Foreign relations of Iran

Geography is an important factor in informing Iran's foreign policy. Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the newly formed Islamic Republic, under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, dramatically reversed the pro-American foreign policy of the last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Since the country's policies then oscillated between the two opposing tendencies of revolutionary ardour to eliminate non-Muslim Western influences while promoting the Islamic revolution abroad, and pragmatism, which would advance economic development and normalization of relations, bilateral dealings can be confused and contradictory. According to data published by RepTrak, Iran is the world's second least internationally reputable country, just ahead of Iraq, and has held that position for the three consecutive years of 2016, 2017, and 2018. Islamism and nuclear proliferation are recurring issues with Iran's foreign relations. In a series of international polls by Pew Research in 2012, only one country (Pakistan) had the majority of its population supporting Iran's right to acquire nuclear arms; every other population polled overwhelmingly rejected a nuclear-armed Iran (90–95% opposed in the polled European, North American, and South American countries), and majorities in most of them were in favor of military action to prevent a nuclear-armed Iran from materializing. Additionally, the majority of Americans, Brazilians, Japanese, Mexicans, Egyptians, Germans, Britons, French, Italians, Spaniards, and Poles (among other national groups) had majority support for "tougher sanctions" on Iran, while majorities in China, Russia, and Turkey opposed tougher sanctions.

Tables

· Diplomatic relations

Col 1

Col 2

Country

Col 3

Date

Col 1

Col 2

Russia

Col 3

1521

Col 1

Col 2

France

Col 3

13 August 1715

Col 1

Col 2

United Kingdom

Col 3

5 June 1807[failed verification]

Col 1

Col 2

Spain

Col 3

4 March 1842

Col 1

Col 2

Netherlands

Col 3

5 January 1883

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

United States (suspended)

Col 3

11 June 1883

Col 1

Col 2

Italy

Col 3

18 February 1886

Col 1

Col 2

Belgium

Col 3

18 November 1889

Col 1

Col 2

Sweden

Col 3

5 September 1897

Col 1

Col 2

Bulgaria

Col 3

15 November 1897

Col 1

Col 2

Romania

Col 3

24 July 1902

Col 1

Col 2

Argentina

Col 3

27 July 1902

Col 1

Col 2

Greece

Col 3

19 November 1902

Col 1

Col 2

Brazil

Col 3

17 June 1903

Col 1

Col 2

Norway

Col 3

14 October 1908

Col 1

Col 2

Switzerland

Col 3

4 March 1919

Col 1

Col 2

Afghanistan

Col 3

2 May 1920

Col 1

Col 2

Denmark

Col 3

3 February 1922

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Egypt (suspended)

Col 3

1923

Col 1

Col 2

Czech Republic

Col 3

22 June 1925

Col 1

Col 2

Austria

Col 3

26 July 1925

Col 1

Col 2

Hungary

Col 3

1925

Col 1

Col 2

Poland

Col 3

19 March 1927

Col 1

Col 2

Turkey

Col 3

21 October 1928

Col 1

Col 2

Iraq

Col 3

25 April 1929

Col 1

Col 2

Japan

Col 3

4 August 1929

Col 1

Col 2

Saudi Arabia

Col 3

24 August 1929

Col 1

Col 2

Finland

Col 3

12 December 1931

Col 1

Col 2

Luxembourg

Col 3

23 May 1936

Col 1

Col 2

Serbia

Col 3

30 April 1937

Col 1

Col 2

Chile

Col 3

6 June 1944

Col 1

Col 2

Lebanon

Col 3

21 September 1944

Col 1

Col 2

Syria

Col 3

12 November 1946

Col 1

Col 2

Pakistan

Col 3

22 August 1947

Col 1

Col 2

Iceland

Col 3

15 March 1948

Col 1

Col 2

Jordan

Col 3

16 November 1949

Col 1

Col 2

India

Col 3

15 March 1950

Col 1

Col 2

Indonesia

Col 3

July 1950

Col 1

Col 2

Venezuela

Col 3

9 August 1950

Col 1

Col 2

Ethiopia

Col 3

1950

Col 1

Col 2

Germany

Col 3

26 February 1952

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Holy See

Col 3

2 May 1953

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Canada (suspended)

Col 3

9 January 1955

Col 1

Col 2

Thailand

Col 3

9 November 1955

Col 1

Col 2

Portugal

Col 3

15 October 1956

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Morocco (suspended)

Col 3

5 November 1957

Col 1

Col 2

Tunisia

Col 3

5 November 1957

Col 1

Col 2

Dominican Republic

Col 3

24 October 1958

Col 1

Col 2

Kuwait

Col 3

17 December 1961

Col 1

Col 2

South Korea

Col 3

23 October 1962

Col 1

Col 2

Sri Lanka

Col 3

1962

Col 1

Col 2

Philippines

Col 3

22 January 1964

Col 1

Col 2

Algeria

Col 3

23 September 1964

Col 1

Col 2

Mexico

Col 3

15 October 1964

Col 1

Col 2

Nepal

Col 3

14 December 1964

Col 1

Col 2

Libya

Col 3

30 December 1967

Col 1

Col 2

Laos

Col 3

1967

Col 1

Col 2

Myanmar

Col 3

8 August 1968

Col 1

Col 2

Australia

Col 3

21 September 1968

Col 1

Col 2

Eswatini

Col 3

15 December 1969

Col 1

Col 2

Malaysia

Col 3

16 June 1970

Col 1

Col 2

Malawi

Col 3

5 April 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Guinea

Col 3

26 April 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Senegal

Col 3

13 May 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Mongolia

Col 3

20 May 1971

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Albania (suspended)

Col 3

24 May 1971

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Yemen (suspended)

Col 3

May 1971

Col 1

Col 2

China

Col 3

16 August 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Oman

Col 3

26 August 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Mauritius

Col 3

25 September 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Kenya

Col 3

3 October 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Qatar

Col 3

16 October 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Lesotho

Col 3

15 December 1971

Col 1

Col 2

Nigeria

Col 3

5 May 1972

Col 1

Col 2

Malta

Col 3

11 May 1972

Col 1

Col 2

Chad

Col 3

19 July 1972

Col 1

Col 2

Sudan

Col 3

22 August 1972

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Bahrain (suspended)

Col 3

9 December 1972

Col 1

Col 2

United Arab Emirates

Col 3

28 October 1972

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Somalia (suspended)

Col 3

1972

Col 1

Col 2

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Col 3

11 February 1973

Col 1

Col 2

North Korea

Col 3

15 April 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Zambia

Col 3

7 July 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Ecuador

Col 3

19 July 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Vietnam

Col 3

4 August 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Singapore

Col 3

6 August 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Trinidad and Tobago

Col 3

September 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Mauritania

Col 3

25 October 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Peru

Col 3

20 November 1973

Col 1

Col 2

New Zealand

Col 3

14 December 1973

Col 1

Col 2

Haiti

Col 3

16 April 1974

Col 1

Col 2

Bangladesh

Col 3

21 June 1974

Col 1

Col 2

Ghana

Col 3

7 July 1974

Col 1

Col 2

Uganda

Col 3

12 October 1974

Col 1

Col 2

Gabon

Col 3

26 November 1974

Col 1

Col 2

Panama

Col 3

7 January 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Gambia

Col 3

27 January 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Cuba

Col 3

10 February 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Jamaica

Col 3

18 February 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Cameroon

Col 3

10 March 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Central African Republic

Col 3

18 March 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Mali

Col 3

12 April 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Colombia

Col 3

28 April 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Liberia

Col 3

2 June 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Maldives

Col 3

2 June 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Niger

Col 3

11 June 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Costa Rica

Col 3

16 June 1975

Col 1

Col 2

Ivory Coast

Col 3

2 October 1975

100

Col 1

100

Col 2

Uruguay

Col 3

25 November 1975

101

Col 1

101

Col 2

Ireland

Col 3

17 February 1976

102

Col 1

102

Col 2

Nicaragua

Col 3

29 April 1976

103

Col 1

103

Col 2

San Marino

Col 3

30 July 1976

104

Col 1

104

Col 2

Seychelles

Col 3

July 1976

105

Col 1

105

Col 2

Comoros

Col 3

September 1976

106

Col 1

106

Col 2

Barbados

Col 3

1 March 1978

107

Col 1

107

Col 2

Djibouti

Col 3

4 April 1978

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Col 3

22 June 1980

108

Col 1

108

Col 2

Tanzania

Col 3

13 October 1982

109

Col 1

109

Col 2

Zimbabwe

Col 3

11 February 1983

110

Col 1

110

Col 2

Mozambique

Col 3

13 February 1983

111

Col 1

111

Col 2

Sierra Leone

Col 3

12 March 1983

112

Col 1

112

Col 2

Madagascar

Col 3

13 July 1983

113

Col 1

113

Col 2

Grenada

Col 3

August 1983

114

Col 1

114

Col 2

Benin

Col 3

1983

115

Col 1

115

Col 2

Burkina Faso

Col 3

1 November 1984

116

Col 1

116

Col 2

Burundi

Col 3

31 March 1985

117

Col 1

117

Col 2

Rwanda

Col 3

October 1985

118

Col 1

118

Col 2

São Tomé and Príncipe

Col 3

November 1985

119

Col 1

119

Col 2

Angola

Col 3

8 January 1986

120

Col 1

120

Col 2

Guyana

Col 3

6 September 1986

121

Col 1

121

Col 2

Republic of the Congo

Col 3

25 November 1986

122

Col 1

122

Col 2

Cyprus

Col 3

29 September 1988

123

Col 1

123

Col 2

Botswana

Col 3

September 1988

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

State of Palestine

Col 3

1989

124

Col 1

124

Col 2

Namibia

Col 3

21 March 1990

125

Col 1

125

Col 2

Brunei

Col 3

1 May 1990

126

Col 1

126

Col 2

Guinea-Bissau

Col 3

22 August 1990

127

Col 1

127

Col 2

Tajikistan

Col 3

9 January 1992

128

Col 1

128

Col 2

Ukraine

Col 3

22 January 1992

129

Col 1

129

Col 2

Kazakhstan

Col 3

29 January 1992

130

Col 1

130

Col 2

Armenia

Col 3

9 February 1992

131

Col 1

131

Col 2

Turkmenistan

Col 3

18 February 1992

132

Col 1

132

Col 2

Slovenia

Col 3

9 March 1992

133

Col 1

133

Col 2

Azerbaijan

Col 3

12 March 1992

134

Col 1

134

Col 2

Croatia

Col 3

18 April 1992

135

Col 1

135

Col 2

Kyrgyzstan

Col 3

10 May 1992

136

Col 1

136

Col 2

Uzbekistan

Col 3

10 May 1992

137

Col 1

137

Col 2

Moldova

Col 3

11 May 1992

138

Col 1

138

Col 2

Georgia

Col 3

15 May 1992

139

Col 1

139

Col 2

Cambodia

Col 3

5 June 1992

140

Col 1

140

Col 2

Latvia

Col 3

7 July 1992

141

Col 1

141

Col 2

Estonia

Col 3

18 August 1992

142

Col 1

142

Col 2

Belize

Col 3

24 November 1992

143

Col 1

143

Col 2

Slovakia

Col 3

1 January 1993

144

Col 1

144

Col 2

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Col 3

25 January 1993

145

Col 1

145

Col 2

Guatemala

Col 3

25 January 1993

146

Col 1

146

Col 2

Paraguay

Col 3

19 February 1993

147

Col 1

147

Col 2

Belarus

Col 3

18 March 1993

148

Col 1

148

Col 2

Lithuania

Col 3

4 November 1993

149

Col 1

149

Col 2

South Africa

Col 3

10 May 1994

150

Col 1

150

Col 2

Cape Verde

Col 3

November 1994

151

Col 1

151

Col 2

North Macedonia

Col 3

10 March 1995

—

Col 1

—

Col 2

Cook Islands

Col 3

1996

152

Col 1

152

Col 2

Suriname

Col 3

11 December 1997

153

Col 1

153

Col 2

Togo

Col 3

January 1998

154

Col 1

154

Col 2

Equatorial Guinea

Col 3

20 July 1998

155

Col 1

155

Col 2

Liechtenstein

Col 3

14 August 1998

156

Col 1

156

Col 2

Timor-Leste

Col 3

10 November 2003

157

Col 1

157

Col 2

Montenegro

Col 3

28 July 2006

158

Col 1

158

Col 2

Eritrea

Col 3

31 May 2007

159

Col 1

159

Col 2

Bolivia

Col 3

8 September 2007

160

Col 1

160

Col 2

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Col 3

13 July 2008

161

Col 1

161

Col 2

Tuvalu

Col 3

2008

162

Col 1

162

Col 2

Monaco

Col 3

10 May 2012

163

Col 1

163

Col 2

Fiji

Col 3

29 August 2012

164

Col 1

164

Col 2

Andorra

Col 3

30 September 2015

165

Col 1

165

Col 2

Antigua and Barbuda

Col 3

1 October 2015

166

Col 1

166

Col 2

Dominica

Col 3

2018


#	Country	Date
1	Russia	1521
2	France	13 August 1715
3	United Kingdom	5 June 1807[failed verification]
4	Spain	4 March 1842
5	Netherlands	5 January 1883
—	United States (suspended)	11 June 1883
6	Italy	18 February 1886
7	Belgium	18 November 1889
8	Sweden	5 September 1897
9	Bulgaria	15 November 1897
10	Romania	24 July 1902
11	Argentina	27 July 1902
12	Greece	19 November 1902
13	Brazil	17 June 1903
14	Norway	14 October 1908
15	Switzerland	4 March 1919
16	Afghanistan	2 May 1920
17	Denmark	3 February 1922
—	Egypt (suspended)	1923
18	Czech Republic	22 June 1925
19	Austria	26 July 1925
20	Hungary	1925
21	Poland	19 March 1927
22	Turkey	21 October 1928
23	Iraq	25 April 1929
24	Japan	4 August 1929
25	Saudi Arabia	24 August 1929
26	Finland	12 December 1931
27	Luxembourg	23 May 1936
28	Serbia	30 April 1937
29	Chile	6 June 1944
30	Lebanon	21 September 1944
31	Syria	12 November 1946
32	Pakistan	22 August 1947
33	Iceland	15 March 1948
34	Jordan	16 November 1949
35	India	15 March 1950
36	Indonesia	July 1950
37	Venezuela	9 August 1950
38	Ethiopia	1950
39	Germany	26 February 1952
—	Holy See	2 May 1953
—	Canada (suspended)	9 January 1955
40	Thailand	9 November 1955
41	Portugal	15 October 1956
—	Morocco (suspended)	5 November 1957
42	Tunisia	5 November 1957
43	Dominican Republic	24 October 1958

· Bilateral relations › Africa

Algeria

Country

Algeria

Notes

See Algeria–Iran relations Algeria is one of the few Arab and Sunni nations that has been friendly towards Iran. Iran is also one of the only states in the Middle East to voice support for the Polisario Front, a rebel movement backed by Algeria.

Burundi

Country

Burundi

Formal relations began

31 March 1985

Notes

See Burundi–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1985.

Comoros

Country

Comoros

Notes

Comoros severed diplomatic relations with Iran in January 2016, but they were reestablished by 2023.

Egypt

Country

Egypt

Formal relations began

1939(Diplomatic relations severed 30 April 1979)

Notes

See Egypt–Iran relations Egypt has an interest section in Tehran.

Gambia

Country

Gambia

Notes

In November 2010, Gambia broke off diplomatic relations with Iran in reaction to a weapons shipment. The Gambian government allowed Iranians 48 hours to leave the country. Diplomatic relations were reestablished on 29 July 2024.

Ghana

Country

Ghana

Notes

Iran and Ghana maintain a historic special relationship and Iran has an embassy in Ghana and Ghana has an embassy in Tehran.

Guinea-Bissau

Country

Guinea-Bissau

Formal relations began

22 August 1990

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1990 Both countries cooperate in various fields (education, mining, health, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, development and energy).

Libya

Country

Libya

Formal relations began

30 December 1967

Notes

See Iran-Libya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1967. The relations between two countries began in 1967 when both countries were governed by monarchs. The relations became strained when Muammar Gaddafi seized the power on 1 September 1969 due to his alliance with other Arab leaders such as Gamal Nasser against Shah Mohammad Reza. Libya broke ranks with most of the Arab states when it came out in support of Iran during the Iran–Iraq War.[citation needed] There is a Libyan embassy in Tehran and an Iranian embassy in Tripoli.[citation needed]

Morocco

Country

Morocco

Formal relations began

(Diplomatic relations severed in May 2018)

Notes

See Iran–Morocco relations There have been several instances in which Iran and Morocco have mostly or completely severed diplomatic relations. Iran cut off diplomatic ties with Morocco in 1981 after King Hassan II gave asylum to the exiled Shah. It took almost a decade for relations to thaw; Prime Minister Abderrahmane Youssoufi of Morocco led the first Moroccan delegation to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Economic ties increased greatly in 2009. On 6 March 2009, Morocco severed diplomatic ties with Iran, offering several reasons. Morocco's Foreign Ministry said it was a result of Iran's spreading the Shi'ite variety of Islam in Sunni Morocco constituted interference in domestic affairs. On 1 May 2018, Morocco severed diplomatic ties with Iran over Tehran's support for the Polisario Front, a Western Sahara independence movement. Morocco's Foreign Minister Nasser Bourita told reporters Morocco would close its embassy in Tehran and would expel the Iranian ambassador in Rabat.

Senegal

Country

Senegal

Formal relations began

13 May 1971

Notes

See Iran–Senegal relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1971. Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his Senegalese counterpart Abdoulaye Wade pledged to expand bilateral ties in the fields of economics, tourism and politics in addition to increased efforts to empower OIC. Iran Khodro established an assembly line to produce Iranian cars in Senegal for African markets. The company had the capacity to produce 10,000 Samand cars annually. In February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic relations with Iran as it accused Iran of supplying weapons to rebels in the Casamance region.

South Africa

Country

South Africa

Formal relations began

10 May 1994

Notes

See Iran–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994. South Africa and Iran share historical bilateral relations and the latter supported the South African liberation movements. It severed official relations with South Africa in 1979 and imposed a trade boycott in protest against the country's Apartheid policies. In January 1994 Iran lifted all trade and economic sanctions against South Africa and diplomatic relations were reestablished on 10 May 1994.

Sudan

Country

Sudan

Formal relations began

22 August 1972

Notes

See Iran–Sudan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1972 Owing to various cultural and historical compatibilities,[clarification needed] Iran and Sudan have generally sought a very cordial and friendly relationship. The two nations share membership in the OIC and the Group of 77. Although they differ in ethnic identity (Iran is predominantly Persian, while Sudan is Afro-Arab) and denomination (the two nations are Muslim, but the former is mainly Shi'a, while the latter is Sunni), Iran and Sudan have a common strategic bond with both the People's Republic of China and Russia, and a common animosity towards the United States. Relations between Tehran and Khartoum have continued to grow, especially since April 2006, when then President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad voiced his opposition to the deployment in the Darfur region of Western peacekeepers from the United Nations. Sudan ardently supports Iran's nuclear program. Both countries are also firmly against Israel. On 4 January 2016, Sudan cut off all diplomatic relations with Iran due to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. On 6 July 2023, Iran and Sudan agreed to restore diplomatic relations.

Zimbabwe

Country

Zimbabwe

Formal relations began

11 February 1983

Notes

See Iran–Zimbabwe relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1983. There are growing economic, social and cultural ties between Iran and Zimbabwe. Relations between Iran and Zimbabwe started in 1979 when the late Vice President Simon Muzenda visited Tehran to meet leaders of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Zimbabwe opened an embassy in Tehran in 2003. In 2005 President Mugabe confirmed the formal engagement of Iran in bilateral relations during the State visit to Zimbabwe by Iranian President Mohammad Khatami. In 2009 President Mugabe in a state TV address confirmed his support for the Iranian nuclear program and the shared struggle against "demagogues and international dictators". In 2022, Dr Auxillia Mnangagwa, First Lady of Zimbabwe, visited Iran, focusing on philanthropic work: she spoke of the shared experience of the two countries: "I appreciate the cordial relations that exist between the two countries, Zimbabwe and Iran. We are both victims of illegal sanctions [sic] therefore, we should learn from each other's experiences".

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Algeria		See Algeria–Iran relations Algeria is one of the few Arab and Sunni nations that has been friendly towards Iran. Iran is also one of the only states in the Middle East to voice support for the Polisario Front, a rebel movement backed by Algeria.
Burundi	31 March 1985	See Burundi–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1985.
Comoros		Comoros severed diplomatic relations with Iran in January 2016, but they were reestablished by 2023.
Egypt	1939(Diplomatic relations severed 30 April 1979)	See Egypt–Iran relations Egypt has an interest section in Tehran.
Gambia		In November 2010, Gambia broke off diplomatic relations with Iran in reaction to a weapons shipment. The Gambian government allowed Iranians 48 hours to leave the country. Diplomatic relations were reestablished on 29 July 2024.
Ghana		Iran and Ghana maintain a historic special relationship and Iran has an embassy in Ghana and Ghana has an embassy in Tehran.
Guinea-Bissau	22 August 1990	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1990 Both countries cooperate in various fields (education, mining, health, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, development and energy).
Libya	30 December 1967	See Iran-Libya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1967. The relations between two countries began in 1967 when both countries were governed by monarchs. The relations became strained when Muammar Gaddafi seized the power on 1 September 1969 due to his alliance with other Arab leaders such as Gamal Nasser against Shah Mohammad Reza. Libya broke ranks with most of the Arab states when it came out in support of Iran during the Iran–Iraq War.[citation needed] There is a Libyan embassy in Tehran and an Iranian embassy in Tripoli.[citation needed]
Morocco	(Diplomatic relations severed in May 2018)	See Iran–Morocco relations There have been several instances in which Iran and Morocco have mostly or completely severed diplomatic relations. Iran cut off diplomatic ties with Morocco in 1981 after King Hassan II gave asylum to the exiled Shah. It took almost a decade for relations to thaw; Prime Minister Abderrahmane Youssoufi of Morocco led the first Moroccan delegation to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Economic ties increased greatly in 2009. On 6 March 2009, Morocco severed diplomatic ties with Iran, offering several reasons. Morocco's Foreign Ministry said it was a result of Iran's spreading the Shi'ite variety of Islam in Sunni Morocco constituted interference in domestic affairs. On 1 May 2018, Morocco severed diplomatic ties with Iran over Tehran's support for the Polisario Front, a Western Sahara independence movement. Morocco's Foreign Minister Nasser Bourita told reporters Morocco would close its embassy in Tehran and would expel the Iranian ambassador in Rabat.
Senegal	13 May 1971	See Iran–Senegal relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1971. Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his Senegalese counterpart Abdoulaye Wade pledged to expand bilateral ties in the fields of economics, tourism and politics in addition to increased efforts to empower OIC. Iran Khodro established an assembly line to produce Iranian cars in Senegal for African markets. The company had the capacity to produce 10,000 Samand cars annually. In February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic relations with Iran as it accused Iran of supplying weapons to rebels in the Casamance region.
South Africa	10 May 1994	See Iran–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994. South Africa and Iran share historical bilateral relations and the latter supported the South African liberation movements. It severed official relations with South Africa in 1979 and imposed a trade boycott in protest against the country's Apartheid policies. In January 1994 Iran lifted all trade and economic sanctions against South Africa and diplomatic relations were reestablished on 10 May 1994.
Sudan	22 August 1972	See Iran–Sudan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1972 Owing to various cultural and historical compatibilities,[clarification needed] Iran and Sudan have generally sought a very cordial and friendly relationship. The two nations share membership in the OIC and the Group of 77. Although they differ in ethnic identity (Iran is predominantly Persian, while Sudan is Afro-Arab) and denomination (the two nations are Muslim, but the former is mainly Shi'a, while the latter is Sunni), Iran and Sudan have a common strategic bond with both the People's Republic of China and Russia, and a common animosity towards the United States. Relations between Tehran and Khartoum have continued to grow, especially since April 2006, when then President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad voiced his opposition to the deployment in the Darfur region of Western peacekeepers from the United Nations. Sudan ardently supports Iran's nuclear program. Both countries are also firmly against Israel. On 4 January 2016, Sudan cut off all diplomatic relations with Iran due to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. On 6 July 2023, Iran and Sudan agreed to restore diplomatic relations.
Zimbabwe	11 February 1983	See Iran–Zimbabwe relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1983. There are growing economic, social and cultural ties between Iran and Zimbabwe. Relations between Iran and Zimbabwe started in 1979 when the late Vice President Simon Muzenda visited Tehran to meet leaders of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Zimbabwe opened an embassy in Tehran in 2003. In 2005 President Mugabe confirmed the formal engagement of Iran in bilateral relations during the State visit to Zimbabwe by Iranian President Mohammad Khatami. In 2009 President Mugabe in a state TV address confirmed his support for the Iranian nuclear program and the shared struggle against "demagogues and international dictators". In 2022, Dr Auxillia Mnangagwa, First Lady of Zimbabwe, visited Iran, focusing on philanthropic work: she spoke of the shared experience of the two countries: "I appreciate the cordial relations that exist between the two countries, Zimbabwe and Iran. We are both victims of illegal sanctions [sic] therefore, we should learn from each other's experiences".

· Bilateral relations › Americas

Argentina

Country

Argentina

Formal relations began

27 July 1902

Notes

See Argentina–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1902. Argentina has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Buenos Aires.

Brazil

Country

Brazil

Notes

See Iran–Brazil relations Brazil and Iran have enjoyed increasingly close political relations over the years, growing with the volume of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The election of Dilma Rousseff as president of Brazil has brought a change to Brazilian policy towards Iran. Rousseff harshly criticized the human rights situation in Iran. During her electoral campaign she said that women stoning in Iran is "Medieval behavior." and after coming into office Brazil supported a resolution for nominating a U.N. special rapporteur for human rights in Iran, whose eventual report condemned Iranian rights abuses. in response Iranian President Ahmadinejad's media adviser, Ali Akbar Javanfekr, was quoted as stating that Rousseff had "destroyed years of good relations" between them Ahmadinejad did not go to Brazil while touring South America in January 2012.

Canada

Country

Canada

Formal relations began

1955Diplomatic relations severed on 7 September 2012

Notes

See Canada–Iran relations Canadian–Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point Canadian consular and commercial affairs in Iran were handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to Embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa and the mission was upgraded to embassy status. On 7 September 2012, Canada broke off diplomatic relations with Iran, saying "It is among the world's worst violators of human rights; and it shelters and materially supports terrorist groups." In a statement, Canadian foreign minister John Baird said "the Iranian regime has shown blatant disregard for the Vienna Convention and its guarantee of protection for diplomatic personnel. Under the circumstances, Canada can no longer maintain a diplomatic presence in Iran. Our diplomats serve Canada as civilians, and their safety is our number one priority." The announcement of embassy closure happened on the same day that the movie Argo, about the Canadian Caper, was released at the Toronto International Film Festival. Following the election of Justin Trudeau in October 2015, the new Canadian government is looking to repair diplomatic relations with Iran and lifted most of its economic sanctions, following a historic Iranian nuclear deal in July 2015. Canada engaged in sanctions against the Guidance Patrol.

Cuba

Country

Cuba

Formal relations began

10 February 1975

Notes

See Cuba–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1975. Iran has a productive trade balance with Cuba and both also have good and friendly relations. The two governments signed a document to bolster cooperation in Havana in January 2006. Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad called relations "firm and progressive" over the past three decades.

Ecuador

Country

Ecuador

Formal relations began

19 July 1973

Notes

See Ecuador–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1973. In early 2010, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa alleged his country was being sanctioned because of ties to Iran. After an attempted coup against Correa in 2010, the two countries signalled intentions to deepen ties.

Mexico

Country

Mexico

Formal relations began

15 October 1964

Notes

See Iran–Mexico relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1964. The first diplomatic contacts between Mexico and Iran took place in 1889. The first agreement of friendly relationship, established the lines of cooperation and interchange between two friend nations was signed on 24 March in 1937. Mexico and Iran have enjoyed increasingly close political and economic relations over the years, growing with the volume of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The two countries aim to expand cooperation in several sectors, sharing science and technology, particularly in the oil industry. Both countries have also shared successful experiences in cultural cooperation and exchange. In 2008, an agreement to form a Mexico-Iran parliamentary friendship group was made at the Mexican parliament. Iran has an embassy in Mexico City. Mexico has an embassy in Tehran.

United States

Country

United States

Formal relations began

1883Diplomatic relations severed on 7 April 1980

Notes

See Iran–United States relations Former US Secretary of State, John Kerry with Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in Switzerland, 2015. Political relations between Iran and the United States began in the mid-to-late 19th century, but had slight importance and aroused little controversy until the post-World War II era of the Cold War and the rise of petroleum exports from the Persian Gulf. An era of close alliance between Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's regime and the American government was followed by a dramatic reversal and hostility between the two countries after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Currently, Iranian interests in the United States are handled through the Pakistani embassy. Opinions differ over what has caused the decades of poor relations. Explanations offered include everything from the "natural and unavoidable" conflict between the Islamic Revolution on the one hand, and American arrogance and desire for global dictatorship and hegemony on the other, to the regime's need for an "external bogeyman" to "furnish a pretext for domestic repression" against pro-democratic forces, and bind the regime to its "small but loyal and heavily armed constituency".

Venezuela

Country

Venezuela

Formal relations began

9 August 1950

Notes

See Iran–Venezuela relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1950. Venezuela's former president, Hugo Chávez and Iran's former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad have both described themselves on the world stage as opposed to US imperialism. Citing this commonality of opinion, they regard each other as allies, and they have embarked on a number of initiatives together. For example, on 6 January 2007, the two announced that they would use some money from a previously announced $2 billion joint fund to invest in other countries that were "attempting to liberate themselves from the imperialist yoke", in Chávez's words. The two presidents declared an "axis of unity" against "US imperialism".

Chile

Country

Chile

Formal relations began

May 1991

Notes

See Chile–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 1991. Chile has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Santiago.

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Argentina	27 July 1902	See Argentina–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1902. Argentina has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Brazil		See Iran–Brazil relations Brazil and Iran have enjoyed increasingly close political relations over the years, growing with the volume of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The election of Dilma Rousseff as president of Brazil has brought a change to Brazilian policy towards Iran. Rousseff harshly criticized the human rights situation in Iran. During her electoral campaign she said that women stoning in Iran is "Medieval behavior." and after coming into office Brazil supported a resolution for nominating a U.N. special rapporteur for human rights in Iran, whose eventual report condemned Iranian rights abuses. in response Iranian President Ahmadinejad's media adviser, Ali Akbar Javanfekr, was quoted as stating that Rousseff had "destroyed years of good relations" between them Ahmadinejad did not go to Brazil while touring South America in January 2012.
Canada	1955Diplomatic relations severed on 7 September 2012	See Canada–Iran relations Canadian–Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point Canadian consular and commercial affairs in Iran were handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to Embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa and the mission was upgraded to embassy status. On 7 September 2012, Canada broke off diplomatic relations with Iran, saying "It is among the world's worst violators of human rights; and it shelters and materially supports terrorist groups." In a statement, Canadian foreign minister John Baird said "the Iranian regime has shown blatant disregard for the Vienna Convention and its guarantee of protection for diplomatic personnel. Under the circumstances, Canada can no longer maintain a diplomatic presence in Iran. Our diplomats serve Canada as civilians, and their safety is our number one priority." The announcement of embassy closure happened on the same day that the movie Argo, about the Canadian Caper, was released at the Toronto International Film Festival. Following the election of Justin Trudeau in October 2015, the new Canadian government is looking to repair diplomatic relations with Iran and lifted most of its economic sanctions, following a historic Iranian nuclear deal in July 2015. Canada engaged in sanctions against the Guidance Patrol.
Cuba	10 February 1975	See Cuba–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1975. Iran has a productive trade balance with Cuba and both also have good and friendly relations. The two governments signed a document to bolster cooperation in Havana in January 2006. Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad called relations "firm and progressive" over the past three decades.
Ecuador	19 July 1973	See Ecuador–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1973. In early 2010, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa alleged his country was being sanctioned because of ties to Iran. After an attempted coup against Correa in 2010, the two countries signalled intentions to deepen ties.
Mexico	15 October 1964	See Iran–Mexico relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1964. The first diplomatic contacts between Mexico and Iran took place in 1889. The first agreement of friendly relationship, established the lines of cooperation and interchange between two friend nations was signed on 24 March in 1937. Mexico and Iran have enjoyed increasingly close political and economic relations over the years, growing with the volume of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The two countries aim to expand cooperation in several sectors, sharing science and technology, particularly in the oil industry. Both countries have also shared successful experiences in cultural cooperation and exchange. In 2008, an agreement to form a Mexico-Iran parliamentary friendship group was made at the Mexican parliament. Iran has an embassy in Mexico City. Mexico has an embassy in Tehran.
United States	1883Diplomatic relations severed on 7 April 1980	See Iran–United States relations Former US Secretary of State, John Kerry with Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif in Switzerland, 2015. Political relations between Iran and the United States began in the mid-to-late 19th century, but had slight importance and aroused little controversy until the post-World War II era of the Cold War and the rise of petroleum exports from the Persian Gulf. An era of close alliance between Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's regime and the American government was followed by a dramatic reversal and hostility between the two countries after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Currently, Iranian interests in the United States are handled through the Pakistani embassy. Opinions differ over what has caused the decades of poor relations. Explanations offered include everything from the "natural and unavoidable" conflict between the Islamic Revolution on the one hand, and American arrogance and desire for global dictatorship and hegemony on the other, to the regime's need for an "external bogeyman" to "furnish a pretext for domestic repression" against pro-democratic forces, and bind the regime to its "small but loyal and heavily armed constituency".
Venezuela	9 August 1950	See Iran–Venezuela relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1950. Venezuela's former president, Hugo Chávez and Iran's former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad have both described themselves on the world stage as opposed to US imperialism. Citing this commonality of opinion, they regard each other as allies, and they have embarked on a number of initiatives together. For example, on 6 January 2007, the two announced that they would use some money from a previously announced $2 billion joint fund to invest in other countries that were "attempting to liberate themselves from the imperialist yoke", in Chávez's words. The two presidents declared an "axis of unity" against "US imperialism".
Chile	May 1991	See Chile–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 1991. Chile has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Santiago.

· Bilateral relations › Asia

Afghanistan

Country

Afghanistan

Formal relations began

2 May 1920

Notes

See Afghanistan–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1920 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Afghanistan to Persia Sardar Abdol Aziz Khan. Afghanistan's relations with Iran have fluctuated in modern times, due to the Taliban's control of the country in the 1990s, the thousands of illegal Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran, and with occasional disputes about water rights over the Helmand River. Also, Iran has been accused of supporting the Taliban many times from legitimizing it by entertaining the Taliban's delegates to supplying them with arms and even training them. Afghan migrants and refugees have been systematically harassed, abused, and killed by the Iranian government. Iran is situated along one of the main trafficking routes for cannabis, heroin, opium and morphine produced in Afghanistan, and 'designer drugs' have also found their way into the local market in recent years. Iran's police said in April 2009 that 7,700 tonnes of opium were produced in Afghanistan in 2008, of which 3000 tonnes entered Iran, adding that the force had managed to seize 1000 tonnes of the smuggled opium.

Armenia

Country

Armenia

Formal relations began

9 February 1992

Notes

See Armenia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1992. Despite religious and ideological differences, relations between Armenia and the Islamic Republic of Iran remain cordial and both Armenia and Iran are strategic partners in the region. The two neighbouring countries share to a great extent similar history and culture, and have had relations for thousands of years, starting with the Median Empire. Both countries have Indo-European national languages, and Armenian and Persian have influenced each other. Iran only lost the territory that nowadays comprises Armenia in the course of the 19th century, by the Russo-Persian Wars, irrevocably to neighbouring Imperial Russia. There are no border disputes between the two countries and the Christian Armenian minority in Iran, amongst the largest and oldest communities in the world, and the largest in the Middle East, enjoys official recognition. Of special importance is the cooperation in the field of energy security which lowers Armenia's dependence on Russia and can in the future also supply Iranian gas to Europe through Georgia and the Black Sea. Armenia has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Yerevan and a consulate-general in Kapan.

Azerbaijan

Country

Azerbaijan

Formal relations began

12 March 1992

Notes

See Azerbaijan–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1992. The people of Azerbaijan and Iran share a long and complex relationship, resulting in deep historical, religious and cultural ties. The largest population of ethnic Azerbaijanis live in Iran and until 1813/1828, the soil of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan was Iranian territory, prior to being forcefully ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. Both nations are the only officially majority-Shia nations in the world as well, and have the highest and second highest Shia populations in the world by percentage. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tehran. and a consulate-general in Tabriz. Iran has an embassy in Baku. and a consulate-general in Nakhchivan. Both countries are full members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

Bahrain

Country

Bahrain

Formal relations began

29 August 1971(Diplomatic relations severed 4 January 2016)

Notes

See Bahrain–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1971. Bahrain severed diplomatic ties on 4 January 2016 after the attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran.

Bangladesh

Country

Bangladesh

Formal relations began

21 June 1974

Notes

See Bangladesh–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1974 when Bangladesh an embassy was established in Iran and on 24 January 1975 Irans embassy was also established in Bangladesh. Bangladesh and Iran signed a preferential trade accord in July 2006 which removed non-tariff barriers, with a view to eventually establishing a free-trade agreement. Before the signing of the accord, bilateral trade between the countries amounted to US$100 million annually. In mid-2007, the Bangladeshi government requested Iran's help with the construction of a nuclear power plant, in order to offset the decline in the availability of gas for power generation. The Bangladeshi Minister of Power, Energy and Natural Resources also requested Iranian assistance for the construction of new oil refineries in Bangladesh.

Brunei

Country

Brunei

Formal relations began

1 May 1990

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1990.

China

Country

China

Formal relations began

16 August 1971

Notes

See China–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1971. Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative. Iran continues to align itself politically with the People's Republic of China as the European Union and United States push forward with policies to isolate Iran both politically and economically. Iran has observer status at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and aspires to membership in this body, in which China plays a leading role. In July 2004, Iranian parliamentary speaker Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel stressed China's support for Iran's nuclear programs. China's Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing also said that his country opposes Iran being referred to the United Nations Security Council over its nuclear program, and claimed that the 7 April 1980 government[clarify] had a very positive attitude in its cooperation with the IAEA. China and Iran have developed a friendly economic and strategic partnership. China is believed to have helped Iran militarily in the following areas: conduct training of high-level officials on advanced systems, provide technical support, supply specialty steel for missile construction, provide control technology for missile development, build a missile factory and test range. It is rumored that China is responsible for aiding in the development of advanced conventional weapons including surface-to-air missiles, combat aircraft, radar systems, and fast-attack missile vessels.

Georgia

Country

Georgia

Formal relations began

15 May 1992

Notes

See Georgia–Iran relations, Persia–Georgia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1992. Iran and Georgia have had relations for hundreds of years. Georgia, throughout its history, has several times been annexed by the Persian Empire, specifically under the Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, and Safavid dynasties. Accordingly, there has been a lot of political and cultural exchange, and Georgia was often considered a part of Greater Iran. Iran and Georgia, or the Georgian kingdoms, have had relations in different forms, beginning with trade in the Achaemenid era. The relationship got more complex as the Safavids took power in Iran and attempted to maintain Iranian control of the Georgian kingdoms. This continued until the 19th century when Russia, through the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), took the Caucasus from the Qajars, and thus Iran irrevocably lost the whole region, including Georgia. In the early 20th century, Iran–Georgian relations were merged into Iran–Soviet relations. Since Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union, the two nations have cooperated in many fields including energy, transport, trade, education, and science. Iran is one of Georgia's most important trading partners and an Intergovernmental Joint Economic Commission is functioning between the two countries.

India

Country

India

Formal relations began

15 March 1950

Notes

See India–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1950. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Iran withdrew from CENTO and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries during the Cold War. The two countries currently have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude-oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organizations such as the OIC in 1994. Reciprocally, India supported Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan against the Taliban regime. India and Iran have had relations for millennia. With the growth of India's strategic and economic ties with the United States and the West in recent years, there have been instances of marked differences in diplomatic stances of the two countries on core issues. Specifically, India has twice voted against Iran in the IAEA in 2005 and 2009, calling on Iran to halt its nuclear weapons programme. as well as abstained on a key UN General Assembly resolution condemning Iran for its involvement in an alleged plot to assassinate the Saudi envoy to Washington. Although India voiced support for Iran after it attacked Jaish al Adl terrorist camps in Pakistan's Balochistan Province in January 2024.

Indonesia

Country

Indonesia

Formal relations began

1950

Notes

See Indonesia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1950. Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and his Indonesian counterpart Retno Marsudi held a meeting in the Iranian capital of Tehran. Indonesia and Iran are Muslim majority countries, despite the differences in its religious orientation. Indonesia has the largest Muslim Sunni population, while Iran is the largest Shiite nation. As Islamic countries that have among the largest Muslim populations in the world, Iran and Indonesia hold themselves responsible for promoting Islam as a peaceful religion. Diplomatic relations have continued since 1950. Indonesia has an embassy in Tehran, and Iran has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are full members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and Developing 8 Countries. Jakarta had offered to help mediate the Iranian nuclear dispute, Jakarta is on good terms with Iran and other Middle East countries, as well as with the West.

Iraq

Country

Iraq

Formal relations began

25 April 1929

Notes

See Iran–Iraq relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1929 when Iran formally recognized Iraq and appointed a diplomatic representative to Baghdad. Iran–Iraq relations have been turbulent since the Iran–Iraq War began in 1988. They have improved since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was the first Iranian president to visit Iraq since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution. Iran has an embassy in Baghdad and three consulates-general, in Sulaimaniya, Erbil, and Karbala. Iraq has an embassy in Tehran, and three Consulate-Generals in Ahwaz, Kermanshah, and Mashad.

Israel

Country

Israel

Formal relations began

1950(Diplomatic relations severed in 1979)

Notes

See Iran–Israel relations, History of the Jews in Iran and Iran–Israel proxy conflict In 1947, Iran voted against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and recognized Israel three years later. Under the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Iran and Israel enjoyed a high degree of diplomatic relations. Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the two states become hostile and the current Iranian government does not recognize the existence of Israel. The back covers of Iranian passports read: "The holder of this passport is not entitled to travel to occupied Palestine". Both countries have severed their diplomatic and commercial ties with each other. Iran does not recognize Israel and refers to it as a Zionist entity or a Zionist regime.

Japan

Country

Japan

Formal relations began

4 August 1929

Notes

See Iran–Japan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1929 when It was stated in Teheran that the Japanese Government had decided to establish a Legation there. Throughout history, the two countries have maintained a relatively friendly and strongly strategic partnership. Iran has an embassy in Tokyo. Japan has an embassy in Tehran.

Kazakhstan

Country

Kazakhstan

Formal relations began

29 January 1992

Notes

See Iran–Kazakhstan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992. Trade turnover between the two countries increased fivefold between 2003-2009, from $400 million in 2003 to more than $2 billion in 2009. Iran imports grain, petroleum products, and metals from Kazakhstan. Iran is a partner in joint oil and gas projects including construction of a pipeline connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan with Iran's (Persian Gulf) which will give Astana access to the Asian markets. Kazakhstan is specially interested in Iranian investment in mechanical engineering, infrastructure, transport, and telecommunications.

Kuwait

Country

Kuwait

Formal relations began

17 December 1961

Notes

See Iran–Kuwait relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1961. Iran has an embassy in Kuwait City. Kuwait has an embassy in Tehran.

Kyrgyzstan

Country

Kyrgyzstan

Formal relations began

10 May 1992

Notes

See Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992. Iran and Kyrgyzstan have signed agreements on cooperation in the spheres of transport, customs, trade, and economic relations. Iran and Kyrgyzstan interact in the spheres of education, culture, travel, customs, finances, and the war on trafficking and crime in general. The two countries trade in agriculture and capital goods. In 2008, Iran promised Kyrgyzstan €200 million for some economic projects. Iranian companies participated in construction of a highway connecting Bishkek and Osh. Iran and Kyrgyzstan hope to increase their annual trade turnover to $100 million.

Lebanon

Country

Lebanon

Formal relations began

21 September 1944

Notes

See Iran–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944. Around June 1982, Iran dispatched more than 1000 Revolutionary Guards to the predominantly Shi'ite Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. There they established themselves, taking over the Lebanese Army's regional headquarters in the Sheikh Abdullah barracks, as well as a modern clinic, renamed "Hospital Khomeini", and the Hotel Khayyam. The Pasdaran were active in many places, including schools, where they propagated Islamic doctrine. Iranian clerics, most notably Fazlollah Mahallati, supervised. From this foothold, the Islamic Republic helped organize one of its biggest successes, the Hezbollah militia, a party and social-services organization devoted to the Khomeini principle of Guardianship (i.e. rule) of the Islamic Jurists (Velayat-e-Faqih), and loyal to Khomeini as their leader. Over the next seven years Iran is estimated to have spent $5 to $10 million US per month on Hezbollah, although the organization is now said to have become more self-sufficient. In the words of Hussein Musawi, a former commander of Amal militia who joined Hezbollah: We are her [Iran's] children. We are seeking to formulate an Islamic society which in the final analysis will produce an Islamic state. ... The Islamic revolution will march to liberate Palestine and Jerusalem, and the Islamic state will then spread its authority over the region of which Lebanon is only a part. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 (2 September 2004) called for the "disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias". The Government of Lebanon is responsible for the implementation, and for preventing the flow of armaments and other military equipment to the militias, yet including Hezbollah, from Syria, Iran, and other external sources. On August 5, 2025, a Lebanese government meeting was held in Baabda Palace focused on the disarmament of Hezbollah. At the end of the meeting the Lebanese Army was assigned to present a plan for the disarmament of Hezbollah and returning state monopoly over arms. Surrounding the discussions on the disarmament of Hezbollah, Ali Larijani met with Lebanese President Joseph Aoun in Beirut. During the meeting, Aoun insisted that only the Lebanese state had the right to bear arms, expressing that "no armed group is permitted to act outside state authority". In response, Larijani replied that Iran "respects Lebanese sovereignty", but he criticized U.S. influence on Lebanon’s disarmament push and defended Hezbollah as a legitimate resistance against Israel. After meeting with Larijani, President Aoun emphasized Lebanon’s stance on sovereignty, saying that the language from some Iranian officials is unhelpful. "We reject any interference in our internal affairs by any entity and we want Lebanon to remain safe and stable". On August 7, 2025, Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi spoke against Lebanon’s decision to disarm Hezbollah, stating that it will surely fail, as Hezbollah is strong and has Iran’s commitment to it. Lebanese officials were outraged by his comments, causing Foreign Minister Youssef Rajji to summon Iran's ambassador making note that the comments are an unacceptable interference in Lebanon’s internal affairs. Other Lebanese politicians like MP Ghayath Yazbeck went even further, calling for a UN complaint over what they described as an attack on Lebanon’s sovereignty.

Malaysia

Country

Malaysia

Notes

See Iran–Malaysia relations In January 2017, the two countries are set to pursue a free trade agreement. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) on gas field study was signed in February between National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and Malaysia's Bukhary International Ventures (BIV). Both countries have integrated their banking transactions and also agreed to use local currencies along with Chinese yuan and Japanese yen in their bilateral trade. As of 2015, there are around 5,000 Iranian students in Malaysia, while only 15 Malaysian students in Iran.

North Korea

Country

North Korea

Formal relations began

15 April 1973

Notes

See Iran – North Korea relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1973. Iran – North Korea relations are described as being positive by official news agencies of the two countries. They have pledged cooperation in the educational, scientific, and cultural spheres. North Korea also assisted Iran in its nuclear program. Iran and North Korea have close relations due to their shared hostility towards the United States, who designated both nations as state sponsors of terrorism and part of the Axis of evil.

Pakistan

Country

Pakistan

Formal relations began

23 August 1947

Notes

See Iran–Pakistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1947 when Pakistan and Iran have agreed to exchange diplomatic representatives. Iran was the first nation to recognize Pakistan's independence. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Iran supported Pakistan under the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and opened the Iran-Pakistan border to provide fuel and arms to the Pakistani soldiers. After the 1971 war Iran tried to strengthen its ties with Pakistan's arch rival India. The Shah of Iran planned to annex the Balochistan province as Pakistan would surrender after a loss of the 1971 war. Following the Iranian revolution of 1979, Pakistan started having close relations with Saudi Arabia. Their relations are complex, driven by Pakistani geo-political aspirations, religious affiliations, Iran's relations with India, and internal and external factors.

Palestine

Country

Palestine

Notes

See Iran–Palestine relations The Islamic Republic of Iran (established after the 1979 Iranian Revolution) closed the Israeli embassy in Tehran and replaced it with a Palestinian embassy. Iran favours a Palestinian state and officially endorses the replacement of Israel with a unitary Palestinian state or whatever choice the Palestinian people decide through a democratic vote. In a 2006 interview, Mohammad Khatami said Iran has also stated its willingness to accept a two-state solution if the Palestinians find this acceptable. The Iranian government regularly sends aid to various Palestinian causes, everything from transporting injured children to hospitals to supplying the Palestinian Islamist militant groups Islamic Jihad and Hamas with arms. Streets and squares named after Palestinians crisscross the nation. Several Palestinian militant resistance groups, including Hamas, are Iranian allies. The Iranian government also gives substantial assistance to the Hamas government in Gaza, which is embargoed by Israel, and depends on outside sources for an estimated 90% of its budget. Iranian support is not unconditional. In July and August 2011 Iran cut funding to show its displeasure at "Hamas's failure to hold public rallies in support" of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War. In part for this reason, Hamas was unable to pay July salaries of its "40,000 civil service and security employees."

Philippines

Country

Philippines

Formal relations began

22 January 1964

Notes

See Iran–Philippines relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1964. Iran has an embassy in Manila, while the Philippines has an embassy in Tehran.

Qatar

Country

Qatar

Formal relations began

16 October 1971

Notes

See Iran–Qatar relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1971. Iran has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in Tehran.

Saudi Arabia

Country

Saudi Arabia

Formal relations began

24 August 1929

Notes

See Iran–Saudi Arabia relations and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1929. Due to various political and cultural clashes throughout history, relations between the two nations have been greatly strained. In 1966 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia visited Iran with the aim of further strengthening the relationships between the countries. The Shah (King) of Iran reciprocated by paying an official visit to Saudi Arabia, which eventually led to a peaceful resolution of a dispute concerning the islands of Farsi and Arabi: it was agreed that Farsi would belong to Iran and Arabi would be under the control of Saudi Arabia. A unique feature of this agreement is that it assigned only territorial waters to the islands, not the continental shelf. In 1968, when Great Britain announced its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran and Saudi Arabia took the primary responsibility for peace and security in the region. During the 1970s, Saudi Arabia's main bilateral concerns were Iran's modernization of its military, which was capable of dominating the entire region, and Iran's repossession of the Islands of Big Tunb, Little Tunb and Abu Moussa in 1971, challenging the United Arab Emirates' claim to the Islands. Despite these frictions, the friendliness of Iran–Saudi Arabia relations reached a peak in the period between 1968 and 1979. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Khomeini and other Iranian leaders openly attacked and criticized the character and religious legitimacy of the Saudi regime. According to Le Figaro, on 5 June 2010 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia told Hervé Morin, the Defense Minister of France, "There are two countries in the world that do not deserve to exist: Iran and Israel." On 3 January 2016, Saudi Arabia severed diplomatic relations with Iran.[citation needed] Iran and Saudi Arabia restored relations in 2023.

Singapore

Country

Singapore

Formal relations began

6 August 1973

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1973. Singapore and Iran maintain cordial relations, despite Singapore's close relationship with the United States. The island city state and Iran have conducted numerous cultural exchanges as well as a high expatriate Iranian population living in Singapore.

South Korea

Country

South Korea

Formal relations began

23 October 1962

Notes

See Iran–South Korea relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1962. Iran–South Korea relations are described as being positive despite Iran's close relationship with North Korea, and South Korea's with the United States. The two countries have maintained a relatively friendly and strongly strategic partnership. South Korea is one of Iran's major commercial partners.

Sri Lanka

Country

Sri Lanka

Formal relations began

1961

Notes

See Iran–Sri Lanka relations Iran and Sri Lanka have had official diplomatic relations since 1961. Diplomatic relations between Iran and Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) began in 1961 via the Ceylonese embassy in Islamabad, which was the closest Ceylon had to a presence on Iranian soil until the opening of the Tehran embassy office in 1990. Tehran set up its Colombo office in 1975. After Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became President of Iran, Sri Lanka was the first country he visited on his inaugural Asian tour. Mahinda Rajapaksa also made ties with Iran a priority after he ascended to office.

Syria

Country

Syria

Formal relations began

12 November 1946

Notes

See Iran–Syria relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Iran to Syria with residence in Beirut Mr. Zein-el-Abdine Rahnema. Syria was one of the few Arab countries to support Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, putting them at odds with other nations in the Arab League. Iran and Syria have had a strategic alliance ever since, partially due to their common animosity towards Saddam Hussein and coordination against the United States and Israel. Syria and Iran cooperate on arms smuggling from Iran to Hezbollah in Lebanon, which borders Israel. Iran was reported as helping Syria to suppress the anti-government protests that broke out in 2011 with training, munitions and high-tech surveillance technology. The Guardian reported in May 2011 that the Iranian Republican Guard increased its "level of technical support and personnel support" to strengthen Syria's "ability to deal with protesters", according to one diplomat in Damascus. Iran reportedly assisted the Syrian government sending it riot control equipment, intelligence monitoring techniques and oil. It also agreed to fund a large military base at Latakia airport. The Daily Telegraph has claimed in August that a former member of Syria's secret police reported "Iranian snipers" had been deployed in Syria to assist in the crackdown on protests. According to the US government, Mohsen Chizari, the Quds Force's third-in-command, has visited Syria to train security services to fight against the protestors. On 24 June 2011 The EU's official journal said the three Iranian Revolutionary Guard members now subject to sanctions had been "providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria". The Iranians added to the EU sanctions list were two Revolutionary Guard commanders, Soleimani and Brig Cmdr Mohammad Ali Jafari, and the Guard's deputy commander for intelligence, Hossein Taeb.

Thailand

Country

Thailand

Formal relations began

9 November 1955

Notes

See Iran–Thailand relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1955. Iran has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand maintains an embassy in Tehran.

Turkey

Country

Turkey

Formal relations began

1835

Notes

See Iran–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1835. A period of coolness passed after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which caused major changes in Iran and the world's status quo. Today Iran and Turkey cooperate in a wide variety of fields that range from fighting terrorism and drug trafficking, and promoting stability in Iraq and Central Asia. Iran and Turkey also have very close trade and economic relations. Both countries are part of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Turkey receives about 2 million Iranian tourists each year[circular reference] and benefits economically from Iranian tourism. Bilateral trade between the nations is increasing. In 2005, bilateral trade increased to $4 billion from $1 billion in 2000. Iran's gas exports to Turkey are likely to increase. Turkey imports about 10 billion cubic meters a year of gas from Iran, about thirty percent of its needs. Turkey plans to invest $12 billion in developing phases 22, 23, and 24 of the South Pars gas field, a senior Iranian oil official told Shana.ir. Half of this gas will be re-exported to Europe. Two-way trade is now in the range of $10 billion (2008), and both governments have announced that the figure should reach the $20 billion mark in the not-too-distant future. Turkey won the tender for privatization of the Razi Petrochemical Complex, valued at $650 million (2008). Since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, the two states began close co-operation especially on the 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis. Iran has an embassy in Ankara and consulates-general in Erzurum, Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in Tehran and consulates-general in Mashhad, Tabriz and Urmia.

Turkmenistan

Country

Turkmenistan

Formal relations began

18 February 1992

Notes

See Iran–Turkmenistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1992. Iran and Turkmenistan have had relations since the latter's separation from the former Soviet Union in 1991. Iran was the first nation to recognize Turkmenistan's independence. Since then, the two countries have enjoyed good relations and have cooperated in the economic, infrastructure, and energy sectors. Trade between the two nations surpasses $1 billion and Iranians are the second-largest buyers of Turkmen commodities, mainly natural gas. The $139-million Korpeje-Kurt Kui gas pipeline in western Turkmenistan and the $167-million Dousti ("Friendship" in Persian) Dam in the south of the country were built through a joint venture. Their Caspian Sea territorial boundaries are a cause of tension between the two countries. Iran's Islamic theocracy and Turkmenistan's secular dictatorship also prevent the development of a closer friendship.

United Arab Emirates

Country

United Arab Emirates

Formal relations began

28 October 1972

Notes

See Iran–United Arab Emirates relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1972 Iran has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Tehran. The embassy is administered by a Chargés d'affaires en pied. Iran and United Arab Emirates both claim three islands in the Persian Gulf (Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb).

Uzbekistan

Country

Uzbekistan

Formal relations began

10 May 1992

Notes

See Iran–Uzbekistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992. The two countries have deep cultural and historical ties that date back to several centuries. Iran has been especially been active in pursuing economic projects and social, cultural, and diplomatic initiatives in Uzbekistan. The two nations have also worked on overland links and other joint ventures. Although the differences between their political systems, Iran's Islamic theocracy and Uzbekistan's presidential constitutional republic, keep the two nations apprehensive, it has not deterred them from further improving relations. Iran and Uzbekistan agreed to develop cooperation in agriculture, transport, oil and gas production, construction, production of pharmaceuticals, and banking. The state visit of Uzbekistan's President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to Iran in 2023 marked the beginning of a new phase of cooperation between the two nations. During the visit, a total of 15 agreements were signed, further strengthening bilateral ties. Notably, this visit led to the establishment of direct flights between Tehran and Samarkand, facilitating enhanced connectivity and promoting closer relations between the two cities.

Vietnam

Country

Vietnam

Formal relations began

4 August 1973

Notes

See Iran–Vietnam relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1973. Iran has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam has an embassy in Tehran.

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Afghanistan	2 May 1920	See Afghanistan–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1920 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Afghanistan to Persia Sardar Abdol Aziz Khan. Afghanistan's relations with Iran have fluctuated in modern times, due to the Taliban's control of the country in the 1990s, the thousands of illegal Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran, and with occasional disputes about water rights over the Helmand River. Also, Iran has been accused of supporting the Taliban many times from legitimizing it by entertaining the Taliban's delegates to supplying them with arms and even training them. Afghan migrants and refugees have been systematically harassed, abused, and killed by the Iranian government. Iran is situated along one of the main trafficking routes for cannabis, heroin, opium and morphine produced in Afghanistan, and 'designer drugs' have also found their way into the local market in recent years. Iran's police said in April 2009 that 7,700 tonnes of opium were produced in Afghanistan in 2008, of which 3000 tonnes entered Iran, adding that the force had managed to seize 1000 tonnes of the smuggled opium.
Armenia	9 February 1992	See Armenia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1992. Despite religious and ideological differences, relations between Armenia and the Islamic Republic of Iran remain cordial and both Armenia and Iran are strategic partners in the region. The two neighbouring countries share to a great extent similar history and culture, and have had relations for thousands of years, starting with the Median Empire. Both countries have Indo-European national languages, and Armenian and Persian have influenced each other. Iran only lost the territory that nowadays comprises Armenia in the course of the 19th century, by the Russo-Persian Wars, irrevocably to neighbouring Imperial Russia. There are no border disputes between the two countries and the Christian Armenian minority in Iran, amongst the largest and oldest communities in the world, and the largest in the Middle East, enjoys official recognition. Of special importance is the cooperation in the field of energy security which lowers Armenia's dependence on Russia and can in the future also supply Iranian gas to Europe through Georgia and the Black Sea. Armenia has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Yerevan and a consulate-general in Kapan.
Azerbaijan	12 March 1992	See Azerbaijan–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1992. The people of Azerbaijan and Iran share a long and complex relationship, resulting in deep historical, religious and cultural ties. The largest population of ethnic Azerbaijanis live in Iran and until 1813/1828, the soil of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan was Iranian territory, prior to being forcefully ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. Both nations are the only officially majority-Shia nations in the world as well, and have the highest and second highest Shia populations in the world by percentage. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tehran. and a consulate-general in Tabriz. Iran has an embassy in Baku. and a consulate-general in Nakhchivan. Both countries are full members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Bahrain	29 August 1971(Diplomatic relations severed 4 January 2016)	See Bahrain–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1971. Bahrain severed diplomatic ties on 4 January 2016 after the attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran.
Bangladesh	21 June 1974	See Bangladesh–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1974 when Bangladesh an embassy was established in Iran and on 24 January 1975 Irans embassy was also established in Bangladesh. Bangladesh and Iran signed a preferential trade accord in July 2006 which removed non-tariff barriers, with a view to eventually establishing a free-trade agreement. Before the signing of the accord, bilateral trade between the countries amounted to US$100 million annually. In mid-2007, the Bangladeshi government requested Iran's help with the construction of a nuclear power plant, in order to offset the decline in the availability of gas for power generation. The Bangladeshi Minister of Power, Energy and Natural Resources also requested Iranian assistance for the construction of new oil refineries in Bangladesh.
Brunei	1 May 1990	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1990.
China	16 August 1971	See China–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1971. Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative. Iran continues to align itself politically with the People's Republic of China as the European Union and United States push forward with policies to isolate Iran both politically and economically. Iran has observer status at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and aspires to membership in this body, in which China plays a leading role. In July 2004, Iranian parliamentary speaker Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel stressed China's support for Iran's nuclear programs. China's Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing also said that his country opposes Iran being referred to the United Nations Security Council over its nuclear program, and claimed that the 7 April 1980 government[clarify] had a very positive attitude in its cooperation with the IAEA. China and Iran have developed a friendly economic and strategic partnership. China is believed to have helped Iran militarily in the following areas: conduct training of high-level officials on advanced systems, provide technical support, supply specialty steel for missile construction, provide control technology for missile development, build a missile factory and test range. It is rumored that China is responsible for aiding in the development of advanced conventional weapons including surface-to-air missiles, combat aircraft, radar systems, and fast-attack missile vessels.
Georgia	15 May 1992	See Georgia–Iran relations, Persia–Georgia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1992. Iran and Georgia have had relations for hundreds of years. Georgia, throughout its history, has several times been annexed by the Persian Empire, specifically under the Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, and Safavid dynasties. Accordingly, there has been a lot of political and cultural exchange, and Georgia was often considered a part of Greater Iran. Iran and Georgia, or the Georgian kingdoms, have had relations in different forms, beginning with trade in the Achaemenid era. The relationship got more complex as the Safavids took power in Iran and attempted to maintain Iranian control of the Georgian kingdoms. This continued until the 19th century when Russia, through the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), took the Caucasus from the Qajars, and thus Iran irrevocably lost the whole region, including Georgia. In the early 20th century, Iran–Georgian relations were merged into Iran–Soviet relations. Since Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union, the two nations have cooperated in many fields including energy, transport, trade, education, and science. Iran is one of Georgia's most important trading partners and an Intergovernmental Joint Economic Commission is functioning between the two countries.
India	15 March 1950	See India–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1950. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Iran withdrew from CENTO and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries during the Cold War. The two countries currently have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude-oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organizations such as the OIC in 1994. Reciprocally, India supported Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan against the Taliban regime. India and Iran have had relations for millennia. With the growth of India's strategic and economic ties with the United States and the West in recent years, there have been instances of marked differences in diplomatic stances of the two countries on core issues. Specifically, India has twice voted against Iran in the IAEA in 2005 and 2009, calling on Iran to halt its nuclear weapons programme. as well as abstained on a key UN General Assembly resolution condemning Iran for its involvement in an alleged plot to assassinate the Saudi envoy to Washington. Although India voiced support for Iran after it attacked Jaish al Adl terrorist camps in Pakistan's Balochistan Province in January 2024.
Indonesia	1950	See Indonesia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1950. Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and his Indonesian counterpart Retno Marsudi held a meeting in the Iranian capital of Tehran. Indonesia and Iran are Muslim majority countries, despite the differences in its religious orientation. Indonesia has the largest Muslim Sunni population, while Iran is the largest Shiite nation. As Islamic countries that have among the largest Muslim populations in the world, Iran and Indonesia hold themselves responsible for promoting Islam as a peaceful religion. Diplomatic relations have continued since 1950. Indonesia has an embassy in Tehran, and Iran has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are full members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and Developing 8 Countries. Jakarta had offered to help mediate the Iranian nuclear dispute, Jakarta is on good terms with Iran and other Middle East countries, as well as with the West.
Iraq	25 April 1929	See Iran–Iraq relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1929 when Iran formally recognized Iraq and appointed a diplomatic representative to Baghdad. Iran–Iraq relations have been turbulent since the Iran–Iraq War began in 1988. They have improved since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was the first Iranian president to visit Iraq since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution. Iran has an embassy in Baghdad and three consulates-general, in Sulaimaniya, Erbil, and Karbala. Iraq has an embassy in Tehran, and three Consulate-Generals in Ahwaz, Kermanshah, and Mashad.
Israel	1950(Diplomatic relations severed in 1979)	See Iran–Israel relations, History of the Jews in Iran and Iran–Israel proxy conflict In 1947, Iran voted against the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and recognized Israel three years later. Under the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Iran and Israel enjoyed a high degree of diplomatic relations. Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the two states become hostile and the current Iranian government does not recognize the existence of Israel. The back covers of Iranian passports read: "The holder of this passport is not entitled to travel to occupied Palestine". Both countries have severed their diplomatic and commercial ties with each other. Iran does not recognize Israel and refers to it as a Zionist entity or a Zionist regime.
Japan	4 August 1929	See Iran–Japan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1929 when It was stated in Teheran that the Japanese Government had decided to establish a Legation there. Throughout history, the two countries have maintained a relatively friendly and strongly strategic partnership. Iran has an embassy in Tokyo. Japan has an embassy in Tehran.
Kazakhstan	29 January 1992	See Iran–Kazakhstan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992. Trade turnover between the two countries increased fivefold between 2003-2009, from $400 million in 2003 to more than $2 billion in 2009. Iran imports grain, petroleum products, and metals from Kazakhstan. Iran is a partner in joint oil and gas projects including construction of a pipeline connecting Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan with Iran's (Persian Gulf) which will give Astana access to the Asian markets. Kazakhstan is specially interested in Iranian investment in mechanical engineering, infrastructure, transport, and telecommunications.
Kuwait	17 December 1961	See Iran–Kuwait relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1961. Iran has an embassy in Kuwait City. Kuwait has an embassy in Tehran.
Kyrgyzstan	10 May 1992	See Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992. Iran and Kyrgyzstan have signed agreements on cooperation in the spheres of transport, customs, trade, and economic relations. Iran and Kyrgyzstan interact in the spheres of education, culture, travel, customs, finances, and the war on trafficking and crime in general. The two countries trade in agriculture and capital goods. In 2008, Iran promised Kyrgyzstan €200 million for some economic projects. Iranian companies participated in construction of a highway connecting Bishkek and Osh. Iran and Kyrgyzstan hope to increase their annual trade turnover to $100 million.
Lebanon	21 September 1944	See Iran–Lebanon relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944. Around June 1982, Iran dispatched more than 1000 Revolutionary Guards to the predominantly Shi'ite Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. There they established themselves, taking over the Lebanese Army's regional headquarters in the Sheikh Abdullah barracks, as well as a modern clinic, renamed "Hospital Khomeini", and the Hotel Khayyam. The Pasdaran were active in many places, including schools, where they propagated Islamic doctrine. Iranian clerics, most notably Fazlollah Mahallati, supervised. From this foothold, the Islamic Republic helped organize one of its biggest successes, the Hezbollah militia, a party and social-services organization devoted to the Khomeini principle of Guardianship (i.e. rule) of the Islamic Jurists (Velayat-e-Faqih), and loyal to Khomeini as their leader. Over the next seven years Iran is estimated to have spent $5 to $10 million US per month on Hezbollah, although the organization is now said to have become more self-sufficient. In the words of Hussein Musawi, a former commander of Amal militia who joined Hezbollah: We are her [Iran's] children. We are seeking to formulate an Islamic society which in the final analysis will produce an Islamic state. ... The Islamic revolution will march to liberate Palestine and Jerusalem, and the Islamic state will then spread its authority over the region of which Lebanon is only a part. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 (2 September 2004) called for the "disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias". The Government of Lebanon is responsible for the implementation, and for preventing the flow of armaments and other military equipment to the militias, yet including Hezbollah, from Syria, Iran, and other external sources. On August 5, 2025, a Lebanese government meeting was held in Baabda Palace focused on the disarmament of Hezbollah. At the end of the meeting the Lebanese Army was assigned to present a plan for the disarmament of Hezbollah and returning state monopoly over arms. Surrounding the discussions on the disarmament of Hezbollah, Ali Larijani met with Lebanese President Joseph Aoun in Beirut. During the meeting, Aoun insisted that only the Lebanese state had the right to bear arms, expressing that "no armed group is permitted to act outside state authority". In response, Larijani replied that Iran "respects Lebanese sovereignty", but he criticized U.S. influence on Lebanon’s disarmament push and defended Hezbollah as a legitimate resistance against Israel. After meeting with Larijani, President Aoun emphasized Lebanon’s stance on sovereignty, saying that the language from some Iranian officials is unhelpful. "We reject any interference in our internal affairs by any entity and we want Lebanon to remain safe and stable". On August 7, 2025, Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi spoke against Lebanon’s decision to disarm Hezbollah, stating that it will surely fail, as Hezbollah is strong and has Iran’s commitment to it. Lebanese officials were outraged by his comments, causing Foreign Minister Youssef Rajji to summon Iran's ambassador making note that the comments are an unacceptable interference in Lebanon’s internal affairs. Other Lebanese politicians like MP Ghayath Yazbeck went even further, calling for a UN complaint over what they described as an attack on Lebanon’s sovereignty.
Malaysia		See Iran–Malaysia relations In January 2017, the two countries are set to pursue a free trade agreement. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) on gas field study was signed in February between National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and Malaysia's Bukhary International Ventures (BIV). Both countries have integrated their banking transactions and also agreed to use local currencies along with Chinese yuan and Japanese yen in their bilateral trade. As of 2015, there are around 5,000 Iranian students in Malaysia, while only 15 Malaysian students in Iran.
North Korea	15 April 1973	See Iran – North Korea relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1973. Iran – North Korea relations are described as being positive by official news agencies of the two countries. They have pledged cooperation in the educational, scientific, and cultural spheres. North Korea also assisted Iran in its nuclear program. Iran and North Korea have close relations due to their shared hostility towards the United States, who designated both nations as state sponsors of terrorism and part of the Axis of evil.
Pakistan	23 August 1947	See Iran–Pakistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1947 when Pakistan and Iran have agreed to exchange diplomatic representatives. Iran was the first nation to recognize Pakistan's independence. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Iran supported Pakistan under the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and opened the Iran-Pakistan border to provide fuel and arms to the Pakistani soldiers. After the 1971 war Iran tried to strengthen its ties with Pakistan's arch rival India. The Shah of Iran planned to annex the Balochistan province as Pakistan would surrender after a loss of the 1971 war. Following the Iranian revolution of 1979, Pakistan started having close relations with Saudi Arabia. Their relations are complex, driven by Pakistani geo-political aspirations, religious affiliations, Iran's relations with India, and internal and external factors.
Palestine		See Iran–Palestine relations The Islamic Republic of Iran (established after the 1979 Iranian Revolution) closed the Israeli embassy in Tehran and replaced it with a Palestinian embassy. Iran favours a Palestinian state and officially endorses the replacement of Israel with a unitary Palestinian state or whatever choice the Palestinian people decide through a democratic vote. In a 2006 interview, Mohammad Khatami said Iran has also stated its willingness to accept a two-state solution if the Palestinians find this acceptable. The Iranian government regularly sends aid to various Palestinian causes, everything from transporting injured children to hospitals to supplying the Palestinian Islamist militant groups Islamic Jihad and Hamas with arms. Streets and squares named after Palestinians crisscross the nation. Several Palestinian militant resistance groups, including Hamas, are Iranian allies. The Iranian government also gives substantial assistance to the Hamas government in Gaza, which is embargoed by Israel, and depends on outside sources for an estimated 90% of its budget. Iranian support is not unconditional. In July and August 2011 Iran cut funding to show its displeasure at "Hamas's failure to hold public rallies in support" of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War. In part for this reason, Hamas was unable to pay July salaries of its "40,000 civil service and security employees."
Philippines	22 January 1964	See Iran–Philippines relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1964. Iran has an embassy in Manila, while the Philippines has an embassy in Tehran.
Qatar	16 October 1971	See Iran–Qatar relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1971. Iran has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in Tehran.
Saudi Arabia	24 August 1929	See Iran–Saudi Arabia relations and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1929. Due to various political and cultural clashes throughout history, relations between the two nations have been greatly strained. In 1966 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia visited Iran with the aim of further strengthening the relationships between the countries. The Shah (King) of Iran reciprocated by paying an official visit to Saudi Arabia, which eventually led to a peaceful resolution of a dispute concerning the islands of Farsi and Arabi: it was agreed that Farsi would belong to Iran and Arabi would be under the control of Saudi Arabia. A unique feature of this agreement is that it assigned only territorial waters to the islands, not the continental shelf. In 1968, when Great Britain announced its withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, Iran and Saudi Arabia took the primary responsibility for peace and security in the region. During the 1970s, Saudi Arabia's main bilateral concerns were Iran's modernization of its military, which was capable of dominating the entire region, and Iran's repossession of the Islands of Big Tunb, Little Tunb and Abu Moussa in 1971, challenging the United Arab Emirates' claim to the Islands. Despite these frictions, the friendliness of Iran–Saudi Arabia relations reached a peak in the period between 1968 and 1979. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Khomeini and other Iranian leaders openly attacked and criticized the character and religious legitimacy of the Saudi regime. According to Le Figaro, on 5 June 2010 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia told Hervé Morin, the Defense Minister of France, "There are two countries in the world that do not deserve to exist: Iran and Israel." On 3 January 2016, Saudi Arabia severed diplomatic relations with Iran.[citation needed] Iran and Saudi Arabia restored relations in 2023.
Singapore	6 August 1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1973. Singapore and Iran maintain cordial relations, despite Singapore's close relationship with the United States. The island city state and Iran have conducted numerous cultural exchanges as well as a high expatriate Iranian population living in Singapore.
South Korea	23 October 1962	See Iran–South Korea relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1962. Iran–South Korea relations are described as being positive despite Iran's close relationship with North Korea, and South Korea's with the United States. The two countries have maintained a relatively friendly and strongly strategic partnership. South Korea is one of Iran's major commercial partners.
Sri Lanka	1961	See Iran–Sri Lanka relations Iran and Sri Lanka have had official diplomatic relations since 1961. Diplomatic relations between Iran and Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) began in 1961 via the Ceylonese embassy in Islamabad, which was the closest Ceylon had to a presence on Iranian soil until the opening of the Tehran embassy office in 1990. Tehran set up its Colombo office in 1975. After Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became President of Iran, Sri Lanka was the first country he visited on his inaugural Asian tour. Mahinda Rajapaksa also made ties with Iran a priority after he ascended to office.
Syria	12 November 1946	See Iran–Syria relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Iran to Syria with residence in Beirut Mr. Zein-el-Abdine Rahnema. Syria was one of the few Arab countries to support Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, putting them at odds with other nations in the Arab League. Iran and Syria have had a strategic alliance ever since, partially due to their common animosity towards Saddam Hussein and coordination against the United States and Israel. Syria and Iran cooperate on arms smuggling from Iran to Hezbollah in Lebanon, which borders Israel. Iran was reported as helping Syria to suppress the anti-government protests that broke out in 2011 with training, munitions and high-tech surveillance technology. The Guardian reported in May 2011 that the Iranian Republican Guard increased its "level of technical support and personnel support" to strengthen Syria's "ability to deal with protesters", according to one diplomat in Damascus. Iran reportedly assisted the Syrian government sending it riot control equipment, intelligence monitoring techniques and oil. It also agreed to fund a large military base at Latakia airport. The Daily Telegraph has claimed in August that a former member of Syria's secret police reported "Iranian snipers" had been deployed in Syria to assist in the crackdown on protests. According to the US government, Mohsen Chizari, the Quds Force's third-in-command, has visited Syria to train security services to fight against the protestors. On 24 June 2011 The EU's official journal said the three Iranian Revolutionary Guard members now subject to sanctions had been "providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria". The Iranians added to the EU sanctions list were two Revolutionary Guard commanders, Soleimani and Brig Cmdr Mohammad Ali Jafari, and the Guard's deputy commander for intelligence, Hossein Taeb.
Thailand	9 November 1955	See Iran–Thailand relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1955. Iran has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand maintains an embassy in Tehran.
Turkey	1835	See Iran–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1835. A period of coolness passed after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which caused major changes in Iran and the world's status quo. Today Iran and Turkey cooperate in a wide variety of fields that range from fighting terrorism and drug trafficking, and promoting stability in Iraq and Central Asia. Iran and Turkey also have very close trade and economic relations. Both countries are part of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Turkey receives about 2 million Iranian tourists each year[circular reference] and benefits economically from Iranian tourism. Bilateral trade between the nations is increasing. In 2005, bilateral trade increased to $4 billion from $1 billion in 2000. Iran's gas exports to Turkey are likely to increase. Turkey imports about 10 billion cubic meters a year of gas from Iran, about thirty percent of its needs. Turkey plans to invest $12 billion in developing phases 22, 23, and 24 of the South Pars gas field, a senior Iranian oil official told Shana.ir. Half of this gas will be re-exported to Europe. Two-way trade is now in the range of $10 billion (2008), and both governments have announced that the figure should reach the $20 billion mark in the not-too-distant future. Turkey won the tender for privatization of the Razi Petrochemical Complex, valued at $650 million (2008). Since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, the two states began close co-operation especially on the 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis. Iran has an embassy in Ankara and consulates-general in Erzurum, Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in Tehran and consulates-general in Mashhad, Tabriz and Urmia.
Turkmenistan	18 February 1992	See Iran–Turkmenistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1992. Iran and Turkmenistan have had relations since the latter's separation from the former Soviet Union in 1991. Iran was the first nation to recognize Turkmenistan's independence. Since then, the two countries have enjoyed good relations and have cooperated in the economic, infrastructure, and energy sectors. Trade between the two nations surpasses $1 billion and Iranians are the second-largest buyers of Turkmen commodities, mainly natural gas. The $139-million Korpeje-Kurt Kui gas pipeline in western Turkmenistan and the $167-million Dousti ("Friendship" in Persian) Dam in the south of the country were built through a joint venture. Their Caspian Sea territorial boundaries are a cause of tension between the two countries. Iran's Islamic theocracy and Turkmenistan's secular dictatorship also prevent the development of a closer friendship.
United Arab Emirates	28 October 1972	See Iran–United Arab Emirates relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1972 Iran has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Tehran. The embassy is administered by a Chargés d'affaires en pied. Iran and United Arab Emirates both claim three islands in the Persian Gulf (Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb).
Uzbekistan	10 May 1992	See Iran–Uzbekistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992. The two countries have deep cultural and historical ties that date back to several centuries. Iran has been especially been active in pursuing economic projects and social, cultural, and diplomatic initiatives in Uzbekistan. The two nations have also worked on overland links and other joint ventures. Although the differences between their political systems, Iran's Islamic theocracy and Uzbekistan's presidential constitutional republic, keep the two nations apprehensive, it has not deterred them from further improving relations. Iran and Uzbekistan agreed to develop cooperation in agriculture, transport, oil and gas production, construction, production of pharmaceuticals, and banking. The state visit of Uzbekistan's President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to Iran in 2023 marked the beginning of a new phase of cooperation between the two nations. During the visit, a total of 15 agreements were signed, further strengthening bilateral ties. Notably, this visit led to the establishment of direct flights between Tehran and Samarkand, facilitating enhanced connectivity and promoting closer relations between the two cities.
Vietnam	4 August 1973	See Iran–Vietnam relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1973. Iran has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam has an embassy in Tehran.

· Bilateral relations › Europe

Albania

Country

Albania

Formal relations began

Diplomatic relations severed in September 2022

Notes

See Albania–Iran relations As for the result of Albania's alignment with the United States after the 1990s, the relations between the two countries remain poor. Albania's decision to welcome People's Mujahedin of Iran taking refuge in the country led to further deterioration of Albanian–Iranian relations. On 7 September 2022, Albania severed diplomatic ties with Iran over cyberattacks.

Austria

Country

Austria

Formal relations began

4 September 1872

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1872 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Austria to Persia Graf Victor Dubsky. Austria has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Vienna.

Belarus

Country

Belarus

Formal relations began

18 March 1993

Notes

See Belarus–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1993. Belarus has an embassy in Tehran; Iran has an embassy in Minsk. The two countries have enjoyed good relations in recent years, reflected in regular high-level meetings and various agreements. In 2008, Belarusian Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov described Iran as an important partner of his country in the region and the world. Both Iran and Belarus are allies of Russia.

Belgium

Country

Belgium

Notes

Belgium has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Brussels.

Bulgaria

Country

Bulgaria

Formal relations began

15 November 1897

Notes

See Bulgaria–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1897. Bulgaria has had an embassy in Tehran since 1939. Iran has an embassy in Sofia.

Croatia

Country

Croatia

Formal relations began

18 April 1992

Notes

See Croatia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1992. Croatia has an embassy in Tehran; Iran maintains an embassy and a cultural centre in Zagreb. Iran was the seventh country to recognize the newly independent Croatia. The Croatian national oil company INA is active in the Ardabil Province. Iranian vice-president Hassan Habibi visited Croatia in 1995. Croatian president Stipe Mesić had a three-day state visit to Iran in 2001. In 2008 Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad hailed the two countries' relations and said that their shared cultures and histories, owing to the possible Iranian origin of the Croats, would strengthen those relations. Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iran

Cyprus

Country

Cyprus

Formal relations began

2 February 1989

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1989. Cyprus has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Nicosia.

Czech Republic

Country

Czech Republic

Formal relations began

22 June 1925

Notes

See Czech Republic–Iran relations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1925. Czech firms mainly export machinery products, electrical goods, and other products to Iran while the bulk of imports from Iran consists of fruit and vegetables (2014). the Czech Republic has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Prague.

Denmark

Country

Denmark

Formal relations began

3 February 1922

Notes

See Denmark–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1922 when has been accredited first Persian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Denmark with residence in Stockholm Mirza Abdol Ghaffar Khan Emad-ol-Molk. The first Iranian envoy to Denmark arrived in 1691 in order to negotiate the release of the Iranian-owned cargo of a Bengali ship seized by the Danish fleet. The Iranian diplomat had been issued with diplomatic credentials by Suleiman I of Persia (Shah 1666–1694) and opened negotiations with King Christian V of Denmark. He was unable to secure the release of the cargo. In 1933, a Danish consulate was established in Tehran, and later upgraded to an embassy. Following a state visit in 1958, Iran established an embassy in Copenhagen. The Muhammad cartoons controversy of 2006 saw the Danish embassy to Iran attacked by protesters and the Iranian Ambassador to Denmark called to Tehran, straining political and economic interaction between the two countries. Encyclopedia Iranica on Iran-Denmark historical relations

Finland

Country

Finland

Formal relations began

12 December 1931

Notes

See Finland–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1931. Finland has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Helsinki. In 2010 an Iranian diplomat stationed in Finland applied for political asylum in that country.

France

Country

France

Formal relations began

13 August 1715

Notes

See France–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1715. Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the Middle Ages. The travels of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier are particularly well known to Safavid Persia. Relations soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council. Relations between France and Iran remained friendly under Jacques Chirac's presidency. France has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Paris.

Germany

Country

Germany

Formal relations began

11 June 1873

Notes

See Germany–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1873. Official diplomatic relations between Iran and post-war Germany began in 1952 when Iran opened its first mission office in Bonn. It and Persia had prior diplomatic relations from the 19th century. Germany has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Berlin.

Greece

Country

Greece

Formal relations began

19 November 1902

Notes

See Greece–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 November 1902 when the first Persian Ambassador to Greece was appointed Greece has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Athens.

Holy See

Country

Holy See

Formal relations began

2 May 1953

Notes

See Holy See–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1953. The Holy See and Iran have had formal diplomatic relations since 1953, under the pontificate of Pius XII, which have been maintained even during the most difficult periods of the Islamic revolution.

Hungary

Country

Hungary

Notes

See Hungary–Iran relations Hungary has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Budapest.

Ireland

Country

Ireland

Formal relations began

17 February 1976

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1976. Iran has an embassy in Dublin; Ireland closed its embassy in Tehran along with several others due to the severity of the Irish government's financial difficulties on 23 February 2012.

Italy

Country

Italy

Formal relations began

18 February 1886

Notes

See Iran–Italy relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1886 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Persia Alessandro De Rege Di Donato. Iran-Italy trade stood at US$2.7 billion in 2001 and €3.852 billion in 2003. In 2005, Italy was Iran's third-largest trading partner, contributing 7.5% of all exports to Iran. Italy was Iran's top European Union trading partner in early 2006. Commercial exchanges hit €6 billion in 2008. Still, Iran considers Italy one of its "important trade partners" indicated by Italy's "presence in [the] Tehran International Book Fair" and the desire of Italian companies to economically cooperate with Iran. Iran has an embassy in Rome. Italy has an embassy in Tehran.

Netherlands

Country

Netherlands

Formal relations began

5 January 1883

Notes

See Iran-Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands. Iran has an embassy in The Hague. the Netherlands has an embassy in Tehran.

Norway

Country

Norway

Formal relations began

14 October 1908

Notes

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1908. An Iranian diplomat stationed in Norway was granted political asylum by that country in February 2010. In September 2010, an Iranian diplomat stationed in Belgium also applied for political asylum in Norway. Following the 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran, Norway announced that it has closed its embassy in Tehran due to security concerns, after Britain's mission was stormed. Hilde Steinfeld, a Foreign Ministry spokeswoman in Oslo, said the decision to close the embassy was taken late Tuesday, but that Norway's diplomatic staff have not been evacuated from the country. "They're still in Tehran," she said. As off October 2025, Norway has no diplomatic mission in Iran. Visitors are referred to the Consulate in Yerevan, Armenia.

Poland

Country

Poland

Formal relations began

19 March 1927

Notes

See Iran–Poland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1927. Iran has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Tehran.

Portugal

Country

Portugal

Formal relations began

15 October 1956

Notes

See Iran–Portugal relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1956 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Portugal with residence in Ankara, Luís Norton de Mato, presented his credentials as non resident to Iran. Iran has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal has an embassy in Tehran.

Romania

Country

Romania

Formal relations began

24 July 1902

Notes

See Iran–Romania relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1902. Iran has an embassy in Bucharest; Romania has an embassy in Tehran. They exchanged ambassadors for the first time in 1922.

Russia

Country

Russia

Notes

See Iran–Russia relations Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Ebrahim Raisi with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 19 July 2022 Relations between Russia and Persia (pre-1935 Iran) have a long history, as they officially commenced in 1521 with the Safavids in power. Past and present contact between Russia and Iran has always been complicated and multi-faceted, often wavering between collaboration and rivalry. The two nations have a long history of geographic, economic, and socio-political interaction. Their mutual relations have often been turbulent, and dormant at other times. Since 2019, their relationship has drastically improved and Russia and Iran are now strategic allies and form an axis in the Caucasus alongside Armenia. Iran has its embassy in Moscow and consulate generals in the cities of Kazan and Astrakhan. Russia has its embassy in Tehran, and consulate generals in the cities of Rasht and Isfahan. Both also supported the Assad government in Syria. Even so, on 24 August 2025, after the Iran-Israel war, Mohammad Sadr, a member of Iran’s Expediency Discernment Council, accused Russia of disclosing the locations of Iranian air defence systems to Israel, adding further that the strategic alliance with Moscow was "worthless".

Serbia

Country

Serbia

Formal relations began

30 April 1937

Notes

See Iran–Serbia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1937. Iran has an embassy in Belgrade; Serbia has an embassy in Tehran. Serbia shares the same Eastern Orthodox heritage with Russia. Historians have stated that it is remotely possible that Serbs historically originated from the early Persian tribes in the Caucasus. Iran has supported Serbia's territorial integrity by not recognizing Kosovo as a state. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iran Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Slovenia

Country

Slovenia

Notes

Iran has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Tehran.

Spain

Country

Spain

Formal relations began

4 March 1842

Notes

See Iran–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1842. Iran has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tehran.

Sweden

Country

Sweden

Formal relations began

5 September 1897

Notes

See Iran–Sweden relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh. Iran has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Tehran.

Switzerland

Country

Switzerland

Formal relations began

4 March 1919

Notes

See Iran–Switzerland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1919 when has been accredited first Persian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland Zoka-ed-Dovleh. Switzerland has had a consulate in Tehran since 1919, raised to the status of embassy in 1936. This embassy represents the interests of the United States in the Iranian capital. There are agreements between the two countries on air traffic (1954, 1972, and 2004), road and rail transport (1977), export risk guarantees (1966), protection of investments (1998), and double taxation (2002). Iran is one of Switzerland's most important trading partners in the Middle East. A trade agreement was signed in 2005 but has not yet been ratified.

Ukraine

Country

Ukraine

Formal relations began

22 January 1992

Notes

See Iran–Ukraine relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1992.

United Kingdom

Country

United Kingdom

Formal relations began

4 January 1801

Notes

See Iran–United Kingdom relations British Prime Minister Theresa May with Irani President Hassan Rouhani at a United Nations General Assembly in New York City, September 2016. Iran established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 4 January 1801.[failed verification] Iran maintains an embassy in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Iran through its embassy in Tehran. The UK governed southern Iran from 1941 until 1946. Both countries share common membership of the United Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have an Air Transport Agreement. The Herald Tribune reported on 22 January 2006 a rise in British exports to Iran, from £296 million in 2000 to £443.8 million in 2004. A spokesperson for UK Trade and Investment was quoted to say "Iran has become more attractive because it now pursues a more liberal economic policy." In 2011, the UK together with the United States and Canada, issued sanctions on Iran following controversy over the country's nuclear program. As a result, Iranian government's Guardian Council approved a parliamentary bill expelling the British ambassador. On 29 November 2011, two compounds of the British embassy in Tehran were stormed by Iranian protesters. They smashed windows, ransacked offices, set fire to government documents, and burned a British flag. As part of the UK's response to this incident the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, William Hague, announced on 30 November 2011 that the United Kingdom had shut the embassy in Tehran and recalled all diplomatic staff. The Iranian chargé d'affaires in London was simultaneously instructed to immediately close the Iranian embassy in London and given a 48-hour ultimatum for all staff to leave the UK. Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson with Ali Shamkhani, 10 May 2017 On Tuesday 17 June 2014 the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, William Hague, announced that the UK embassy would re-open "as soon as practical arrangements are made". On the same day David Cameron, the UK Prime Minister said he is committed to "rebuilding" diplomatic relations with Iran but will proceed with a "clear eye and hard head". The embassy reopened on 23 August 2015. On Friday 19 July 2019 a British-flagged oil tanker, the Stena Impero, was surrounded and seized by the Iranian Armed Forces at the Strait of Hormuz. The nearly 30,000 tonne tanker and its 23 crew members were surrounded by 4 vessels and 1 helicopter. Many think this was in retaliation of the UK boarding an Iranian Supertanker, the Grace 1, at Gibraltar earlier in July due to suspicions of smuggling oil to Syria. As of today, the tanker has been moved to the port of Bander Abbas and the ship's owners have not been able to contact the tanker. The British Foreign Minister Jeremy Hunt has said that Iran will suffer serious consequences if the tanker is not released. The British diplomatic effort is being supported by American President Donald Trump and both French and German foreign ministries. UK ships are urged to stay away from the strait and the result of this is an increase in oil prices around the world.

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Albania	Diplomatic relations severed in September 2022	See Albania–Iran relations As for the result of Albania's alignment with the United States after the 1990s, the relations between the two countries remain poor. Albania's decision to welcome People's Mujahedin of Iran taking refuge in the country led to further deterioration of Albanian–Iranian relations. On 7 September 2022, Albania severed diplomatic ties with Iran over cyberattacks.
Austria	4 September 1872	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1872 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Austria to Persia Graf Victor Dubsky. Austria has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Vienna.
Belarus	18 March 1993	See Belarus–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1993. Belarus has an embassy in Tehran; Iran has an embassy in Minsk. The two countries have enjoyed good relations in recent years, reflected in regular high-level meetings and various agreements. In 2008, Belarusian Foreign Minister Sergei Martynov described Iran as an important partner of his country in the region and the world. Both Iran and Belarus are allies of Russia.
Belgium		Belgium has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Brussels.
Bulgaria	15 November 1897	See Bulgaria–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1897. Bulgaria has had an embassy in Tehran since 1939. Iran has an embassy in Sofia.
Croatia	18 April 1992	See Croatia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1992. Croatia has an embassy in Tehran; Iran maintains an embassy and a cultural centre in Zagreb. Iran was the seventh country to recognize the newly independent Croatia. The Croatian national oil company INA is active in the Ardabil Province. Iranian vice-president Hassan Habibi visited Croatia in 1995. Croatian president Stipe Mesić had a three-day state visit to Iran in 2001. In 2008 Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad hailed the two countries' relations and said that their shared cultures and histories, owing to the possible Iranian origin of the Croats, would strengthen those relations. Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iran
Cyprus	2 February 1989	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1989. Cyprus has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Nicosia.
Czech Republic	22 June 1925	See Czech Republic–Iran relations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1925. Czech firms mainly export machinery products, electrical goods, and other products to Iran while the bulk of imports from Iran consists of fruit and vegetables (2014). the Czech Republic has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Prague.
Denmark	3 February 1922	See Denmark–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1922 when has been accredited first Persian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Denmark with residence in Stockholm Mirza Abdol Ghaffar Khan Emad-ol-Molk. The first Iranian envoy to Denmark arrived in 1691 in order to negotiate the release of the Iranian-owned cargo of a Bengali ship seized by the Danish fleet. The Iranian diplomat had been issued with diplomatic credentials by Suleiman I of Persia (Shah 1666–1694) and opened negotiations with King Christian V of Denmark. He was unable to secure the release of the cargo. In 1933, a Danish consulate was established in Tehran, and later upgraded to an embassy. Following a state visit in 1958, Iran established an embassy in Copenhagen. The Muhammad cartoons controversy of 2006 saw the Danish embassy to Iran attacked by protesters and the Iranian Ambassador to Denmark called to Tehran, straining political and economic interaction between the two countries. Encyclopedia Iranica on Iran-Denmark historical relations
Finland	12 December 1931	See Finland–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1931. Finland has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Helsinki. In 2010 an Iranian diplomat stationed in Finland applied for political asylum in that country.
France	13 August 1715	See France–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1715. Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the Middle Ages. The travels of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier are particularly well known to Safavid Persia. Relations soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council. Relations between France and Iran remained friendly under Jacques Chirac's presidency. France has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Paris.
Germany	11 June 1873	See Germany–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1873. Official diplomatic relations between Iran and post-war Germany began in 1952 when Iran opened its first mission office in Bonn. It and Persia had prior diplomatic relations from the 19th century. Germany has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Berlin.
Greece	19 November 1902	See Greece–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 November 1902 when the first Persian Ambassador to Greece was appointed Greece has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Athens.
Holy See	2 May 1953	See Holy See–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1953. The Holy See and Iran have had formal diplomatic relations since 1953, under the pontificate of Pius XII, which have been maintained even during the most difficult periods of the Islamic revolution.
Hungary		See Hungary–Iran relations Hungary has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Budapest.
Ireland	17 February 1976	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1976. Iran has an embassy in Dublin; Ireland closed its embassy in Tehran along with several others due to the severity of the Irish government's financial difficulties on 23 February 2012.
Italy	18 February 1886	See Iran–Italy relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1886 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Persia Alessandro De Rege Di Donato. Iran-Italy trade stood at US$2.7 billion in 2001 and €3.852 billion in 2003. In 2005, Italy was Iran's third-largest trading partner, contributing 7.5% of all exports to Iran. Italy was Iran's top European Union trading partner in early 2006. Commercial exchanges hit €6 billion in 2008. Still, Iran considers Italy one of its "important trade partners" indicated by Italy's "presence in [the] Tehran International Book Fair" and the desire of Italian companies to economically cooperate with Iran. Iran has an embassy in Rome. Italy has an embassy in Tehran.
Netherlands	5 January 1883	See Iran-Netherlands relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands. Iran has an embassy in The Hague. the Netherlands has an embassy in Tehran.
Norway	14 October 1908	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1908. An Iranian diplomat stationed in Norway was granted political asylum by that country in February 2010. In September 2010, an Iranian diplomat stationed in Belgium also applied for political asylum in Norway. Following the 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran, Norway announced that it has closed its embassy in Tehran due to security concerns, after Britain's mission was stormed. Hilde Steinfeld, a Foreign Ministry spokeswoman in Oslo, said the decision to close the embassy was taken late Tuesday, but that Norway's diplomatic staff have not been evacuated from the country. "They're still in Tehran," she said. As off October 2025, Norway has no diplomatic mission in Iran. Visitors are referred to the Consulate in Yerevan, Armenia.
Poland	19 March 1927	See Iran–Poland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1927. Iran has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Tehran.
Portugal	15 October 1956	See Iran–Portugal relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1956 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Portugal with residence in Ankara, Luís Norton de Mato, presented his credentials as non resident to Iran. Iran has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal has an embassy in Tehran.
Romania	24 July 1902	See Iran–Romania relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1902. Iran has an embassy in Bucharest; Romania has an embassy in Tehran. They exchanged ambassadors for the first time in 1922.
Russia		See Iran–Russia relations Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Ebrahim Raisi with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 19 July 2022 Relations between Russia and Persia (pre-1935 Iran) have a long history, as they officially commenced in 1521 with the Safavids in power. Past and present contact between Russia and Iran has always been complicated and multi-faceted, often wavering between collaboration and rivalry. The two nations have a long history of geographic, economic, and socio-political interaction. Their mutual relations have often been turbulent, and dormant at other times. Since 2019, their relationship has drastically improved and Russia and Iran are now strategic allies and form an axis in the Caucasus alongside Armenia. Iran has its embassy in Moscow and consulate generals in the cities of Kazan and Astrakhan. Russia has its embassy in Tehran, and consulate generals in the cities of Rasht and Isfahan. Both also supported the Assad government in Syria. Even so, on 24 August 2025, after the Iran-Israel war, Mohammad Sadr, a member of Iran’s Expediency Discernment Council, accused Russia of disclosing the locations of Iranian air defence systems to Israel, adding further that the strategic alliance with Moscow was "worthless".
Serbia	30 April 1937	See Iran–Serbia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1937. Iran has an embassy in Belgrade; Serbia has an embassy in Tehran. Serbia shares the same Eastern Orthodox heritage with Russia. Historians have stated that it is remotely possible that Serbs historically originated from the early Persian tribes in the Caucasus. Iran has supported Serbia's territorial integrity by not recognizing Kosovo as a state. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iran Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Slovenia		Iran has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Tehran.
Spain	4 March 1842	See Iran–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1842. Iran has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tehran.
Sweden	5 September 1897	See Iran–Sweden relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh. Iran has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Tehran.
Switzerland	4 March 1919	See Iran–Switzerland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1919 when has been accredited first Persian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland Zoka-ed-Dovleh. Switzerland has had a consulate in Tehran since 1919, raised to the status of embassy in 1936. This embassy represents the interests of the United States in the Iranian capital. There are agreements between the two countries on air traffic (1954, 1972, and 2004), road and rail transport (1977), export risk guarantees (1966), protection of investments (1998), and double taxation (2002). Iran is one of Switzerland's most important trading partners in the Middle East. A trade agreement was signed in 2005 but has not yet been ratified.
Ukraine	22 January 1992	See Iran–Ukraine relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1992.
United Kingdom	4 January 1801	See Iran–United Kingdom relations British Prime Minister Theresa May with Irani President Hassan Rouhani at a United Nations General Assembly in New York City, September 2016. Iran established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 4 January 1801.[failed verification] Iran maintains an embassy in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Iran through its embassy in Tehran. The UK governed southern Iran from 1941 until 1946. Both countries share common membership of the United Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have an Air Transport Agreement. The Herald Tribune reported on 22 January 2006 a rise in British exports to Iran, from £296 million in 2000 to £443.8 million in 2004. A spokesperson for UK Trade and Investment was quoted to say "Iran has become more attractive because it now pursues a more liberal economic policy." In 2011, the UK together with the United States and Canada, issued sanctions on Iran following controversy over the country's nuclear program. As a result, Iranian government's Guardian Council approved a parliamentary bill expelling the British ambassador. On 29 November 2011, two compounds of the British embassy in Tehran were stormed by Iranian protesters. They smashed windows, ransacked offices, set fire to government documents, and burned a British flag. As part of the UK's response to this incident the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, William Hague, announced on 30 November 2011 that the United Kingdom had shut the embassy in Tehran and recalled all diplomatic staff. The Iranian chargé d'affaires in London was simultaneously instructed to immediately close the Iranian embassy in London and given a 48-hour ultimatum for all staff to leave the UK. Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson with Ali Shamkhani, 10 May 2017 On Tuesday 17 June 2014 the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, William Hague, announced that the UK embassy would re-open "as soon as practical arrangements are made". On the same day David Cameron, the UK Prime Minister said he is committed to "rebuilding" diplomatic relations with Iran but will proceed with a "clear eye and hard head". The embassy reopened on 23 August 2015. On Friday 19 July 2019 a British-flagged oil tanker, the Stena Impero, was surrounded and seized by the Iranian Armed Forces at the Strait of Hormuz. The nearly 30,000 tonne tanker and its 23 crew members were surrounded by 4 vessels and 1 helicopter. Many think this was in retaliation of the UK boarding an Iranian Supertanker, the Grace 1, at Gibraltar earlier in July due to suspicions of smuggling oil to Syria. As of today, the tanker has been moved to the port of Bander Abbas and the ship's owners have not been able to contact the tanker. The British Foreign Minister Jeremy Hunt has said that Iran will suffer serious consequences if the tanker is not released. The British diplomatic effort is being supported by American President Donald Trump and both French and German foreign ministries. UK ships are urged to stay away from the strait and the result of this is an increase in oil prices around the world.

· Bilateral relations › Oceania

Australia

Country

Australia

Formal relations began

21 September 1968. Diplomatic relations severed in August 2025.

Notes

See Australia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1968. Australia has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Canberra. Following the United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites in June 2025, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and Foreign Minister Penny Wong voiced support for the operation. Albanese announced in August 2025 that he would expel Iran's ambassador, and that Australia would cease diplomatic actions in Iran after it was revealed Iran had perpetrated the Lewis Continental Kitchen attack in October 2024, as well as the December 2024 Melbourne synagogue attack. Australia also declared the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as a terrorist organisation.

New Zealand

Country

New Zealand

Formal relations began

14 December 1973

Notes

See Iran–New Zealand relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1973. Iran has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in Tehran.

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Australia	21 September 1968. Diplomatic relations severed in August 2025.	See Australia–Iran relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1968. Australia has an embassy in Tehran. Iran has an embassy in Canberra. Following the United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites in June 2025, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and Foreign Minister Penny Wong voiced support for the operation. Albanese announced in August 2025 that he would expel Iran's ambassador, and that Australia would cease diplomatic actions in Iran after it was revealed Iran had perpetrated the Lewis Continental Kitchen attack in October 2024, as well as the December 2024 Melbourne synagogue attack. Australia also declared the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps as a terrorist organisation.
New Zealand	14 December 1973	See Iran–New Zealand relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1973. Iran has an embassy in Wellington. New Zealand has an embassy in Tehran.

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The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/13/world/middleeast/iran-military-generals-killed-israel.html
CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/13/middleeast/israel-iran-strikes-military-deaths-intl-hnk
The Times of Israel
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-mossad-carried-out-covert-sabotage-operations-against-iranian-air-defenses-long-range-missiles/
Business Insider
https://www.businessinsider.com/huge-iranian-attacks-helped-israel-upgrade-top-ballistic-missile-shield-2025-6
Critical Threats Project
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-special-report-june-15-2025-morning-edition
The Times of Israel
https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/one-killed-13-hurt-after-iranian-missile-hits-home-in-tamra/
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/21/world/iran-israel-trump
BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckg3rzj8emjt?post=asset%3Af6daf816-8c93-4d56-bec5-b35bb8e6bb5e#post
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/axios-iran-launches-six-missiles-toward-us-bases-qatar-2025-06-23/
Sky News
https://news.sky.com/story/iran-trump-us-strikes-israel-tehran-netanyahu-nuclear-fordow-latest-13382979?postid=9779246#liveblog-body
www.eeas.europa.eu
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/joint-statement-g7-foreign-ministers-iran-and-middle-east_en
Al Jazeera
https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/6/21/can-divided-european-powers-help-end-israels-war-on
AP News
https://apnews.com/article/israel-iran-war-nuclear-trump-bomber-news-06-23-2025-9e78510c88ccc5e262341f41550609c5
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/16/european-leaders-at-g7-trying-to-bring-iran-back-to-negotiating-table
WSJ
https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/inside-iran-israel-strike-ceae4c34
The Geopolitics of Iran
"L'audience donnée par Louis XIV à l'ambassadeur de Perse à Versailles"
http://classes.bnf.fr/essentiels/grand/ess_007.htm
The Book of Dignities Containing Rolls of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ...
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Documentos internacionales del Reinado de Doña Isabel II desde 1842 a 1868
Bescheiden betreffende de buitenlandse politiek van Nederland, 1848-1919 tweede periode 1871-1898 · Issue 122
Office of the Historian
https://history.state.gov/countries/all
Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ...
"تاریخچه روابط سیاسی"
https://brussels.mfa.ir/portal/generalcategoryservices/4104
Almanach de Gotha
https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha07unkngoog/page/1270/mode/1up
"Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)"
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Ministerul Afacerilor Externe
https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187
"La geopolítica de Irán hacia Brasil"
http://132.248.9.195/ptd2017/febrero/0756130/0756130.pdf
American Monthly Review of Reviews, Volume 26
Persia and Greece
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4900108/908707
Mehr News Agency
https://en.mehrnews.com/news/202077/FM-felicitates-120th-anniv-of-Iran-Brazil-diplomatic-ties
regjeringen.no
https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf
"Agents diplomatiques en Suisse"
https://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?ID=40001375
Almanach de Gotha
https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha00unse_94/page/n1292/mode/1up
slaegtsbibliotek.dk
https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/918018.pdf
Encyclopedia Iranica
https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/egypt-vii
"Československo-íránské vztahy. Politické a kulturní vztahy v letech 1953-1979"
https://dodo.is.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/62914/DPTX_2011_2_11210_0_342620_0_122488.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Gothaisches Jahrbuch für Diplomatie, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft
"Iranian Ambassador emphasizes desire to expand cooperation with Hungary"
https://en.isna.ir/news/1403120402194/Iranian-Ambassador-emphasizes-desire-to-expand-cooperation-with
"Poland in Iran"
https://www.gov.pl/web/iran-en/bilateral-relations
British Documents on Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 7
The Origins of the Arab-Iranian Conflict Nationalism and Sovereignty in the Gulf Between the World Wars
Bulletin of International News Volume 6, Issue 3
Ifimes
https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/insight-215-iran-saudi-ties-can-history-project-their-trajectory/4492#:~:text=Introduction,%E2%80%9D%20(Altoraifi%2C%202012).
British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 · Volume 7
"History of representation in Iran"
https://finlandabroad.fi/web/irn/history-of-representation-in-iran
Strada lex Luxembourg
https://www.stradalex.lu/fr/slu_src_publ_leg_mema/toc/leg_lu_mema_193605_41/doc/mema_1936A0511A
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia
https://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-cooperation
Memoria
Sélim Takla 1895-1945 une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban
Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947
https://archive.org/details/syria-from-foreign-office-files/FO%20501_1/page/28/mode/1up?q=ambassador+credence+Lebanon
10th Pakistan Study Model Paper And Guess Papers FBISE
https://archive.org/details/10th-pakistan-study-model-paper-and-guess-papers-fbise/10th%20Class%20Pakistan%20Study%20%28English%29%20Notes%20%20FBISE/page/n71/mode/1up?q=Essa
Government of Iceland
https://www.government.is/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/protocol/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/
The United States in World Affairs
mea.gov.in
https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Iran_november_2022.pdf
Tehran Times
https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/456020/Commemoration-of-70-years-of-Indonesia-Iran-diplomatic-relations
Cancillería Venezuela
https://x.com/CancilleriaVE/status/1557041184555630594?s=20
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
https://addisababa.mfa.gov.ir/en/printnews/627852
Auswärtiges Amt
https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/iran-node/steckbrief-202394
"Diplomatic relations of the Holy See"
https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php
Global News
https://globalnews.ca/news/6389129/timeline-canada-iran-relationship/
"สาธารณรัฐอิสลามแห่งอิหร่าน Islamic Republic of Iran"
https://web.archive.org/web/20211231180503/https://www.nia.go.th/newsnow/almanac-files/static/pdf/2564/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_2564.pdf
"สัมพันธ์"ไทย-อิหร่าน" 400 กว่าปี...มีดีให้สัมผัสที่อยุธยา (in Thai)"
https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9550000074270
Portal Diplomatico
https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/irao
Annuaire général du Maroc Part 1
afran.ir
https://web.archive.org/web/20170707202838/http://www.afran.ir/modules/publisher/item.php?itemid=323
The Iranian Journal of International Affairs Volume 6, Issues 1-4
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Republica Dominicana on Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/mirexrd/p/DBgWb4vu9VP/
Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)
https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1740763&language=ar
"Countries & Regions"
https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/list.do
"Diplomatic relations"
https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072720/https://mfa.gov.lk/dpl-relations/
"The Republic of the Philippines and the Islamic Republic of Iran celebrate 58 years of formal diplomatic relations today, January 22!"
https://twitter.com/DFAPHL/status/1484677191359029248
Establishing Relations (c. 1957–1970) (Part I)
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/pahlavi-irans-relations-with-africa/establishing-relations-c-19571970/3AF04EA9BA936917EE01B601F9C29004#
sre.gob.mx
https://sre.gob.mx/images/stories/docnormateca/manexte/embajadas/MOEMIran.pdf
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal
https://web.archive.org/web/20210816132805/https://mofa.gov.np/foreign-policy/bilateral-relation/
The White Revolution and Iran's Independent National Policy
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos
https://web.archive.org/web/20160601144934/http://www.mofa.gov.la/index.php/lo/2015-04-07-02-45-52/1950
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https://web.archive.org/web/20230712174127/http://myanmarbsb.org/_site/diplomatic-relations/
The White Revolution and Iran's Independent National Policy
The White Revolution and Iran's Independent National Policy
treaties.un.org
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20787/volume-787-I-11196-Other.pdf
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts Issue 11
Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3650-3723
"List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia"
https://web.archive.org/web/20220928021439/http://www.mfa.gov.mn/old/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/diplist-2020-draft-20200729.pdf
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Iran
http://ir.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgzc/202108/t20210815_8924290.htm#:~:text=Pomegranate%2C%20grape%2C%20olive%2C%20spinach,Iran%20formally%20established%20diplomatic%20relations.
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts Issue 11
The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-power Conflict
The White Revolution and Iran's Independent National Policy
News Review on West Asia
"PRESS RELEASE BY THE OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER: Speaker Farrugia receives courtesy visit from the new Iranian ambassador"
https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/Pages/2019/February/28/pr190414.aspx
News Review on West Asia
Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics, Volume 1
"Bilateral relations"
https://web.archive.org/web/20120505195337/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US
Chronicle of Progress
https://books.google.com/books?id=wm8yVtMiyJ8C&dq=and+United+Arab+Emirates+decided+to+establish+diplomatic+relations+at+ambassadorial+level&pg=PA32
Pahlavi Iran's Relations with Africa Cultural and Political Connections in the Cold War
https://books.google.com/books?id=oboJEQAAQBAJ&dq=The+two+countries+did+establish+diplomatic+relations+in+1972,+and+an+Iranian+embassy+was+opened+in+Mogadishu+in+February+1973,+headed+by+a+charg%C3%A9+d+...&pg=PA284
zoom-eco.net
https://zoom-eco.net/a-la-une/rdc-iran-les-deux-etats-celebrent-leur-51eme-annee-des-relations-diplomatiques/
"DPRK Diplomatic Relations"
https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf
Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4335-4411
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts - Page 190
Tehran Times
https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/487573/Hanoi-Tehran-ties-set-up-for-growth-by-solid-ties-Vietnamese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore
https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/-/media/D74B3129AEFA44BB8FC411746F005489.ashx
Translations on Near East and North Africa Issues 1072-1082
"Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый: Зарубежные страны"
https://web.archive.org/web/20230623071827/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/55959/003_zarubezhnye_strany.pdf
Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4412-4487
https://books.google.com/books?id=xQgsAQAAIAAJ&dq=Iran+and+Mauritania+have+agreed+to+establish+diplomatic+relations&pg=RA22-PA5
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
Embassy of the Islamin Republic of Iran Dhaka
https://dhaka.mfa.ir/en/viewpage/9886/political-section
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https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1974TEHRAN05531_b.html
Iran-Uganda establish diplomatic relations
https://archive.org/details/State-Dept-cable-1974-229280/mode/1up?q=establish+diplomatic+relations
Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 4717-4792
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https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf
Bulletin of Legal Developments
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https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190813/https://archivo.cubaminrex.cu/sites/default/files/memoria_anual_2015.pdf
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040029/http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations
Nouvelles Du Cameroun: Cameroon News
L'Année politique africaine
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cancilleria.gov.co
https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/internacional/politica/regiones/iran
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts - Volume 15
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives
https://web.archive.org/web/20230629032804/https://www.gov.mv/en/files/dpl-full-country-list-as-of-11-may-2023--8993.pdf
Current Background, Issues 1035-1040
https://books.google.com/books?id=TOzYpppvzMsC&dq=Iran+and+Niger+decided+to+establish+diplomatic+relations&pg=PA46
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts Volume 15
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Iran Almanac and Book of Facts Volume 15
Ireland Today 879-941
Iran Almanac and Book of Facts
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https://www.esteri.sm/pub2/EsteriSM/Relazioni-Internazionali/Rapporti-Bilaterali.html
The Iranian Journal of International Affairs
"Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1977. Выпуск двадцать первый: Часть II - Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Лихтенштейн"
https://web.archive.org/web/20230624030309/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/52693/04_chast_ii_-_avstraliya-lihtenshteyn.pdf
United Nations Digital Library
https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&as=1&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic+relations+between+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran+and+...&f1=series&op1=a&m2=a&p2=&f2=&op2=a&m3=a&p3=&f3=&dt=&d1d=&d1m=&d1y=&d2d=&d2m=&d2y=&rm=&action_search=Search&sf=year&so=a&rg=50&c=United+Nations+Digital+Library+System&of=hb&fti=0&fti=0
La République de Djibouti: naissance d'un Etat : chronologie
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https://archive.org/details/moroccan-sahara-conflict/3/page/n116/mode/1up?q=SADR+diplomatic+relations
agda.ae
https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/8/4608/n/26
Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 2761-2765
Southern African political history : a chronology of key political events from independence to mid-1997
Le mois en Afrique
Islamic Republic News Agency
https://en.irna.ir/news/85168958/Iran-Madagascar-express-readiness-to-establish-joint-commission
Directory of Iranian Officials Volumes 7-22
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAeCldNw5J8C&dq=Mostafa+Mokhlesi+Iran+ambassador+to+Grenada+...+1983&pg=PA42
24haubenin.info
https://www.24haubenin.info/?Le-president-iranien-attendu-ce
Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 18
Directory of Iranian Officials Volumes 7-22
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAeCldNw5J8C&dq=Mohammad+Ali+Lavasani+to+Rwanda&pg=RA2-PA54
Directory of Iranian Officials Volumes 7-22
https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAeCldNw5J8C&dq=Sao+Tome+and+Principe+Safarian+Nematabadi+Nov.+85&pg=RA2-PA54
"Diplomatic relations"
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"Journal Officiel de la Republique du Congo"
https://www.sgg.cg/JO/2011/congo-jo-2011-05.pdf
Ψηφιακή Πλατφόρμα Κυπριακής Βιβλιοθήκης
http://www.cyprusdigitallibrary.org.cy/items/show/124414
Directory of Iranian Officials
The Timetables of Jewish History: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History
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https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/2703/dissertation_mushelenga_%20s.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
"Bilateral Relations"
https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/Bilateral%20Relations.aspx
Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens - Issues 2330-2342
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan
https://mfa.tj/en/main/view/28/relations-of-tajikistan-with-iran
Official website of the Parliament of Ukraine
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/364_013
Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Islamic Republic of Iran
https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-tehran/activities/2020?lang=en
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia
https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/ir
"STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS"
https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/55?breadcrumbs=no
"Priznanja samostojne Slovenije"
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Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
https://www.mfa.gov.az/en/category/asia-and-oceania/iran
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia
https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800
Islamic Republic News Agency
https://en.irna.ir/news/84769479/Kyrgyzstan-Iran-back-political-solutions-for-conflicts-Kyrgyz
Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Islamic Republic of Iran
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MFA Moldova
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mfa.gov.lv
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"Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia"
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"Diplomatic Relations"
https://web.archive.org/web/20171230194831/http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/DIPLOMATIC%20RELATIONS.pdf
mzv.sk
https://www.mzv.sk/web/sk/iran
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
https://mvp.gov.ba/vanjska_politika_bih/bilateralni_odnosi/datumi_priznanja_i_uspostave_diplomatskih_odnosa/?id=6
"Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala"
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"List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations"
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"Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 01/20/09"
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Directory of Iranian Officials Volumes 7-22
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia
https://web.archive.org/web/20110930040551/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310
"Foreign Affairs"
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Directory of Iranian Officials Volumes 7-22
https://books.google.com/books?id=wbV8Pz7vUfwC&dq=Fotuhi-Qiyam+Jan+98&pg=PA78
"ACUERDOS FIRMADOS ENTRE GUINEA EUATORIAL Y LA REPÚBLICA ISLÁMICA DE IRAN"
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Liechtensteiner Volksblatt
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mnec.gov.tl
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"Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa"
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African Chronicle: A Fortnightly Record on Governance, Economy, Development, Human Rights, and Environment, Volume 8
allAfrica
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"L'Ambassadeur Iranien évoque l'avenir des relations avec les Comores et l'espoir de la libération de Sambi"
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"Iran and Gambia Announce Resumption of Diplomatic Relations"
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BBC News
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Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens - Issues 2330-2342
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Human Rights Watch
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Antara News
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Sélim Takla 1895-1945 une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban
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LBCIV7
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Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim World Selected Documents, 1937-1948
Financial Times
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand
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"Albania Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Iran over Cyberattack"
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Geschichte in Gesprächen: 1904-1919
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