Karen Demirchyan
  22. including Boris Yeltsin of Russia, Karolos Papoulias of Greece, Demetris Christofias of Cyprus, and Heinz Fischer of Aus
  23. Spanish opera singer Montserrat Caballé, American TV personalities Khloé and Kim Kardashian, and Conan O'Brien, Russian
  24. The painting is also reproduced here.
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