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Finger pinching conspiracy theory

Updated: Wikipedia source

Finger pinching conspiracy theory

The finger pinching conspiracy theory is an antifeminist conspiracy theory that originated in South Korea. It claims that there is a deliberate plot to spread and promote misandry through symbolic hand gestures, and that radical feminist groups have propagated these hidden messages to humiliate men with small penises. The pinching gesture is commonly associated with the controversial and now defunct feminist website Megalia. The conspiracy theory first gained prominence in May 2021 when convenience store chain GS25 faced accusations of allegedly subtly including a hand signal that disparaged penises in an advertisement. The company retracted it and issued an apology. Since then, numerous organizations were met with protests from theorists and announced similar apologies. Despite contradictory claims and a general lack of evidence, the theory persists; notably in the video game industry, where Nexon led a public allegation against its collaborators. It is viewed as an antifeminist backlash movement in South Korea.

Tables

· List of notable responses
May 1, 2021
May 1, 2021
Date of response
May 1, 2021
Entity
GS25
Details
See § Origin and spread
May 2, 2021
May 2, 2021
Date of response
May 2, 2021
Entity
National Police Agency
Details
In light of the GS25 controversies, a promotional flyer of the Road Traffic Act posted by Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and Gyeonggi Bukbu Provincial Police Agency was met with decry from theorists. The flyer contained a hand pointing to its phrase. The police explained in a subsequent announcement that the hand is to emphasize the news and, to avoid confusion, promised it would withdraw the flyers and replace them.
May 7, 2021
May 7, 2021
Date of response
May 7, 2021
Entity
Genesis BBQ
Details
In May 2021, Genesis BBQ received condemnation from theorists for featuring a pinch finger in its advertising poster, where a hand picked up a sausage with its fingers. The company apologized on May 7 and suspended distribution of the poster.
Kyochon
Kyochon
Date of response
Kyochon
Entity
Kyochon's fried chicken advertisement came under scrutiny when its social media posts featured an image that depicted two fingers grabbing its product, which was found by theorists offensive due to resembling the pinch finger. Kyochon denied any intention of misandry, but removed the image nonetheless.
May 3, 2021
May 3, 2021
Date of response
May 3, 2021
Entity
Musinsa
Details
On April 26, 2021, Musinsa commenced a collaborative event with Hyundai Card and posted a promotional flyer in which both hands were grasping a wallet and a credit card. This caused a turmoil in male-centric internet forums, which found the flyer similar to "Megalia hands." Musinsa initially published an announcement on May 3 that the flyer is meant to symbolize barter. This wasn't the first time Musinsa was accused of misandry, as the company issued coupons for female customers in March 2021, only for it to cancel them when the promotion was criticized for being a "reverse discrimination" against men, with its president Cho Manho giving an apology on social media. On June 3, Cho Manho announced he would step down from president, taking full responsibility of aforementioned two incidents.
Emart
Emart
Date of response
Emart
Entity
Emart24 announced a promotional event to win a prize on May 1, 2021, and posted a related poster. The poster, where a man was shown pointing to stars with his hand, was met with uproar from the theorists due to resembling pinch finger, spurring Emart to remove the hand on May 3.
May 17, 2021
May 17, 2021
Date of response
May 17, 2021
Entity
Pyeongtaek
Details
In May 2021, the Pyeongtaek city hall received online protest when it distributed a poster for competition, which included an image of a group of people, one of which was found offensive by the finger pinching theorists due to having a hand gesture similar to "misandry fingers." The poster was created by the same company that made the one for GS25. A city hall official spoke on May 17 that they apologized for upsetting the theorists and decided to discard the existing copies, having to reprint approximately 32 banners, 200 posters, and 4,000 flyers. The original poster cost ₩2,800,000. In August 2021, the Pyeongtaek city hall was condemned by theorists again when it shared a guide on social media about how to prepare for heat waves in the area, which included an illustration of a farmer wiping his sweat with a hand gesture that allegedly looked like a pinch finger. The city hall reacted by removing the guide.
MMTG
MMTG
Date of response
MMTG
Entity
On May 13, 2021, Jaejae, the producer of SBS program MMTG, participated in the Baeksang Arts Awards and ate a chocolate bar on red carpet as impromptu performance, which was publicly broadcast on television. Finger pinching theorists took issues with her action, as picking up the chocolate bar with fingers was seen as an act of misandry. The production team behind MMTG denied the rumor and suggested to stop spreading controversies without proofs. A petition on the Blue House website was launched to ban Jaejae from appearing on television. More than 91,000 people had signed on it. Jaejae later described her experience dealing with finger pinching theories at the time to have been stressful.
May 25, 2021
May 25, 2021
Date of response
May 25, 2021
Entity
Rankingdak
Details
Rankingdak's wrapping paper caused controversies for featuring a hand pointing at taglines, which looked like finger pinching to theorists. The company apologized and promised to change the design on May 25.
May 27, 2021
May 27, 2021
Date of response
May 27, 2021
Entity
KakaoBank
Details
KakaoBank apologized for implying misandry with its promotional material, which had a woman pointing at her cellphone.
Ministry of National Defense
Ministry of National Defense
Date of response
Ministry of National Defense
Entity
On May 22 and 26, Ministry of National Defense uploaded announcements about its welfare system on its social media, which contained images of soldiers doing a salute. This was considered a controversial move by theorists, as the images had what is perceived as pinch fingers. Its spokesperson Bu Seungchan officially apologized on May 27 during its regular briefing, for causing a "certain misunderstanding and controversy." The ministry removed all of the images on June 9.
June 7, 2021
June 7, 2021
Date of response
June 7, 2021
Entity
War Memorial of Korea
Details
On June 6, 2021, theorists protested against the War Memorial of Korea through its website board, claiming one of its facilities is featuring a finger pinching gesture on its dedicated photo spot. Theorists argued that a Megalia user has assimilated the organization to present the pinch finger gesture and must be relieved from their position immediately, despite the fact that said work was on display since 2012 or 2013, predating Megalia's establishment in 2015. Nevertheless, an official apologized to the theorists on the next day and removed the work.
July 25, 2021
July 25, 2021
Date of response
July 25, 2021
Entity
Starbucks
Details
Starbucks RTD published an advertisement on Instagram about an upcoming summer event on July 25, 2021, in which there was a shadow of a hand grabbing its product. This drew uproar from internet forums that considered it too similar to the finger pinch. Starbucks RTD pulled the ad later that day and issued an apology.
August 6, 2021
August 6, 2021
Date of response
August 6, 2021
Entity
Ministry of the Interior and Safety
Details
A poster distributed by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety drew ire from theorists in August 2021 as it featured an image of a man shutting a window, whose pose was claimed to promote misandry. On August 6, the ministry apologized for causing misandry controversy and removed the image. On October 26, 2021, theorists rallied additional campaign as another poster was subject to similar hand controversy; the ministry accepted the accusation on October 27 and apologized as well.
August 26, 2021
August 26, 2021
Date of response
August 26, 2021
Entity
Smilegate
Details
In August 2021, Smilegate's MMORPG Lost Ark received accusations of featuring the offensive hand gesture. One of its avatar icons was an "OK sign," with an index finger nearly touching a thumb, which some of Lost Ark began claiming was a sexist insult against men. This icon has been in the game since March 2018, but the publisher quickly complied with the demands for removal, promising to policy "game-unrelated controversies" in their products. In November 2023, in light of Nexon's public condemnations against Studio Ppuri's animatic works, Smilegate's Epic Seven faced an accusation that its promotional trailer, also worked by Ppuri, contained pinch fingers. The director Kim Yunha announced in the following statement that he's ordered to take down related promotional videos and conduct a thorough investigation.
July 19, 2022
July 19, 2022
Date of response
July 19, 2022
Entity
Line
Details
In July 2022, Line was accused of promoting misandry by theorists because, when they typed "small" in its text prompt, the software recommended the finger pinching emoji via autocorrection. The Line development team denied the rumor when it talked to The Chosun Ilbo about the matter.
November 26, 2023
November 26, 2023
Date of response
November 26, 2023
Entity
Nexon
Details
See § MapleStory scandal
Kakao Games
Kakao Games
Date of response
Kakao Games
Entity
Kakao Games announced on November 26, 2023, that Eternal Return has removed its opening animation produced by Ppuri following the MapleStory scandal.
November 28, 2023
November 28, 2023
Date of response
November 28, 2023
Entity
Posco
Details
In August 2023, Posco uploaded an animated employee recruitment video on its official YouTube channel. On November 28, 2023, the video came under fire from the theorists for featuring multiple incidents of finger pinching gesture. Posco took down the video without publishing a statement on the same day.
December 7, 2023
December 7, 2023
Date of response
December 7, 2023
Entity
Ministry of Health and Welfare
Details
The Ministry of Health and Welfare distributed a poster for the 2023 Medical Scientist Conference, which caused uproar from theorists as it featured an image of a woman pointing a finger and therefore implies misandry. The ministry announced on December 7 that the image was created by a British company on April 24, 2021, and had nothing to do with the finger pinching, but it nonetheless replaced the poster with a new one.
June 30, 2024
June 30, 2024
Date of response
June 30, 2024
Entity
Renault
Details
In June 2024, Renault Korea Motors, the Korean unit of French auto group, revealed showcase videos on its corporate YouTube channel. The videos were accused by theorists as implying misandry, as they allegedly featured multiple incidents of a female employee doing a finger pinching hand gesture. Renault Korea blocked public access to the videos on June 30 and wrote it sincerely apologize to everyone who felt discomfort due to its recent internal promotional content. The female employee in the video issued an apology on June 29 on the YouTube channel's community, saying she was aware that a certain hand gesture was problematic, but didn't know her presentation in the video could be interpreted that way. She added that she didn't do it on purpose, and asked the protesters to stop name-calling her. The apology was shortly deleted that day. There were reportedly internal complaints against Renault's handling of the incident and the employee herself; the company later claimed it had issued a suspension on her. The Korea Herald reported that Renault mishandled apology because it underestimated the gravity of the issue. The employee was subject to online harassment shortly afterwards, with doxing and death threats against her reported. Renault Korea president Stephane Deblaise announced on July 3 that the company acknowledged the situation and would open a personnel committee with experts to discuss it.
July 1, 2024
July 1, 2024
Date of response
July 1, 2024
Entity
Volvo Cars
Details
A Korean Volvo employee posted on Blind that there is an unpleasant display of pinch fingers in Volvo posters from June 2024. They were presented by theorists as proof of feminists "ruining the automotive industry". Volvo Korea removed the posters that day.
July 6, 2024
July 6, 2024
Date of response
July 6, 2024
Entity
Binggrae
Details
Prior to controversies, Binggrae was running an advertising campaign featuring Binggraeus, a brand character based on its corporate image. Binggrae pulled the original promotion off in December 2023, and later replaced it with a new character design that depicts Binggraeus' hands as flat circles. This change was interpreted by news media as a corporate decision to conform to the theorists.
July 15, 2024
July 15, 2024
Date of response
July 15, 2024
Entity
Hyundai Heavy Industries union
Details
On July 12, 2024, the union of Hyundai Heavy Industries published an article in its newsletter, which condemned its company's alleged use of finger-pinching on its outdoor signage. The newsletter claimed that feminists were suffering from "mental leprosy" and must be locked up in asylum.
August 21, 2024
August 21, 2024
Date of response
August 21, 2024
Entity
Ministry of Employment and Labor
Details
On August 2, 2024, the Ministry of Labor and Employment released public materials that detailed safety hazards and warned fatal fall. The ministry received complaints over the safety infographic for the worker's hand resembling the finger pinching, and announced on August 21 that the image was revised.
August 23, 2024
August 23, 2024
Date of response
August 23, 2024
Entity
Korean Red Cross
Details
A poster created by Korean Red Cross' Gyeongnam branch drew controversies from theorists, who argued that a female soldier's salute resembled the finger pinching and evoked misandry. After protests through Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission website, Red Cross official announced that the organization scrapped the prints, and apologized for images that could cause misunderstanding.
August 30, 2024
August 30, 2024
Date of response
August 30, 2024
Entity
Gwangju Nambu Police Station
Details
On August 27, 2024, the Gwangju police station created a poster for prevention of deepfake sexual crime, and distributed it to schools within the city. It caused outrage for what is perceived by theorists as the finger pinching hands in the image. The police announced an official statement on August 30 that the poster was withdrawn and would be replaced with new one.
September 6, 2024
September 6, 2024
Date of response
September 6, 2024
Entity
Seoul Milk
Details
Dairy cooperative Seoul Milk started a promotional event on September 3, 2024, looking for potential influencers to recruit for its product marketing. One of the guidelines in the notice was to "avoid a hand gesture that can cause controversies when you grab products or open yogurt", which meant the "misandry hand gesture", as later confirmed by Seoul Milk official. The event became controversial on social media for allegedly appeasing the finger pinching theorists. Seoul Milk revised the notice to remove the line on September 6.
October 10, 2024
October 10, 2024
Date of response
October 10, 2024
Entity
Hyundai Motor Company
Details
In 2023, Hyundai has uploaded a series of videos named Electric Car How-TO, providing guides for the company's all-electric vehicle models. In October 2024, theorists alleged that the one posted in March 2023 featured the finger pinching. Hyundai took down all of Electric Car How-TO videos and apologized with an announcement that the company would tighten up self-censorship on its contents.
September 9, 2025
September 9, 2025
Date of response
September 9, 2025
Entity
Apple Inc.
Details
In 2025, Apple unveiled its new models of iPhone lineup, including the iPhone Air. A promotional image featured a hand holding the iPhone Air to emphasize its thinness. In South Korean version of it, the hand was removed, with just the device shown. News media speculated the change was made to avoid antifeminist backlash.
Date of response
Entity
Details
May 1, 2021
GS25
See § Origin and spread
May 2, 2021
National Police Agency
In light of the GS25 controversies, a promotional flyer of the Road Traffic Act posted by Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and Gyeonggi Bukbu Provincial Police Agency was met with decry from theorists. The flyer contained a hand pointing to its phrase. The police explained in a subsequent announcement that the hand is to emphasize the news and, to avoid confusion, promised it would withdraw the flyers and replace them.
May 7, 2021
Genesis BBQ
In May 2021, Genesis BBQ received condemnation from theorists for featuring a pinch finger in its advertising poster, where a hand picked up a sausage with its fingers. The company apologized on May 7 and suspended distribution of the poster.
Kyochon
Kyochon's fried chicken advertisement came under scrutiny when its social media posts featured an image that depicted two fingers grabbing its product, which was found by theorists offensive due to resembling the pinch finger. Kyochon denied any intention of misandry, but removed the image nonetheless.
May 3, 2021
Musinsa
On April 26, 2021, Musinsa commenced a collaborative event with Hyundai Card and posted a promotional flyer in which both hands were grasping a wallet and a credit card. This caused a turmoil in male-centric internet forums, which found the flyer similar to "Megalia hands." Musinsa initially published an announcement on May 3 that the flyer is meant to symbolize barter. This wasn't the first time Musinsa was accused of misandry, as the company issued coupons for female customers in March 2021, only for it to cancel them when the promotion was criticized for being a "reverse discrimination" against men, with its president Cho Manho giving an apology on social media. On June 3, Cho Manho announced he would step down from president, taking full responsibility of aforementioned two incidents.
Emart
Emart24 announced a promotional event to win a prize on May 1, 2021, and posted a related poster. The poster, where a man was shown pointing to stars with his hand, was met with uproar from the theorists due to resembling pinch finger, spurring Emart to remove the hand on May 3.
May 17, 2021
Pyeongtaek
In May 2021, the Pyeongtaek city hall received online protest when it distributed a poster for competition, which included an image of a group of people, one of which was found offensive by the finger pinching theorists due to having a hand gesture similar to "misandry fingers." The poster was created by the same company that made the one for GS25. A city hall official spoke on May 17 that they apologized for upsetting the theorists and decided to discard the existing copies, having to reprint approximately 32 banners, 200 posters, and 4,000 flyers. The original poster cost ₩2,800,000. In August 2021, the Pyeongtaek city hall was condemned by theorists again when it shared a guide on social media about how to prepare for heat waves in the area, which included an illustration of a farmer wiping his sweat with a hand gesture that allegedly looked like a pinch finger. The city hall reacted by removing the guide.
MMTG
On May 13, 2021, Jaejae, the producer of SBS program MMTG, participated in the Baeksang Arts Awards and ate a chocolate bar on red carpet as impromptu performance, which was publicly broadcast on television. Finger pinching theorists took issues with her action, as picking up the chocolate bar with fingers was seen as an act of misandry. The production team behind MMTG denied the rumor and suggested to stop spreading controversies without proofs. A petition on the Blue House website was launched to ban Jaejae from appearing on television. More than 91,000 people had signed on it. Jaejae later described her experience dealing with finger pinching theories at the time to have been stressful.
May 25, 2021
Rankingdak
Rankingdak's wrapping paper caused controversies for featuring a hand pointing at taglines, which looked like finger pinching to theorists. The company apologized and promised to change the design on May 25.
May 27, 2021
KakaoBank
KakaoBank apologized for implying misandry with its promotional material, which had a woman pointing at her cellphone.
Ministry of National Defense
On May 22 and 26, Ministry of National Defense uploaded announcements about its welfare system on its social media, which contained images of soldiers doing a salute. This was considered a controversial move by theorists, as the images had what is perceived as pinch fingers. Its spokesperson Bu Seungchan officially apologized on May 27 during its regular briefing, for causing a "certain misunderstanding and controversy." The ministry removed all of the images on June 9.
June 7, 2021
War Memorial of Korea
On June 6, 2021, theorists protested against the War Memorial of Korea through its website board, claiming one of its facilities is featuring a finger pinching gesture on its dedicated photo spot. Theorists argued that a Megalia user has assimilated the organization to present the pinch finger gesture and must be relieved from their position immediately, despite the fact that said work was on display since 2012 or 2013, predating Megalia's establishment in 2015. Nevertheless, an official apologized to the theorists on the next day and removed the work.
July 25, 2021
Starbucks
Starbucks RTD published an advertisement on Instagram about an upcoming summer event on July 25, 2021, in which there was a shadow of a hand grabbing its product. This drew uproar from internet forums that considered it too similar to the finger pinch. Starbucks RTD pulled the ad later that day and issued an apology.
August 6, 2021
Ministry of the Interior and Safety
A poster distributed by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety drew ire from theorists in August 2021 as it featured an image of a man shutting a window, whose pose was claimed to promote misandry. On August 6, the ministry apologized for causing misandry controversy and removed the image. On October 26, 2021, theorists rallied additional campaign as another poster was subject to similar hand controversy; the ministry accepted the accusation on October 27 and apologized as well.
August 26, 2021
Smilegate
In August 2021, Smilegate's MMORPG Lost Ark received accusations of featuring the offensive hand gesture. One of its avatar icons was an "OK sign," with an index finger nearly touching a thumb, which some of Lost Ark began claiming was a sexist insult against men. This icon has been in the game since March 2018, but the publisher quickly complied with the demands for removal, promising to policy "game-unrelated controversies" in their products. In November 2023, in light of Nexon's public condemnations against Studio Ppuri's animatic works, Smilegate's Epic Seven faced an accusation that its promotional trailer, also worked by Ppuri, contained pinch fingers. The director Kim Yunha announced in the following statement that he's ordered to take down related promotional videos and conduct a thorough investigation.
July 19, 2022
Line
In July 2022, Line was accused of promoting misandry by theorists because, when they typed "small" in its text prompt, the software recommended the finger pinching emoji via autocorrection. The Line development team denied the rumor when it talked to The Chosun Ilbo about the matter.
November 26, 2023
Nexon
See § MapleStory scandal
Kakao Games
Kakao Games announced on November 26, 2023, that Eternal Return has removed its opening animation produced by Ppuri following the MapleStory scandal.
November 28, 2023
Posco
In August 2023, Posco uploaded an animated employee recruitment video on its official YouTube channel. On November 28, 2023, the video came under fire from the theorists for featuring multiple incidents of finger pinching gesture. Posco took down the video without publishing a statement on the same day.
December 7, 2023
Ministry of Health and Welfare
The Ministry of Health and Welfare distributed a poster for the 2023 Medical Scientist Conference, which caused uproar from theorists as it featured an image of a woman pointing a finger and therefore implies misandry. The ministry announced on December 7 that the image was created by a British company on April 24, 2021, and had nothing to do with the finger pinching, but it nonetheless replaced the poster with a new one.
June 30, 2024
Renault
In June 2024, Renault Korea Motors, the Korean unit of French auto group, revealed showcase videos on its corporate YouTube channel. The videos were accused by theorists as implying misandry, as they allegedly featured multiple incidents of a female employee doing a finger pinching hand gesture. Renault Korea blocked public access to the videos on June 30 and wrote it sincerely apologize to everyone who felt discomfort due to its recent internal promotional content. The female employee in the video issued an apology on June 29 on the YouTube channel's community, saying she was aware that a certain hand gesture was problematic, but didn't know her presentation in the video could be interpreted that way. She added that she didn't do it on purpose, and asked the protesters to stop name-calling her. The apology was shortly deleted that day. There were reportedly internal complaints against Renault's handling of the incident and the employee herself; the company later claimed it had issued a suspension on her. The Korea Herald reported that Renault mishandled apology because it underestimated the gravity of the issue. The employee was subject to online harassment shortly afterwards, with doxing and death threats against her reported. Renault Korea president Stephane Deblaise announced on July 3 that the company acknowledged the situation and would open a personnel committee with experts to discuss it.
July 1, 2024
Volvo Cars
A Korean Volvo employee posted on Blind that there is an unpleasant display of pinch fingers in Volvo posters from June 2024. They were presented by theorists as proof of feminists "ruining the automotive industry". Volvo Korea removed the posters that day.
July 6, 2024
Binggrae
Prior to controversies, Binggrae was running an advertising campaign featuring Binggraeus, a brand character based on its corporate image. Binggrae pulled the original promotion off in December 2023, and later replaced it with a new character design that depicts Binggraeus' hands as flat circles. This change was interpreted by news media as a corporate decision to conform to the theorists.
July 15, 2024
Hyundai Heavy Industries union
On July 12, 2024, the union of Hyundai Heavy Industries published an article in its newsletter, which condemned its company's alleged use of finger-pinching on its outdoor signage. The newsletter claimed that feminists were suffering from "mental leprosy" and must be locked up in asylum.
August 21, 2024
Ministry of Employment and Labor
On August 2, 2024, the Ministry of Labor and Employment released public materials that detailed safety hazards and warned fatal fall. The ministry received complaints over the safety infographic for the worker's hand resembling the finger pinching, and announced on August 21 that the image was revised.
August 23, 2024
Korean Red Cross
A poster created by Korean Red Cross' Gyeongnam branch drew controversies from theorists, who argued that a female soldier's salute resembled the finger pinching and evoked misandry. After protests through Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission website, Red Cross official announced that the organization scrapped the prints, and apologized for images that could cause misunderstanding.
August 30, 2024
Gwangju Nambu Police Station
On August 27, 2024, the Gwangju police station created a poster for prevention of deepfake sexual crime, and distributed it to schools within the city. It caused outrage for what is perceived by theorists as the finger pinching hands in the image. The police announced an official statement on August 30 that the poster was withdrawn and would be replaced with new one.
September 6, 2024
Seoul Milk
Dairy cooperative Seoul Milk started a promotional event on September 3, 2024, looking for potential influencers to recruit for its product marketing. One of the guidelines in the notice was to "avoid a hand gesture that can cause controversies when you grab products or open yogurt", which meant the "misandry hand gesture", as later confirmed by Seoul Milk official. The event became controversial on social media for allegedly appeasing the finger pinching theorists. Seoul Milk revised the notice to remove the line on September 6.
October 10, 2024
Hyundai Motor Company
In 2023, Hyundai has uploaded a series of videos named Electric Car How-TO, providing guides for the company's all-electric vehicle models. In October 2024, theorists alleged that the one posted in March 2023 featured the finger pinching. Hyundai took down all of Electric Car How-TO videos and apologized with an announcement that the company would tighten up self-censorship on its contents.
September 9, 2025
Apple Inc.
In 2025, Apple unveiled its new models of iPhone lineup, including the iPhone Air. A promotional image featured a hand holding the iPhone Air to emphasize its thinness. In South Korean version of it, the hand was removed, with just the device shown. News media speculated the change was made to avoid antifeminist backlash.

References

  1. mw- U+1F90F 🤏 PINCHING HAND
  2. Korean: 집게손가락 음모론. Coined by a series of articles published between December 2023 and January 2024 by Kyunghyang Shinmun
  3. Alternative translation includes "crab hand".
  4. Attributed to multiple references:
  5. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312051853001
  6. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312141740011
  7. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202312241729001
  8. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202401021532001
  9. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2024062117272107685
  10. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-06-11/whats-size-got-to-do-with-it-the-pinching-hand-anti-feminist-backlash-drive-up-the-fever-pitch-of-south-koreas-gender-wars
  11. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20240105512983
  12. Kim 2021a, pp. 463–465.
  13. Korea JoongAng Daily
    https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-07-13/culture/features/WHY-Koreas-twofinger-salute-What-is-the-crab-hand-and-why-is-it-so-controversial/2089053
  14. Media Today
    https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=214108
  15. Brown 2023, pp. 239–240.
  16. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/NewsLetter/herspective/Read/1541
  17. Gu & Kim 2023a, pp. 134–142.
  18. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/30/opinion/international-world/korea-emoji-feminism-misogyny.html
  19. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/08/21/GRN7VGIV65HQ5LPDBTAJANYDNI/
  20. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20210822503132
  21. South China Morning Post
    https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3135906/how-south-korean-youtube-star-jaejae-pricked-fragile
  22. BBC
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2621gzvkdo
  23. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/01/world/asia/south-korea-men-anti-feminists.html
  24. WEF 2021, p. 10.
  25. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/02/business/south-korea-business-gender-war-intl-hnk-dst/index.html
  26. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/24054512
  27. MOGEF 2021, p. 10.
  28. BBC
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58082355
  29. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/06/17/young-men-in-south-korea-feel-victimised-by-feminism
  30. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202105041757011
  31. News1
    https://www.news1.kr/society/incident-accident/4299724
  32. The Korea Herald
    https://www.koreaherald.com/article/3268802
  33. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/culture/culture-general/article/202105081647001
  34. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/when-is-sausage-just-sausage-controversial-ads-fuel-skoreas-sexism-debate-2021-05-28/
  35. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/202105048540i
  36. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1022240.html
  37. Kim 2024a, p. 91.
  38. Brown 2023, p. 242.
  39. Kim 2024a, p. 92.
  40. Media Today
    https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=213475
  41. Sisain
    https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=44700
  42. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021050291177
  43. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0015804803
  44. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/05/03/P7RMA42F3VBOZMBTQAQU6AVD54/
  45. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1003157.html
  46. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/economy/consumer/993722.html
  47. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021051043127
  48. The Korea Times
    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/business/companies/20210531/gs-fires-senior-exec-over-alleged-sexist-marketing
  49. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/202105316546g
  50. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021053117270001461
  51. The Chosun Daily
    https://www.chosun.com/english/national-en/2024/08/12/JSD7PTOHTFE7DCX5SCON7D5I4Q/
  52. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20231203504359
  53. Media Today
    https://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=314427
  54. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2024111116320002572
  55. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1117893.html
  56. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202311281040001
  57. Korea JoongAng Daily
    https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2023-11-27/business/industry/Online-game-promo-removed-after-hateful-feminist-gesture-accusations/1922122
  58. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2023/11/27/LAC73CNMT5BENGQBB3ZUTYK6TE/
  59. The Korea Times
    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2024/06/129_364007.htmlindex.html
  60. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202312040600021
  61. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2023112710470003228
  62. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202311301541011/
  63. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0018913811
  64. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0018926371
  65. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://biz.chosun.com/it-science/ict/2023/11/26/7EDAJ352RVE4ZMALKXVNH4XO7I/
  66. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312041142001
  67. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1119190.html
  68. Newsis
    https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20231201_0002542959
  69. Sisain
    https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=51778
  70. ThisIsGame
    https://www.thisisgame.com/articles/181705
  71. The Korea Times
    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2024/07/129_364279.html
  72. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25212054
  73. KBS News
    https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=7830432
  74. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1119014.html
  75. The Korea Herald
    https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20231128000511
  76. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2023120113590000141
  77. ThisIsGame
    https://www.thisisgame.com/articles/182462
  78. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202311301518001
  79. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1118646.html
  80. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312281701001
  81. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1122334.html
  82. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1152910.html
  83. Sisain
    https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=53800
  84. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2024080515563036611
  85. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2024/08/07/ERPYB73SDNEGVA7RZRHMJVM3H4/
  86. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/gender/article/202408071347001
  87. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2024080712460002167
  88. The Chosun Daily
    https://www.chosun.com/national/incident/2025/02/04/AQILHIVPPBFQZOK43MZB2O2M6U/
  89. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202502041713001
  90. The Herald Business
    https://biz.heraldcorp.com/article/10412841
  91. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2025041819120534813
  92. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/05/04/EWQNX4TFIJCOBL44WWVY6ENIY4/
  93. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/993726.html
  94. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021050793447
  95. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021050720560005064
  96. SBS News
    https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1006310838
  97. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021050317190002744
  98. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/economy/consumer/997927.html
  99. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021050343917
  100. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/local/Gyeonggi/article/202105171508021
  101. Yonhap News Agency
    https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210512106200061
  102. Sisa Journal
    https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=217230
  103. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021080499437
  104. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021080416470000097
  105. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20210804508293
  106. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/culture/culture-general/article/202105181110001
  107. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/202105183633H
  108. The Dong-A Ilbo
    https://www.donga.com/news/Entertainment/article/all/20210831/109011041/1
  109. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/culture-life/broadcast-media/2021/08/31/LOX2D7E7FFHZBNP4IG2VLFKVPM/
  110. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0015881340
  111. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/05/25/KL5LTGUSQBBT5LYW6V2BNOVA7U/
  112. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021052775507
  113. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021052807170004909
  114. Donga.com
    https://www.donga.com/news/Society/article/all/20210527/107147384/2
  115. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/24066425
  116. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/editorial/997156.html
  117. Yonhap News Agency
    https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210611064600504
  118. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/998524.html
  119. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/06/07/K3P24TRNHBHXZKPMIWAA2FRTFE/
  120. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021060847137
  121. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/07/25/CXAKYQDUERDENOPJVJE3ZJNBJU/
  122. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021072567657
  123. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20210725510985
  124. The JoongAng
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/24113421
  125. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021081114300001803
  126. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/capital/1006765.html
  127. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2021/10/27/5OYGPBDYINFPXB2Q6UTOXJIGWA/
  128. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25210191
  129. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://biz.chosun.com/it-science/ict/2022/07/19/6RYGEOFXWRAR7A2IZH3VBSURMY/
  130. Seoul Shinmun
    https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20231126500042
  131. Korea JoongAng Daily
    https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2023-11-30/business/industry/Internet-post-accuses-Posco-of-having-feminist-gestures-in-recruitment-video/1924973
  132. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1118771.html
  133. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1119659.html
  134. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312081433001
  135. South China Morning Post
    https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3268742/renault-korea-backlash-carmaker-embroiled-misandry-row-over-finger-gesture-video
  136. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2024070109320005575
  137. The Korea Times
    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2024/07/129_377751.html
  138. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024063013597
  139. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1147213.html
  140. SBS News
    https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007704952
  141. MBC News
    https://imnews.imbc.com/news/2024/society/article/6612927_36438.html
  142. Sisa Journal
    https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=301525
  143. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1147448.html
  144. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024070140667
  145. The Korea Herald
    https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240707050082
  146. YTN
    https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0103_202407040949141951
  147. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024070408527
  148. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25261240
  149. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/international/international_general/2024/07/04/QHMRRUYUFVD4RFRVNDRRLOJCDI/
  150. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0020262355
  151. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024070770647
  152. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2024070917242378802
  153. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2024/07/13/KNDWQRX37BAGHISJRWCE6JO5K4/
  154. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202407121401001
  155. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0020439919
  156. The Korea Herald
    https://news.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240821050615
  157. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024082319957
  158. The Dong-A Ilbo
    https://www.donga.com/news/Society/article/all/20240823/126659682/2
  159. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024083063317
  160. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/weekend/2024/10/26/CT5Q2QJLC5ERJMPYBIYQY6C73A/
  161. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2024090616180068131
  162. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2024/09/06/LH4YLL7TJNDQROPWOZLXCUJBBM/
  163. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25276116
  164. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024101187057
  165. Seoul Shinmun
    https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/society/2025/09/10/20250910500251
  166. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/economy/tech_it/2025/09/12/G6UHMVLDRREBPFMTCONW5LBARA/
  167. The Women's News
    https://www.womennews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=249658
  168. Shindonga
    https://shindonga.donga.com/society/article/all/13/2626225/1
  169. Sisa Journal
    https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=278303
  170. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/1118687.html
  171. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/1148595.html
  172. The Dong-A Ilbo
    https://www.donga.com/news/Opinion/article/all/20240815/126543892/2
  173. Newsis
    https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20231127_0002536197
  174. ThisIsGame
    https://www.thisisgame.com/articles/181584
  175. Hankyoreh 21
    https://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/55592.html
  176. Gu & Kim 2023a, pp. 117–119.
  177. Gu & Kim 2023a, pp. 129–134.
  178. The Korea Herald
    https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220210000628
  179. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2022/02/05/4TSRPNMPWFHQBJ4GQKCLKOFIVE/
  180. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25046055
  181. Seoul Shinmun
    https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/plan/hyum1/2022/07/28/20220728005002
  182. Kim 2024a, pp. 98–100.
  183. Brown 2023, pp. 254–258.
  184. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2021051111010000249
  185. The Korea Times
    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2024/08/638_313544.html
  186. News1
    https://www.news1.kr/it-science/general-it/5582163
  187. Chosun Biz
    https://biz.chosun.com/it-science/ict/2024/11/04/ET2NT7LCFZD73GHQRYSE3FLV7A/
  188. The Women's News
    https://www.womennews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=253450
  189. Yonhap News Agency
    https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20241104058800505
  190. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20240111510259
  191. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/1147953.html
  192. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=1719994037
  193. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25312519
  194. Kim 2021a, pp. 447–450.
  195. Brown 2023, pp. 248–252.
  196. Brown 2023, p. 254.
  197. Hankyoreh 21
    https://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/57651.html
  198. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/gender/article/202312042139015
  199. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202105140600015
  200. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2024021914315616805
  201. The Chosun Ilbo
    https://www.chosun.com/national/national_general/2023/11/29/C4W7A3DMVBD3DB6QQN454VPDBQ/
  202. JoongAng Ilbo
    https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25212463
  203. The Korea Economic Daily
    https://www.hankyung.com/article/2023120539827
  204. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312041348001
  205. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20240104518631
  206. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2025042512061068692
  207. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202312011856001
  208. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1029829.html
  209. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1156674.html
  210. Kim 2021a, pp. 450–453.
  211. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210812-anti-feminism-backlash-on-the-rise-in-south-korea
  212. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2023120711380003795
  213. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20240104518630
  214. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/1120635.html
  215. Newsis
    https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20231202_0002543531
  216. KCCA 2024, p. 75.
  217. KBS News
    https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=7908817
  218. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1131125.html
  219. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202403061428001
  220. Segye Ilbo
    https://www.segye.com/newsView/20240306516787
  221. Hankook Ilbo
    https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2024030611190000517
  222. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312142129035
  223. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202311301532001
  224. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0018941633
  225. Kukmin Ilbo
    https://www.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0018944450
  226. SBS News
    https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007440591
  227. Kyunghyang Shinmun
    https://www.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202312151332001
  228. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2025061217565142405
  229. Pressian
    https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2024121818135808410
  230. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1173842.html
  231. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1200012.html
  232. The Hankyoreh
    https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/women/1202488.html
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