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Finland

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland has a population of 5.6 million, the majority being ethnic Finns. Its capital and largest city is Helsinki. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish, the mother tongues of 84.1 percent and 5.1 percent of the population, respectively. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. Its land is predominantly covered by boreal forest, with over 180,000 recorded lakes. Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age. During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The Bronze Age and Iron Ages were marked by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region. From the late 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden following the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and an independence movement gradually developed. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its independence. A civil war ensued the following year, with the anticommunist Whites emerging victorious. Finland's status as a republic was confirmed in 1919. During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. As a result, it lost parts of its territory to the Soviet Union but retained its independence and democracy. During the Cold War, Finland embraced an official policy of neutrality. After the Cold War, Finland became a member of the European Union in 1995 and the Eurozone in 1999. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Finland joined NATO in 2023. Finland became the first country in Europe to grant universal suffrage in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office. Finland remained a largely rural and agrarian country until the 1950s, when it pursued rapid industrialisation and a Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in an advanced economy and high per capita income. The country consistently ranks highly in international rankings across various categories, such as education, economic competitiveness, happiness, and prosperity. Finnish foreign policy based on its middle power status emphasizes international cooperation and partnership, which has recently shifted towards closer ties with NATO. Finnish cultural values, including egalitarianism, secularism, human rights and environmentalism, are actively promoted through membership in multiple international forums.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Helsinki 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E / 60.17083; 24.93750
Official languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li FinnishSwedish
Recognized national languages
SámiKarelianFinnish KaloFinnish Sign LanguageFinland-Swedish Sign Language
Ethnic groups (2024)
88.9% Finns[note 1]11.1% others
Religion (2024)
mw- li 64.2% Christianity 62.2% Lutheranism 1.0% Eastern Orthodoxy 1.0% other Christian 34.9% no religion2.0% other
Demonyms
FinnishFinn
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Alexander Stubb
• Prime Minister
Petteri Orpo
• Speaker of the Parliament
Jussi Halla-aho
Legislature
Parliament
• Establishment of Grand Duchy of Finland
29 March 1809 (from Sweden)
• Declaration of independence
6 December 1917
• Constitution established
17 July 1919
• Total
$303.95 billion (46th)
• Water (%)
9.71 (2015)
• 2024 census
5,635,971
• Density
18.4/km2 (47.7/sq mi) (210th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$54,160 (19th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2023)
26.6 } }low inequality
HDI (2023)
0.948very high (12th)
Currency
Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone
UTC 2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 3 (EEST)
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy
Calling code
358
ISO 3166 code
FI
Internet TLD
fi,

Tables

Lapland
Lapland
Regional map
Lapland  North Ostrobothnia  Kainuu  North Karelia  North Savo  South Savo  South Ostrobothnia  Ostrobothnia  Central Ostrobothnia  Central Finland  Pirkanmaa  Satakunta  Southwest Finland  Kanta-Häme  Päijät-Häme  South Karelia  Kymenlaakso  Uusimaa  Åland
English name
Lapland
Finnish name
Lappi
Swedish name
Lappland
Capital
Rovaniemi
Regional state administrative agency
Lapland
Pohjois-Pohjanmaa
Pohjois-Pohjanmaa
Regional map
North Ostrobothnia
English name
Pohjois-Pohjanmaa
Finnish name
Norra Österbotten
Swedish name
Oulu
Capital
Northern Finland
Kainuu
Kainuu
Regional map
Kainuu
English name
Kainuu
Finnish name
Kajanaland
Swedish name
Kajaani
Capital
Northern Finland
Pohjois-Karjala
Pohjois-Karjala
Regional map
North Karelia
English name
Pohjois-Karjala
Finnish name
Norra Karelen
Swedish name
Joensuu
Capital
Eastern Finland
Pohjois-Savo
Pohjois-Savo
Regional map
North Savo
English name
Pohjois-Savo
Finnish name
Norra Savolax
Swedish name
Kuopio
Capital
Eastern Finland
Etelä-Savo
Etelä-Savo
Regional map
South Savo
English name
Etelä-Savo
Finnish name
Södra Savolax
Swedish name
Mikkeli
Capital
Eastern Finland
Etelä-Pohjanmaa
Etelä-Pohjanmaa
Regional map
South Ostrobothnia
English name
Etelä-Pohjanmaa
Finnish name
Södra Österbotten
Swedish name
Seinäjoki
Capital
Western and Central Finland
Keski-Pohjanmaa
Keski-Pohjanmaa
Regional map
Central Ostrobothnia
English name
Keski-Pohjanmaa
Finnish name
Mellersta Österbotten
Swedish name
Kokkola
Capital
Western and Central Finland
Pohjanmaa
Pohjanmaa
Regional map
Ostrobothnia
English name
Pohjanmaa
Finnish name
Österbotten
Swedish name
Vaasa
Capital
Western and Central Finland
Pirkanmaa
Pirkanmaa
Regional map
Pirkanmaa
English name
Pirkanmaa
Finnish name
Birkaland
Swedish name
Tampere
Capital
Western and Central Finland
Keski-Suomi
Keski-Suomi
Regional map
Central Finland
English name
Keski-Suomi
Finnish name
Mellersta Finland
Swedish name
Jyväskylä
Capital
Western and Central Finland
Satakunta
Satakunta
Regional map
Satakunta
English name
Satakunta
Finnish name
Satakunta
Swedish name
Pori
Capital
South-Western Finland
Varsinais-Suomi
Varsinais-Suomi
Regional map
Southwest Finland
English name
Varsinais-Suomi
Finnish name
Egentliga Finland
Swedish name
Turku
Capital
South-Western Finland
Etelä-Karjala
Etelä-Karjala
Regional map
South Karelia
English name
Etelä-Karjala
Finnish name
Södra Karelen
Swedish name
Lappeenranta
Capital
Southern Finland
Päijät-Häme
Päijät-Häme
Regional map
Päijät-Häme
English name
Päijät-Häme
Finnish name
Päijänne-Tavastland
Swedish name
Lahti
Capital
Southern Finland
Kanta-Häme
Kanta-Häme
Regional map
Kanta-Häme
English name
Kanta-Häme
Finnish name
Egentliga Tavastland
Swedish name
Hämeenlinna
Capital
Southern Finland
Uusimaa
Uusimaa
Regional map
Uusimaa
English name
Uusimaa
Finnish name
Nyland
Swedish name
Helsinki
Capital
Southern Finland
Kymenlaakso
Kymenlaakso
Regional map
Kymenlaakso
English name
Kymenlaakso
Finnish name
Kymmenedalen
Swedish name
Kotka and Kouvola
Capital
Southern Finland
Ahvenanmaa
Ahvenanmaa
Regional map
Åland
English name
Ahvenanmaa
Finnish name
Åland
Swedish name
Mariehamn
Capital
Åland
Regional map
English name
Finnish name
Swedish name
Capital
Regional state administrative agency
Lapland North Ostrobothnia Kainuu North Karelia North Savo South Savo South Ostrobothnia Ostrobothnia Central Ostrobothnia Central Finland Pirkanmaa Satakunta Southwest Finland Kanta-Häme Päijät-Häme South Karelia Kymenlaakso Uusimaa Åland
Lapland
Lappi
Lappland
Rovaniemi
Lapland
North Ostrobothnia
Pohjois-Pohjanmaa
Norra Österbotten
Oulu
Northern Finland
Kainuu
Kainuu
Kajanaland
Kajaani
Northern Finland
North Karelia
Pohjois-Karjala
Norra Karelen
Joensuu
Eastern Finland
North Savo
Pohjois-Savo
Norra Savolax
Kuopio
Eastern Finland
South Savo
Etelä-Savo
Södra Savolax
Mikkeli
Eastern Finland
South Ostrobothnia
Etelä-Pohjanmaa
Södra Österbotten
Seinäjoki
Western and Central Finland
Central Ostrobothnia
Keski-Pohjanmaa
Mellersta Österbotten
Kokkola
Western and Central Finland
Ostrobothnia
Pohjanmaa
Österbotten
Vaasa
Western and Central Finland
Pirkanmaa
Pirkanmaa
Birkaland
Tampere
Western and Central Finland
Central Finland
Keski-Suomi
Mellersta Finland
Jyväskylä
Western and Central Finland
Satakunta
Satakunta
Satakunta
Pori
South-Western Finland
Southwest Finland
Varsinais-Suomi
Egentliga Finland
Turku
South-Western Finland
South Karelia
Etelä-Karjala
Södra Karelen
Lappeenranta
Southern Finland
Päijät-Häme
Päijät-Häme
Päijänne-Tavastland
Lahti
Southern Finland
Kanta-Häme
Kanta-Häme
Egentliga Tavastland
Hämeenlinna
Southern Finland
Uusimaa
Uusimaa
Nyland
Helsinki
Southern Finland
Kymenlaakso
Kymenlaakso
Kymmenedalen
Kotka and Kouvola
Southern Finland
Åland
Ahvenanmaa
Åland
Mariehamn
Åland

References

  1. Includes Finland-Swedes, Romani, Tatar and Sámi people.
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