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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Updated: Wikipedia source

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, as well as the only one to have served more than two terms. His first two terms were centered on combating the Great Depression, while his third and fourth saw him shift his focus to U.S. involvement in World War II. A member of the Democratic Party, Roosevelt previously served in the New York State Senate from 1911 to 1913 and as the 44th governor of New York from 1929 to 1932. Born into the prominent Delano and Roosevelt families in Hyde Park, New York, Roosevelt graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts. He was first elected to the New York State Senate in 1910, and served this seat before becoming the assistant secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson, holding this position from 1913 to 1920. Roosevelt was the running mate of James M. Cox on the Democratic ticket in the 1920 presidential election, which Cox lost to Republican nominee Warren G. Harding. In 1921, he contracted a paralytic illness that permanently paralyzed his legs. However, partly through the encouragement of his wife Eleanor, he returned to the public office upon being elected governor of New York in 1928, and during his tenure as governor, he promoted programs to combat the Great Depression. After receiving the Democratic nomination, Roosevelt defeated President Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory in the 1932 presidential election. During his first 100 days as president, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing the New Deal, building the New Deal coalition, and realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition. He was reelected in 1936, upon defeating Alf Landon in one of the largest landslide victories in American history. Roosevelt was unable to expand the Supreme Court in 1937, the same year the conservative coalition was formed to block the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms. Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the National Labor Relations Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Social Security. In 1940, he ran successfully for reelection, before the official implementation of term limits. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan. When in turn, Japan's Axis partners, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, he secured additional declarations of war from the United States Congress. He worked closely with other national leaders in leading the Allies against the Axis powers. Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the American economy to support the war effort and implemented a Europe first strategy. He also initiated the development of the first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions, even coining the term "United Nations". Roosevelt won reelection in 1944, but died in 1945 after his physical health seriously and steadily declined during the war years. Since then, several of his actions have come under criticism, such as his ordering of the internment of Japanese Americans. Nonetheless, historical rankings consistently place him among the three greatest American presidents, and he is often considered an icon of American liberalism.

Infobox

Vice President
mw- John Nance Garner(1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace(1941–1945) Harry S. Truman(Jan–Apr 1945)
Preceded by
John F. Schlosser
Succeeded by
James E. Towner
Lieutenant
Herbert H. Lehman
President
Woodrow Wilson
Born
Franklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-01-30)January 30, 1882Hyde Park, New York, U.S.
Died
April 12, 1945(1945-04-12) (aged 63)Warm Springs, Georgia, U.S.
Resting place
Springwood Estate
Political party
Democratic
Spouse
mw- Eleanor Roosevelt (m. 1905)
Children
6, including Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin Jr., and John
Parents
James Roosevelt I Sara Delano
Relatives
Roosevelt family Delano family Livingston family (by marriage)
Education
Harvard University (AB)
Party
Democratic

Tables

Unemployment rates[i] · Presidency (1933–1945) › First and second terms (1933–1941) › GNP and unemployment rates
1929
1929
Year
1929
Lebergott
3.2
Darby
3.2
1932
1932
Year
1932
Lebergott
23.6
Darby
22.9
1933
1933
Year
1933
Lebergott
24.9
Darby
20.6
1934
1934
Year
1934
Lebergott
21.7
Darby
16.0
1935
1935
Year
1935
Lebergott
20.1
Darby
14.2
1936
1936
Year
1936
Lebergott
16.9
Darby
9.9
1937
1937
Year
1937
Lebergott
14.3
Darby
9.1
1938
1938
Year
1938
Lebergott
19.0
Darby
12.5
1939
1939
Year
1939
Lebergott
17.2
Darby
11.3
1940
1940
Year
1940
Lebergott
14.6
Darby
9.5
Year
Lebergott
Darby
1929
3.2
3.2
1932
23.6
22.9
1933
24.9
20.6
1934
21.7
16.0
1935
20.1
14.2
1936
16.9
9.9
1937
14.3
9.1
1938
19.0
12.5
1939
17.2
11.3
1940
14.6
9.5

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  1. /ˈdɛlənoʊ ˈroʊzəvɛlt, -vəlt/, DEL-ə-noh ROH-zə-velt, -⁠vəlt
  2. In 2008, Columbia awarded Roosevelt a posthumous Juris Doctor degree.
  3. State legislatures elected United States senators prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913.
  4. Attributed to multiple sources:
  5. Roosevelt was the last president inaugurated on March 4. The Twentieth Amendment changed presidential inaugurations to J
  6. Biographer Jean Edward Smith notes that "the significance of the repeal of the two-thirds rule...is difficult to oversta
  7. The 1964 Democratic ticket of Lyndon B. Johnson and Hubert Humphrey would later set a new record, taking 61.1% of the po
  8. The two Justices who Roosevelt did not originally appoint to the Court were Harlan Fiske Stone and Owen Roberts. However
  9. This table shows the estimated unemployment related as calculated by two economists. Michael Darby's estimate counts ind
  10. The Twenty-second Amendment ratified in 1951, would bar any individual from winning more than two presidential elections
  11. Hull and others in the administration were unwilling to recognize the Japanese conquest of China and feared that an Amer
  12. The United States would also declare war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania, all of which had joined the Axis bloc.
  13. The Germans stopped research on nuclear weapons in 1942, choosing to focus on other projects. Japan gave up its own prog
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  314. Smith 2007, pp. 596–97.
  315. Smith 2007, pp. 613–17.
  316. Smith 2007, pp. 630–31.
  317. Burns 1970, p. 228.
  318. Brands 2009, p. 785.
  319. Statistical Abstract
  320. Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 221–22.
  321. Burns 1970, p. 436.
  322. Burns 1970, p. 333.
  323. Burns 1970, p. 343.
  324. Herman 2012, pp. 139–44, 151, 246.
  325. Smith 2007, pp. 571–72.
  326. Burns 1970, pp. 339–42.
  327. Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 223–25.
  328. Politico
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  329. Smith 2007, pp. 584–85.
  330. Beaver County Times 28 Aug 1976, 'Once FDR and Wendell Willkie tried to realign U.S. politics' by Jim Bishop
    https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rGAvAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=bull+moose+party+radical+liberalism&article_id=2826,5776168&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif84zbzbSLAxU9X0EAHQ1fJykQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=bull%20moose%20party%20radical%20liberalism&f=false
  331. NIH Medline Plus
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  332. The Independent
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  333. Burns 1970, p. 448.
  334. History News Network
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  335. Annals of Internal Medicine
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  336. Gunther 1950, pp. 372–74.
  337. Dallek 2017, pp. 618–19.
  338. Smith 2007, pp. 617–19.
  339. Jordan 2011, p. 321.
  340. Burns 1970, pp. 533, 562.
  341. Dallek 1995, p. 520.
  342. In Roosevelt History
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  343. CNS Spectrums
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  344. Politico
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  345. c-span.org
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  346. White House Historical Association
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  347. Dallek 2017, p. 620.
  348. The New York Times
  349. Allies Overrun Germany
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  350. Truman
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  351. Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 243–52.
  352. See "Confront the Issue: FDR's Health" from FDR Library at http://www.fdrlibraryvirtualtour.org/graphics/07-38/7.5_FDRs_
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  353. The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944–1945
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  354. H-Pol, H-Net Reviews
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  355. Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s
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  356. Los Angeles Times
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  357. The Washington Post
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  358. "The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror"
    http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1147&context=plr
  359. The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience
    https://archive.org/details/columbiadocument00fran/page/5
  360. A new deal for Blacks: the emergence of civil rights as a national issue
    https://books.google.com/books?id=u5EnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA71
  361. American Institute for Economic Research
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  362. McJimsey 2000, pp. 162–63.
  363. New Deal Or Raw Deal?: How FDR's Economic Legacy Has Damaged America
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HwTPk00QMHIC&q=roosevelt+jesse+owens&pg=PA210
  364. The New York Times
  365. The McDowell Times
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  366. Dallek 2017, pp. 307–08.
  367. The American Economic Review
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  368. "Executive Order 9066: Resulting in Japanese-American Incarceration (1942)"
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  369. Smith 2007, pp. 549–53.
  370. "World War II Enemy Alien Control Program Overview"
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  371. Beito 2023, pp. 180–183.
  372. Current
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  373. Los Angeles Times
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  374. Breitman & Lichtman 2013, pp. 114–15.
  375. Holocaust Encyclopedia
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  376. Museum of Polish History
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  377. Politico
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  378. Smith 2007, pp. 607–13.
  379. The Atlantic
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  380. U.S. News & World Report
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  381. "Presidential Historians Survey 2017"
    https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall
  382. The Wall Street Journal
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  383. The Washington Post
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  384. Political Science Quarterly
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  385. Smith 2007, p. ix.
  386. The Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama
  387. The Politics of Hope
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  388. Black 2005, pp. 1126–27.
  389. Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 174–75.
  390. In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush
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  391. Leuchtenburg, pp. 208, 218, 226.
  392. John Massaro, "LBJ and the Fortas Nomination for Chief Justice". Political Science Quarterly 97.4 (1982): 603–621.
  393. Dallek 2017, pp. 624–25.
  394. Wyman 1984.
  395. Robinson 2001.
  396. FDR: A New Political Life
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  397. Dallek 2017, p. 626.
  398. Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffery O. Nelson, eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006). pp. 619–621, 645–6
  399. "Reagan says many New Dealers wanted fascism". The New York Times. December 22, 1981.
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  400. National Park Service
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  401. Pieces of History
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  402. USA Today
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  403. "Franklin Delano Roosevelt Issues"
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  404. docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu
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  405. "Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
    https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/franklin-delano-roosevelt
  406. archweb.cooper.edu
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  407. "Looking Forward"
    https://archive.org/details/lookingforward0000fran
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