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Flags of the Confederate States of America

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Flags of the Confederate States of America

The flags of the Confederate States of America have a history of three successive designs during the American Civil War. The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars", used from 1861 to 1863; the "Stainless Banner", used from 1863 to 1865; and the "Blood-Stained Banner", used in 1865 shortly before the Confederacy's dissolution. A rejected national flag design was also used as a battle flag by the Confederate Army and featured in the "Stainless Banner" and "Blood-Stained Banner" designs. Although this design was never a national flag, it is the most commonly recognized symbol of the Confederacy. Since the end of the Civil War, private and official use of the Confederate flags, particularly the battle flag, has continued amid philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and individuals. The battle flag was also featured in the state flags of Georgia and Mississippi, although it was removed by Georgia in 2003 and Mississippi in 2020. However, the new design of the Georgia flag still references the original "Stars and Bars" iteration of the Georgia flag. After the Georgia flag was changed in 2001, the city of Trenton, Georgia, has used a flag design nearly identical to the previous version with the battle flag. It is estimated that 500–544 flags were captured during the civil war by the Union. The flags were sent to the War Department in Washington.

Infobox

Use
National flag
Design
A white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall, a red vertical stripe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.[c]
Adopted
March 4, 1865
Proportion
2:3
Designed by
Maj. Arthur L. Rogers

Tables

· Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865)
Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
Col 1
Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
Col 2
Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865) as commonly manufactured, with a 3:2 ratio
Col 3
A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in Mobile, Alabama
Col 4
Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865
Col 5
Garrison Flag of Fort Fisher, the "Southern Gibraltar"
Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865) as commonly manufactured, with a 3:2 ratio
A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in Mobile, Alabama
Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865
Garrison Flag of Fort Fisher, the "Southern Gibraltar"
· Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865)
Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
Col 1
Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
Col 2
Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton
Col 3
Third national flag variant produced from an example of the Second national flag
Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton
Third national flag variant produced from an example of the Second national flag

References

  1. William Tappan Thompson, editor of Savannah's Daily Morning News, used a different nickname for the flag, calling it "Th
  2. Although the officially specified proportions were 1:2, many of the flags that actually ended up being produced used a 1
  3. Although the officially designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced
  4. Catherine Stratton Ladd is said to have designed the first Confederate flag.
  5. Neither state voted to secede or ever came under full Confederate control. Nonetheless both were still represented in th
  6. "Neither Arkansas nor Missouri enacted legislation to adopt an official State flag" (Cannon 2005, p. 48).
  7. "A surviving Georgia flag in the collection of the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond . . . places the arms on a red
  8. "Despite . . . inaction of the Tennessee legislature, the flag recommended by Senator [Tazewell B.] Newman did see some
  9. Preble 1872, pp. 414–417
  10. Preble 1880, pp. 523–525
  11. Coski 2013. "A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the "peculiar institution" that was at the heart
  12. Daily Morning News
  13. Daily Morning News
  14. Daily Morning News
  15. The Confederate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the 'Lost Cause'
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131213161623/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338
  16. Los Angeles Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150712023515/http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html
  17. Stevens-Davis and allied families: a memorial volume of history, biography, and genealogy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VkZVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44
  18. Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City 1946–1996
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-UgsxY0tm_8C&pg=PA67
  19. "The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090209190749/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTCsbr.htm
  20. "The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090130091945/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTC3dnat.htm
  21. Coski 2005, pp. 17–18
  22. www.perseus.tufts.edu
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0290:chapter=1.37
  23. PBS LearningMedia
    https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket-history-civilwar58/returned-flags-booklet/
  24. www.ncpedia.org
    https://www.ncpedia.org/stars-and-bars
  25. "Nicola Marschall"
    http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/ArticlePrintable.jsp?id=h-1134
  26. Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1600-1889
  27. Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography
  28. The American-German Review
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160528220738/http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html
  29. Coski 2005, pp. 4–5
  30. Coski 2005, p. 8
  31. Civil War Trust
    https://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/declarationofcauses.html
  32. "Confederate battle flag: Separating the myths from facts"
    https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/24/us/confederate-flag-myths-facts/index.html
  33. Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68
  34. Coski 2013. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a recta
  35. Daily Dispatch
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18
  36. Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98
  37. www.civilwar.com
    http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29
  38. Coski 2005, pp. 16–17
  39. Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477
  40. Richmond Whig, May 5, 1863
  41. Coski 2005, p. 18
  42. John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284
  43. Coski 2005, p. 17
  44. "Don Healy's Native American Flags: Choctaw Nation." Retrieved January 15, 2014.
    http://www.tmealf.com/DH/choctaw.html
  45. Native American flags
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934794160
  46. Cannon 2005, p. 64.
  47. Teachinghistory.org
    http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19424
  48. Coski 2009, p. 5
    https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA5
  49. Coski 2005, p. 5
  50. Coski 2005, p. 5: "describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism."
  51. Coski 2005, pp. 6–8
  52. Coski 2005, p. 10
  53. Coski 2005, p. 11
  54. The Historical Marker Database
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160820230252/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=7095
  55. 37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways
    http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/pdf_files/Notes_On_Virginia_08.FINAL.Web.pdf
  56. FairfaxRifles.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192212/http://www.fairfaxrifles.org/Photos-Fx_Mkr_Ded.html
  57. Historical Flags of Our Ancestors
    http://www.loeser.us/flags/civil.html
  58. "Congressman Swan's Amendment to Senate Bill №132"
    https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/n251/mode/2up
  59. North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society, Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010,
    http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf
  60. Tucker 1993, p. 122.
  61. Coski 2005, pp. 58
  62. National Geographic
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190815064537/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/
  63. "Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol"
    http://www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2015/07/confederate_flag_removed_a_his.html
  64. Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&pg=PA114
  65. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/books/review/the-confederate-battle-flag-clashing-symbols.html
  66. yougov.com
    https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/01/13/what-confederate-flag-means-america-today
  67. "American Electorate Continues to Favor Leaving Confederate Relics in Place"
    https://morningconsult.com/2021/07/14/confederate-statues-flag-military-bases-polling/
  68. "National Tracking Poll #2107045 / July 09-12, 2021 / Crosstabulation Results"
    https://assets.morningconsult.com/wp-uploads/2021/07/14051637/2107045_crosstabs_POLITICO_RVs_v1_LM.pdf
  69. Journal of Social and Political Psychology
    https://doi.org/10.5964%2Fjspp.v5i1.687
  70. "Alabama Civil War Period Flag Collection: Hilliard's Legion"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100317143343/https://archives.alabama.gov/referenc/flags/075.html
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