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Gallipoli campaign

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Gallipoli campaign

The Gallipoli campaign, the Dardanelles campaign, the Defence of Gallipoli or the Battle of Gallipoli (Turkish: Gelibolu Muharebesi, Çanakkale Muharebeleri or Çanakkale Savaşı) was a military campaign in the First World War on the Gallipoli Peninsula (now Gelibolu) from 19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the Turkish straits. This would expose the Ottoman capital at Constantinople to bombardment by Entente battleships and cut it off from the Asian part of the empire. With the Ottoman Empire defeated, the Suez Canal would be safe and the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits would be open to Entente supplies to the Black Sea and warm-water ports in Russia. In February 1915 the Entente fleet failed to force a passage through the Dardanelles. An amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula began in April 1915. In January 1916, after eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a costly campaign for the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire as well as for the sponsors of the expedition, especially the First Lord of the Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill. The campaign was considered a great Ottoman victory. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the history of the state, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire retreated. The campaign became the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli, as founder and president. The campaign is considered by some to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness. The anniversary of the landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day, the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).

Infobox

Date
19 February 1915 – 9 January 1916(10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Gallipoli Peninsula, Sanjak of Gelibolu, Adrianople Vilayet, Ottoman Empire 40°14′15″N 26°16′39″E / 40.23750°N 26.27750°E / 40.23750; 26.27750
Result
Ottoman victory

Tables

Gallipoli casualties (not including illness)[15][239][240][241][242][243] · Aftermath › Casualties
OttomanEmpire
OttomanEmpire
Countries
OttomanEmpire
Dead
56,643
Wounded
97,007
MissingorPOW
11,178
Total
164,828
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Countries
United Kingdom
Dead
34,072
Wounded
78,520
MissingorPOW
7,654
Total
120,246
France
France
Countries
France
Dead
9,798
Wounded
17,371
MissingorPOW
—
Total
27,169
Australia
Australia
Countries
Australia
Dead
8,709
Wounded
19,441
MissingorPOW
—
Total
28,150
New Zealand
New Zealand
Countries
New Zealand
Dead
2,721
Wounded
4,752
MissingorPOW
—
Total
7,473
British India
British India
Countries
British India
Dead
1,358
Wounded
3,421
MissingorPOW
—
Total
4,779
Newfoundland
Newfoundland
Countries
Newfoundland
Dead
49
Wounded
93
MissingorPOW
—
Total
142
Total (Entente)
Total (Entente)
Countries
Total (Entente)
Dead
56,707
Wounded
123,598
MissingorPOW
7,654
Total
187,959
Countries
Dead
Wounded
MissingorPOW
Total
OttomanEmpire
56,643
97,007
11,178
164,828
United Kingdom
34,072
78,520
7,654
120,246
France
9,798
17,371
—
27,169
Australia
8,709
19,441
—
28,150
New Zealand
2,721
4,752
—
7,473
British India
1,358
3,421
—
4,779
Newfoundland
49
93
—
142
Total (Entente)
56,707
123,598
7,654
187,959

References

  1. The operation would be complicated by having only five divisions, the rugged terrain of the peninsula, the small number
  2. It is debated if the Turkish forces defending the beach had machine-guns. According to Turkish historical documents the
  3. The 57th Regiment was not rebuilt and was not recreated in the Ottoman Army.
  4. The events of the day later gained significance, due to the loss of a company of the Norfolk Regiment. Having been recru
  5. The enormous casualties at Gallipoli among Irish soldiers who had volunteered to fight in the British Army was a causal
  6. Appendix 5 of the French official history (AFGG 8,1) has a one page table that not only splits these into subcategory co
  7. In November 1918, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the 7th Light Horse from the Anzac Mounted Division, were sent to Ga
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